Elements and Principles of Art and Design

Elements: ValueTo show

Line, Shape, Form, Space

Value“The degree of lightness

or darkness in a particular shade of gray

or color”Used to show contrast and light/shadow

Value

Lines do not exist in the natural world:

Lines are how our brain translates movement and changes between values

Value to Show Space:

Negative SpaceNegative space is the space around and in between the subject

More complete understanding of the proportions and positive space of the object

M.C. Escher

Sky and Water I

Woodcut

1938

M.C. Escher: Tessellations

ValuesHigh Values: Light

Low Values: Dark

Pencils: H & BH = Hard (Light)

B = Black (Bold, dark, Soft)

Pencils: H & B8H = Lightest4H = LighterH = LightHB = NeutralB = Dark4B = Darker8B = Darkest

B = Bold (Dark, Soft)

CharcoalVine & Willow Charcoal

LighterEasily manipulated & erased

Compressed CharcoalDarker: Used for darkest darksDifficult to manipulate & erase

More permanent

B = Bold (Dark, Soft)

BlendersUsed instead of your hands to blend charcoal for smoother value transitions

Value and LightLight Source: Direction where light is coming from

Highlights: The brightest areas where the light hits the object directly (High values)

Midtones: The areas that receive an amount of light between the highlights and shadows (Middle values)

Value and Light: Areas of Value

Shadows: Areas on object that receive the least amount of light (Low values), on the opposite side of the light source

Cast Shadow: Dark area on surface where light is blocked by object (Low values)

Reflected Light: Where light reflects from surface onto object

Drawing Value-Identify and focus on areas of value (squint your eyes to find them)

-Focus on the values of different planes (flat surfaces)

-Avoid contour lines

-Use at least 7 different values (more are better)

-Achieved with different techniques (including cross-hatching, blending, etc.)

Hatching and Cross-Hatching: Using line to create form and value. (This is also part of the elements of shape, form, value, and texture)

Value & ContrastValues are one way give an image

more variety and contrast

Variety & Contrast makes an image more dynamic, interesting, and distinguishable

Lack of variety and contrast is boring, dull, monotonous

Robert LongoAmerican Painter & Sculptor: Born 1953

www.robertlongo.com

“Intimate Immensity”

2008

Robert LongoSeries: “Men in the Cities,” 1979, Charcoal & Graphite

“Untitled” 1980

Robert LongoSeries: “Men in the Cities,” 1979

“Men Trapped in Ice” 1980

Robert LongoSeries: “Men in the Cities,” 1979, Charcoal & Graphite

“Untitled”1981 - 1987

Robert Longo Series: “Men in the Cities,” 1979

““Untitled (Frank and Glenn Fighting)” 1981

Baroque ArtBeginning 1600 in Rome, Italy

High Value Contrast

Exaggerated motion, clear & easily interpreted detail

Drama, tension, & magnificence: idealization & splendor

“The Entombment of Christ” Caravaggio, 1602-1603

Caravaggio, Rembrandt, Vermeer Dutch Painter

& Etcher1606 – 1669

Portraits & Bible

Illustrations

Italian Painter1571 – 1610

Realistic physical & emotional

human portrayal, graphic Bible Illustrations

Dutch Painter1632 – 1675

Domestic interior scenes:

Middle class life

“The Calling of Saint Matthew” Caravaggio, 1599-1600, Oil

Dutch Golden Age-1600s, during & after Eighty Years War (1568-1648) for Dutch Independence

-New Dutch Republic was prolific and prosperous in European trade, science, and art

-Baroque style, but less idealized & magnificent: more realism

“The Milkmaid” Vermeer, 1658-1660Oil

“The Nightwatch” Rembrandt, 1642, Oil

“The Girl with the Pearl Earring”

Vermeer, 1665, Oil

Value

Study Guide

Please review the following terms, techniques, concepts, and artists:

Negative SpaceValue:- High and Low- vs. Line- Contrast- How to Draw Value- Areas of ValueDrawing Pencils: H & BCharcoal: Vine, Willow, CompressedBaroque ArtDutch Golden AgeArtists: - Traditional: Caravaggio, Rembrandt, Vermeer, Leonardo da

Vinci- Contemporary: M.C. Escher, Robert Longo, Dorothea Lange

Value to show Form and Space

Mona Lisa Leonardo da Vinci1503-1505Oil on panel

Italian Renaissance

Baroque ArtBeginning 1600 in Rome, Italy(After the Italian Renaissance)

High Value Contrast

Exaggerated motion, clear & easily interpreted detail

Drama, tension, & magnificence: idealization & splendor

“The Entombment of Christ” Caravaggio, 1602-1603

Dutch Golden Age(About the same time as Baroque Art)

-1600s, during & after Eighty Years War (1568-1648) for Dutch Independence

-New Dutch Republic was prolific and prosperous in European trade, science, and art

-Baroque style, but less idealized & magnificent: more realism

“The Milkmaid” Vermeer, 1658-1660Oil

Caravaggio, Rembrandt, Vermeer Dutch Painter

& Etcher1606 – 1669

Portraits & Bible

Illustrations, Softer light

Italian Painter1571 – 1610

Realistic physical & emotional

human portrayal, graphic Bible Illustrations

Dutch Painter1632 – 1675

Domestic interior scenes:

Middle class life, realism

The Calling of Saint Matthew Caravaggio, 1599-1600, Oil

The Inspiration of Saint Matthew Caravaggio, 1601, Oil

The Entombment of Christ Caravaggio, 1602-1603

The Nightwatch, Rembrandt, 1642, Oil

Self-portrait, Rembrandt, 1629, OilSelf-portrait, Rembrandt, 1630, Oil

The Girl with the Pearl EarringVermeer, 1665, Oil

The Milkmaid Vermeer, 1658-1660

Oil

Sky and Water I

M.C. Escher1938

Woodcut

Robert LongoAmerican Painter & Sculptor: Born 1953www.robertlongo.com

Intimate Immensity

2008

Charcoal & Graphite

Robert LongoSeries: “Men in the Cities,” 1979, Charcoal & Graphite

Untitled 1980

Robert LongoSeries: “Men in the Cities,” 1979

Men Trapped in Ice, 1980

Robert LongoSeries: “Men in the Cities,” 1979, Charcoal & Graphite

Untitled1981 - 1987

Robert Longo Series: “Men in the Cities,” 1979

“Untitled (Frank and Glenn Fighting), 1981

Migrant MotherDorothea Lange1936Film Photograph