Name _____________________________ Section ___________________

Biology Ecology Review Homework

1. The chart below contains both autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms.

Organisms that carry out only heterotrophic nutrition are found in(1) row A, only (3) rows A and B(2) row B, only (4) rows A and C

2. A stable pond ecosystem would not contain(1) materials being cycled(2) oxygen(3) decomposers(4) more consumers than producers

3. In an ecosystem, the growth and survival of organisms are dependent on the availability of the energy from the Sun. This energy is available to organisms in the ecosystem because

(1) producers have the ability to store energy from light in organic molecules(2) consumers have the ability to transfer chemical energy stored in bonds to plants(3) all organisms in a food web have the ability to use light energy(4) all organisms in a food web feed on autotrophs

4. Which factor has the greatest influence on the type of ecosystem that will form in a particular geographic area?

(1) genetic variations in the animals(2) climate conditions(3) number of carnivores(4) percentage of nitrogen gas in the atmosphere

5. Farming reduces the natural biodiversity of an area, yet farms are necessary to feed the world’s human population. This situation is an example of

(1) poor land use (3) conservation(2) a trade-off (4) a technological fix

6. A food chain is represented below.Grass Cricket Frog OwlThis food chain contains

(1) 4 consumers and no producers(2) 1 predator, 1 parasite, and 2 producers(3) 2 carnivores and 2 herbivores

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(4) 2 predators, 1 herbivore, and 1 producer

7. A volcanic eruption destroyed a forest, covering the soil with volcanic ash. For many years, only small plants could grow. Slowly, soil formed in which shrubs and trees could grow. These changes are an example of

(1) manipulation of genes(2) evolution of a species(3) ecological succession(4) equilibrium

8. A major reason that humans can have such a significant impact on an ecological community is that humans

(1) can modify their environment through technology(2) reproduce faster than most other species(3) are able to increase the amount of finite resources available(4) remove large amounts of carbon dioxide from the air

9. Rabbits are herbivores that are not native to Australia. Their numbers have increased steadily since being introduced into Australia by European settlers. One likely reason the rabbit population was able to grow so large is that the rabbits

(1) were able to prey on native herbivores(2) reproduced more slowly than the native animals(3) successfully competed with native herbivores for food(4) could interbreed with the native animals

10. An energy pyramid is shown below.

Which graph best represents the relative energy content of the levels of this pyramid?

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11. On which day did the population represented in the graph below reach the carrying capacity of the ecosystem?

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(1) day 11 (3) day 3(2) day 8 (4) day 5

Base your answers to questions 12 and13 on the diagram below that shows some interactions between several organisms located in a meadow environment and on your knowledge of biology.

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12. A rapid decrease in the frog population results in a change in the hawk population.

State how the hawk population may change. Support your answer. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________13. Identify one cell structure found in a producer in this meadow ecosystem

that is not found in the carnivores. ___________________________________

Base your answers to questions 14 through 16 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.

The last known wolf native to the Adirondack Mountains of New York State was killed over a century ago. Several environmental groups have recently proposed reintroducing the wolf to the Adirondacks. These groups claim there is sufficient prey to support a wolf population in this area. These prey include beaver, deer, and moose. Opponents of this proposal state that the Adirondacks already have a dominant predator, the Eastern coyote.

14. State one effect the reintroduction of the wolf may have on the coyote population within the Adirondacks. Explain why it would have this effect.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________15. Explain why the coyote is considered a limiting factor in the Adirondack

Mountains. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________16. State one ecological reason why some individuals might support the

reintroduction ofwolves to the Adirondacks. _______________________________________________________________________

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_______________________________________________________________________

Base your answers to questions 17 and 19 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.

Scientists are increasingly concerned about the possible effects of damage to the ozone layer.

17. Damage to the ozone layer has resulted in mutations in skin cells that lead to cancer.

Will the mutations that caused the skin cancers be passed on to offspring? Support your answer. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

18. State two specific ways in which an ocean ecosystem will change (other than fewer photosynthetic organisms) if populations of photosynthetic organisms die off as a result of damage to the ozone layer.

_____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________19. Lawn wastes, such as grass clippings and leaves, were once collected with

household trash and dumped into landfills. Identify one way that this practice was harmful to the environment.

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Base your answers to questions 20 and 21 on the data table below and on your knowledge of biology.

20. Based on its preferred food, species B would be classified as a(1) decomposer (2) producer (3) carnivore (4) parasite

21. Which two species would most likely be able to live in the same habitat without competing with each other for food?

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(1) A and C (2) B and C (3) B and D (4) C and E

22. A stable ecosystem would not contain(1) materials being cycled(2) consumers without producers(3) decomposers(4) a constant source of energy

23. Abiotic factors that could affect the stability of an ecosystem could include(1) hurricanes, packs of wolves, and temperature(2) blizzards, heat waves, and swarms of grasshoppers(3) droughts, floods, and heat waves(4) species of fish, number of decomposers, and supply of algae

24. The diagram below represents a typical energy pyramid.

Which level in the pyramid includes autotrophs?(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) D

25. The diagram below represents a food web.

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Which organisms are correctly paired with their nutritional roles?(1) hawk—decomposer; insect-eating bird—parasite(2) mouse—autotroph; flower seed—heterotroph(3) mountain lion—predator; bark beetle—herbivore(4) grasshopper—carnivore; grass—autotroph

26. In lakes in New York State that are exposed to acid rain, fish populations are declining. This is primarily due to changes in which lake condition?

(1) size (2) temperature (3) pH (4) location

27. The ivory-billed woodpecker, long thought to be extinct, was recently reported to be living in a southern swamp area. The most ecologically appropriate way to ensure the natural survival of this population of birds is to

(1) feed them daily with corn and other types of grain(2) destroy their natural enemies and predators(3) move the population of birds to a zoo(4) limit human activities in the habitat of the bird

28. Millions of acres of tropical rain forest are being destroyed each year. Which change would most likely occur over time if the burning and clearing of these forests were stopped?

(1) an increase in the amount of atmospheric pollution produced(2) a decrease in the source of new medicines(3) an increase in the amount of oxygen released into the atmosphere(4) a decrease in the number of species

29. The diagram below represents a biological process taking place in an area of New York State unaffected by natural disasters.

Which statement correctly describes a stage in this process?(1) The grass stage is the most stable stage and exists for thousands of years.(2) The shrub stage modifies the ecosystem, making it more suitable for the pine forest.(3) The pine forest stage has no biodiversity and the least competition.(4) The hardwood forest stage will be replaced by a pine forest.

30. Which sequence of natural events is likely to lead to ecosystem stability?

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(1) sexual reproduction genetic variation biodiversity ecosystem stability(2) asexual reproduction genetic variation cloning ecosystem stability(3) genetic variation asexual reproduction biodiversity

ecosystem stability(4) genetic variation sexual reproduction cloning ecosystem stability

31. The Susquehanna River, which runs through the states of New York, Pennsylvania, and Maryland, received the designation “America’s Most Endangered River” in 2005. One of the river’s problems results from the large number of sewage overflow sites that are found along the course of the river. These sewage overflow sites are a direct result of an increase in

(1) global warming (2) human population(3) recycling programs (4) atmospheric changes

32. Many farmers plant corn, and then harvest the entire plant at the end of the growing season. One negative effect of this action is that

(1) soil minerals used by corn plants are not recycled(2) corn plants remove acidic compounds from the air all season long(3) corn plants may replace renewable sources of energy(4) large quantities of water are produced by corn plants

33. Which human activity is correctly paired with its likely future consequence?

(1) overfishing in the Atlantic — increase in supply of flounder and salmon as food for people(2) development of electric cars or hybrid vehicles — increased rate of global warming(3) use of fossil fuels — depletion of underground coal, oil, and natural gas supplies(4) genetically engineering animals — less food available to feed the world’s population

34. A scientist was investigating why a particular tree species grows only in a specific environment. To determine physical conditions the tree species needs to survive, an appropriate study should include

(1) the identification of organisms in the food web in that environment(2) an analysis of the arrangement of the leaves on the trees(3) the identification of all tree species in the area(4) an analysis of the soil around the tree

35. The process illustrated in the sequence below occurs constantly in the biosphere.

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Which type of organism is most likely represented by X?(1) decomposer (2) producer (3) herbivore (4) carnivore

36. The graph below shows the changes in the size of a fish population over a period of time.

The dashed line on the graph represents the(1) carrying capacity of the environment(2) life span of the species(3) level at which extinction is reached(4) level of maximum biodiversity of the species

Base your answers to questions 37 through 39 on the passage below and on your knowledge of biology.

Overstaying Their Welcome: Cane Toads in AustraliaEveryone in Australia is in agreement that the cane toads have got to go. The problem is getting rid of them. Cane toads, properly known as Bufo marinus, are the most notorious of what are called invasive species in Australia and beyond. But unlike other species of the same classification, cane toads were intentionally introduced into Australia. The country simply got much more and much worse than it bargained for. Before 1935, Australia did not have any toad species of its own. What the country did have, however, was a major beetle problem. Two species of beetles in particular, French’s Cane Beetle and the Greyback Cane

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Beetle, were in the process of decimating [destroying] the northeastern state of Queenland’s sugar cane crops. The beetle’s larvae were eating the roots of the sugar cane and stunting, if not killing, the plants. The anticipated solution to this quickly escalating problem came in the form of the cane toad. After first hearing about the amphibians in 1933 at a conference in the Caribbean, growers successfully lobbied to have the cane toads imported to battle and hopefully destroy the beetles and save the crops.… The plan backfired completely and absolutely. As it turns out, cane toads do not jump very high, only about two feet actually, so they did not eat the beetles that for the most part lived in the upper stalks of cane plants. Instead of going after the beetles, as the growers had planned, the cane toads began going after everything else in sight— insects, bird’s eggs and even native frogs. And because the toads are poisonous, they began to kill would-be predators. The toll on native species has been immense….

37. State one reason why the cane toads were imported to Australia. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________38. Identify one adaptation of cane toads that made them successful in their

new environment. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________39. State one specific example of how the introduction of the cane toads

threatened biodiversity in Australia. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Base your answers to questions 40 and 41 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.

Signs of a Changing PlanetWhile the changing climate endangers some species, a little global warming suits many shallow-water squid and octopuses just fine.Slightly higher ocean temperatures have been shown to boost the growth of these cephalopods, whose digestive enzymes speed up when warm. The tentacled creatures are also quick to colonize new territory as conditions become more favorable. Humboldt squid, which usually range from Southern California to South America, have been spotted as far north as Alaska. Deep-sea squid may not, however, adapt as readily.

40. Which graph most accurately shows the interaction between water temperature and digestive enzyme action in the shallow-water squid?

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41. Although warming of the ocean may favor the migration of these squid into new territory, there may be biotic factors that make it difficult for these squid to live there. Identify one of these biotic factors, and explain why this factor would make it difficult for these squid to live in the new territory.

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42. An industry releases small amounts of a chemical pollutant into a nearby river each day.

The chemical is absorbed by the microscopic water plants in the river. It causes the plants no apparent harm. Explain how this small amount of the chemical in the microscopic plants could enter the food chain and endanger the lives of birds that live nearby and feed on the fish from the river each day. _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Base your answers to questions 43 through 46 on the information below and on your knowledge of biology.

Carbon, like many other elements, is maintained in ecosystems through a natural cycle. Human activities have been disrupting the carbon cycle.

43. Identify one process involved in recycling carbon dioxide within ecosystems.

___________________________________44. State one reason why the amount of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere

has increased inthe last 100 years. _______________________________________________________________________

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_______________________________________________________________________45. Identify one effect this increase in carbon dioxide could have on the

environment. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________46. Describe one way individuals can help slow down or reverse the increase

in carbondioxide. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Base your answer to question 47 on the chart below and on your knowledge of biology.

47. Which evolutionary tree best represents the information in the chart?

Base your answers to questions 48 and 49 on the diagram below that illustrates the results of a laboratory technique and on your knowledge of biology.

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48. State one way the information obtained by this technique can be used. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

49. The results of which laboratory technique are represented in the diagram?(1) chromatography(2) manipulation of genes(3) genetic engineering(4) gel electrophoresis

50. Owls periodically expel a mass of undigested material known as a pellet. A student obtained several owl pellets from the same location and examined the animal remains in the pellets. He then recorded the number of different prey animal remains in the pellets. The student was most likely studying the

(1) evolution of the owl(2) social structure of the local owl population(3) role of the owl in the local ecosystem(4) life cycle of the owl

51. Which statement best describes one of the stages represented in the diagram below?

(1) The mature forest will most likely be stable over a long period of time.

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(2) If all the weeds and grasses are destroyed, the number of carnivores will increase.(3) As the population of the shrubs increases, it will be held in check by the mature forest community.(4) The young forest community will invade and take over the mature forest community.

52. Carbon dioxide makes up less than 1 percent of Earth’s atmosphere, and oxygen makes up about 20 percent. These percentages are maintained most directly by

(1) respiration and photosynthesis(2) the ozone shield(3) synthesis and digestion(4) energy recycling in ecosystems

53. Salmonella bacteria can cause humans to have stomach cramps, vomiting, diarrhea, and fever.

The effect these bacteria have on humans indicates that Salmonella bacteria are(1) predators(2) pathogenic organisms(3) parasitic fungi(4) decomposers

54. The size of plant populations can be influenced by the(1) molecular structure of available oxygen(2) size of the cells of decomposers(3) number of chemical bonds in a glucose molecule(4) type of minerals present in the soil

55. Competition between two species occurs when(1) mold grows on a tree that has fallen in the forest(2) chipmunks and squirrels eat sunflower seeds in a garden (3) a crow feeds on the remains of a rabbit killed on the road(4) a lion stalks, kills, and eats an antelope

56. A food chain is illustrated below.

What do the arrows represented, most likely indicate(1) energy released into the environment as heat(2) oxygen produced by respiration

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(3) the absorption of energy that has been synthesized(4) the transport of glucose away from the organism

57. If several species of carnivores are removed from an ecosystem, the most likely effect on the ecosystem will be

(1) an increase in the kinds of autotrophs(2) a decrease in the number of abiotic factors(3) a decrease in stability among populations(4) an increase in the rate of succession

58. Some people make compost piles consisting of weeds and other plant materials. When the compost has decomposed, it can be used as fertilizer. The production and use of compost is an example of

(1) the introduction of natural predators(2) the use of fossil fuels(3) the deforestation of an area(4) the recycling of nutrients

59. The graph below shows how the level of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has changed over the last 150,000 years.

Which environmental factor has been most recently affected by these changes in carbon dioxide level?(1) light intensity(2) types of decomposers(3) size of consumers(4) atmospheric temperature

60. One reason why people should be aware of the impact of their actions on the environment is that

(1) ecosystems are never able to recover once they have been adversely affected(2) the depletion of finite resources cannot be reversed(3) there is a decreased need for new technology(4) there is a decreased need for substances produced by natural processes

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61. A pond ecosystem is shown in the diagram below.

Which statement describes an interaction that helps maintain the dynamic equilibrium of this ecosystem?(1) The frogs make energy available to this ecosystem through the process of photosynthesis.(2) The algae directly provide food for both the rotifers and the catfish.(3) The green-backed heron provides energy for the mosquito larvae.(4) The catfish population helps control the populations of water boatman and water fleas.Base your answers to questions 62 and 63 on the diagram below that represents an energy pyramid in a meadow ecosystem and on your knowledge of biology.

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62. Which species would have the largest amount of available energy in this ecosystem?

(1) A (2) B (3) C (4) E

63. Which two organisms are carnivores?(1) A and B (2) A and E (3) B and D (4) C and E

64. The kit fox and red fox species are closely related. The kit fox lives in the desert, while the red fox inhabits forests. Ear size and fur color are two differences that can be observed between the species. An illustration of these two species is shown below.

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Which statement best explains how the differences between these two species came about?(1) Different adaptations developed because the kit fox preferred hotter environments than the red fox.(2) As the foxes adapted to different environments, differences in appearance evolved.(3) The foxes evolved differently to prevent overpopulation of the forest habitat.(4) The foxes evolved differently because their ancestors were trying to avoid competition.

65. An ecosystem is represented below.

The organisms represented as are found in the area shown due to which factor?(1) pH (2) sediment (3) light intensity (4) colder temperature

66. The graphs below show dissolved oxygen content, sewage waste content, and fish populations in a lake between 1950 and 1970.

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State what happened to the amount of dissolved oxygen and the number of fish speciesas the amount of sewage waste increased. ______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

67. On the diagram below, complete the food web by placing the names of all the organisms in the correct locations.

68. Identify one producer recorded by the ecologist in the data table. __________________

69. Which statement describes how one biotic factor of the forest uses one of the Abiotic factors listed in the data table?

(1) Trees absorb water as a raw material for photosynthesis.(2) Insects eat and digest the leaves of trees.(3) Erosion of sedimentary rock adds phosphorous to the soil.(4) Fungi release oxygen from the trees back into the air.

70. Humans have many interactions with the environment. Briefly describe how human activities can affect the environment of organisms living 50 years from now.

In your answer, be sure to:• identify one human activity that could release chemicals harmful to the environment• identify the chemical released by the activity • state one effect the release of this chemical would most likely have on future ecosystems • state one way in which humans can reduce the production of this chemical to lessen its effect on future ecosystems _______________________________________________________________________

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71. DNA electrophoresis is used to study evolutionary relationships of species. The diagram below shows the results of DNA electrophoresis for four different animal species.

Which species has the most DNA in common with species A?(1) X and Y, only(2) Y, only(3) Z, only(4) X, Y, and Z

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