Uttar Pradesh

Uttar PradeshState

From top left to rightTaj Mahal Agra Fort Fatehpur Sikri Sarnath

Manikarnika Ghat New Yamuna Bridge

Emblem

Etymology Uttar (meaning north) and Pradesh(meaning province or territory)

Location of Uttar Pradesh in India

From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Uttar Pradesh [ˈʊtːәɾ pɾәˈdeːʃ] ( listen)) (English Translation NorthernProvince) is a state in northern India With roughly 200 millioninhabitants it is the mostshypopulous state in India as well as the mostshypopulous country subdivision in the world[12] It was created on 1 April1937 as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh during British rule andwas renamed Uttar Pradesh in 1950 giving it the acronym UP Thestate is divided into 18 divisions and 75 districts with the capital beingLucknow On 9 November 2000 a new state Uttarakhand was carvedfrom the states Himalayan hill region The two major rivers of the statethe Ganges and Yamuna join at Triveni Sangam in Allahabad and flowfurther east as Ganges Other prominent rivers are Gomti and SaryuThe forest cover in the state is 609 of the states geographical area

The state is bordered by Rajasthan to the west Haryana HimachalPradesh and Delhi to the northwest Uttarakhand and an internationalborder with Nepal to the north Bihar to the east Madhya Pradesh to thesouth and touches the states of Jharkhand and Chhattisgarh to thesoutheast It covers 240928 km2 (93023 sq mi) equal to 734 of thetotal area of India and is the fourthshylargest Indian state by area Thoughlong known for sugar production the states economy is now dominatedby the services industry The service sector comprises travel andtourism hotel industry real estate insurance and financialconsultancies The economy of Uttar Pradesh is the fifthshylargest stateeconomy in India with ₹1794 lakh crore (US$250 billion) in grossdomestic product and a per capita NSDP of ₹70000 (US$980)[8] Thereis highest unemployment rate in Uttar Pradesh[13] The state ranks 35thamong Indian states in human development index[10] Presidents rulehas been imposed in Uttar Pradesh ten times since 1968 for differentreasons and for a total of 1700 days[14] The state has two internationalairports Chaudhary Charan Singh Airport (Lucknow) and Lal BahadurShastri Airport (Varanasi) Allahabad Junction is the headquarters of theNorth Central Railway and Gorakhpur Railway Station serves as theheadquarters of the North Eastern Railway The High Court of the stateis located in Allahabad

Inhabitants of the state are called either Awadhi Bagheli Bhojpuri BrajiBundeli Kannauji or Rohilkhandi depending upon their region of originHinduism is practised by more than threeshyfourths of the population withIslam being the next largest religious group Hindi is the most widelyspoken language and is also the official language of the state alongwith Urdu Uttar Pradesh was home to most of mainstream politicalentity that has existed in ancient and medieval India including MauryaEmpire Harsha Empire Mughal Empire Delhi Sultanate Gupta Empireas well as many other empires At the time of Indian independencemovement in the early 20th century there were three major princelystates in Uttar Pradeshshy Ramgadi Rampur and Benares The statehouses several holy Hindu temples and pilgrimage centres UttarPradesh has three World Heritage sites and ranks first touristdestinations in India Uttar Pradesh has several historical natural andreligious tourist destinations such as Kushinagar Kanpur AyodhyaVrindavan Mathura Varanasi Allahabad Lucknow Jaunpur NoidaMeerut Bareilly Faizabad Aligarh Agra Jhansi Rampur RaebareliSaharanpur and Gorakhpur

Contents [hide]

Coordinates 2685degN 8091degE

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Coordinates 2685degN 8091degE

Country India

Statehood 24 January 1950[1]

Capital LucknowDistricts 75[2][3]

Government bull Body Government of Uttar

Pradesh bull Governor Anandiben Patel[4][5]

bull Chief Minister Yogi Adityanath (BJP) bull Deputy ChiefMinisters

Keshav Prasad Maurya(BJP)Dinesh Sharma (BJP)

bull Legislature BicameralCouncil (100 seats)Assembly (403seats)

bull Parliamentaryconstituency

Rajya Sabha (31 seats)Lok Sabha (80 seats)

Area bull Total 240928 km2

(93023 sq mi)Area rank 4th

Population (2011)[6][7] bull Total 199812341 bull Rank 1st bull Density 830km2 (2100sq mi)

Demonym(s) Uttar Pradeshi

GDP (2019ndash20)[8] bull Total ₹1794 lakh crore

(US$250 billion) bull Per capita ₹70418 (US$990)

Languages[9] bull Official Hindi bull Additional official Urdu

Time zone UTC+0530 (IST)

UNLOCODE INshyUPVehicle registration UP XXmdashXXXX

HDI (2018) 0596[10] Medium ꞏ35th

Literacy (2011) 6768[11]

Sex ratio (2011) 912 1000 [11]

Website upgovin

Symbols of Uttar PradeshEmblem Emblem of Uttar Pradesh

Mammal Barasingha (Rucervusduvaucelii)

Bird Sarus crane

Flower Palash (Butea monosperma)

Tree Ashoka (Saraca asoca)

Contents [hide]

1 History11 Prehistory12 Ancient and classical period

121 Delhi Sultanate13 Medieval and early modern period

131 British India era

132 Postshyindependence2 Geography

21 Climate3 Flora and fauna

4 Divisions districts and cities5 Demographics6 Government and administration

7 Crime8 Economy9 Transportation

10 Sports11 Education12 Tourism

13 Healthcare14 Culture

141 Language and literature142 Music and dance

143 Fairs and festivals144 Cuisine145 Dress

15 Media16 See also17 References

18 External links181 Government182 General information

HistoryMain article History of Uttar Pradesh

Prehistory

Modern human huntershygatherers have been in Uttar Pradesh[15][16][17]

since between around[18] 85000 and 72000 years ago There havealso been prehistorical finds in Uttar Pradesh from the Middle and UpperPaleolithic dated to 21000ndash31000 years old[19] andMesolithicMicrolithic huntershygatherer settlement near Pratapgarh fromaround 10550ndash9550 BC Villages with domesticated cattle sheep andgoats and evidence of agriculture began as early as 6000 BC andgradually developed between c 4000 and 1500 BC beginning with theIndus Valley Civilisation and Harappa Culture to the Vedic period andextending into the Iron Age[20][21][22]

Ancient and classical period

Out of the sixteenmahajanapadas (litgreat realms) oroligarchic republicsthat existed in ancientIndia seven fellentirely within thepresentshydayboundaries of UttarPradesh[23] The

The Dhamekh Stupa in Sarnath is where GautamaBuddha first taught the Dharma and where the

Buddhist Sangha came into existence through theenlightenment of Kondanna

Timeline of reorganisation amp namechanges of UP[43]

1807 Ceded and Conquered Provinces

14November1834

Presidency of Agra

1 January1836

NorthshyWestern Provinces

Pradesh[23] Thekingdom of Kosala inthe Mahajanapada era was also located within the regionalboundaries of modernshyday Uttar Pradesh[24] According to the Hindulegend the divine king Rama of the Ramayana epic reigned inAyodhya the capital of Kosala[25] Krishna another divine king ofHindu legend who plays a key role in the Mahabharata epic and isrevered as the eighth reincarnation (Avatar) of the Hindu god Vishnuis said to have been born in the city of Mathura in Uttar Pradesh[24]

The aftermath of the Mahabharata yuddh is believed to have takenplace in the area between the Upper Doab and Delhi (in what wasKuru Mahajanapada) during the reign of the Pandava kingYudhishthira The kingdom of the Kurus corresponds to the Black andRed Ware and Painted Gray Ware culture and the beginning of theIron Age in northwest India around 1000 BC[24]

Control over Gangetic plains region was of vital importance to the power and stability of all of Indias major empiresincluding the Maurya (320ndash200 BC) Kushan (AD 100ndash250) Gupta (350ndash600) and GurjarashyPratihara (650ndash1036)empires[26] Following the Huns invasions that broke the Gupta empire the GangesshyYamuna Doab saw the rise ofKannauj[27] During the reign of Harshavardhana (590ndash647) the Kannauj empire reached its zenith[27] It spanned fromPunjab in the north and Gujarat in the west to Bengal in the east and Odisha in the south[24] It included parts of centralIndia north of the Narmada River and it encompassed the entire IndoshyGangetic plain[28] Many communities in variousparts of India claim descent from the migrants of Kannauj[29] Soon after Harshavardhanas death his empiredisintegrated into many kingdoms which were invaded and ruled by the GurjarashyPratihara empire which challengedBengals Pala Empire for control of the region[28] Kannauj was several times invaded by the south Indian RashtrakutaDynasty from the 8th century to the 10th century[30][31] After fall of Pala empire the Chero dynasty ruled from 12thcentury to 18th century[32]

Delhi Sultanate

Parts or all of Uttar Pradesh were ruled by the Delhi Sultanate for 320 years (1206ndash1526) Five dynasties ruled over theDelhi Sultanate sequentially the Mamluk dynasty (1206ndash90) the Khalji dynasty (1290ndash1320) the Tughlaq dynasty(1320ndash1414) the Sayyid dynasty (1414ndash51) and the Lodi dynasty (1451ndash1526)[33][34]

Medieval and early modern period

In the 16th century Babur a Timurid descendant of Timur and Genghis Khan from Fergana Valley (modernshydayUzbekistan) swept across the Khyber Pass and founded the Mughal Empire covering India along with modernshydayAfghanistan Pakistan and Bangladesh[35] The Mughals were descended from Persianised Central Asian Turks (withsignificant Mongol admixture) In the Mughal era Uttar Pradesh became the heartland of the empire[29] Mughalemperors Babur and Humayun ruled from Delhi[36][37] In 1540 an Afghan Sher Shah Suri took over the reins of UttarPradesh after defeating the Mughal king Humanyun[38] Sher Shah and his son Islam Shah ruled Uttar Pradesh fromtheir capital at Gwalior[39] After the death of Islam Shah Suri his prime minister Hemu became the de facto ruler ofUttar Pradesh Bihar Madhya Pradesh and the western parts of Bengal He was bestowed the title of HemchandraVikramaditya (title of Vikramāditya adopted from Vedic Period) at his formal coronation took place at Purana Quila inDelhi on 7 October 1556 A month later Hemu died in the Second Battle of Panipat and Uttar Pradesh came underEmperor Akbars rule[40] Akbar ruled from Agra and Fatehpur Sikri[41] In the 18th century after the fall of Mughalauthority the power vacuum was filled by the Maratha Empire in the midshy18th century the Maratha army invaded theUttar Pradesh region which resulted in Rohillas losing control of Rohilkhand to the Maratha forces led by RaghunathRao and Malharao Holkar The conflict between Rohillas and Marathas came to an end on 18 December 1788 with thearrest of Ghulam Qadir the grandson of NajeebshyudshyDaula who was defeated by the Maratha general Mahadaji ScindiaIn 1803 following the Second AngloshyMaratha War when the British East India Company defeated the Maratha Empiremuch of the region came under British suzerainty[42]

British India era

Starting from Bengal in the second half of the 18th century a series ofbattles for north Indian lands finally gave the British East India Companyaccession over the states territories[44] Ajmer and Jaipur kingdoms werealso included in this northern territory which was named the NorthshyWestern Provinces (of Agra) Although UP later became the fifthshylargeststate of India NWPA was one of the smallest states of the British Indianempire[45] Its capital shifted twice between Agra and Allahabad[46]

1836

3 April1858

Oudh taken under British controlDelhi taken away from NWP andmerged into Punjab

1 April1871

Ajmer Merwara amp Kekri madeseparate commissionershyship

15February1877

Oudh added to NorthshyWesternProvinces

22 March1902

Renamed United Provinces ofAgra and Oudh

3 January1921

Renamed United Provinces ofBritish India

1 April1937

Renamed United Provinces

1 April1946

Self rule granted

15 August1947

Part of independent India

24January1950

Renamed Uttar Pradesh

9November2000

Uttaranchal state now known asUttarakhand created from part ofUttar Pradesh

Babri Masjid was hypothesized tobe built by the Mughal Emperor Baburon the birthplace of Rama in the city ofAyodhya

A part of the Gangetic Plain

Due to dissatisfaction with British rule a serious rebellion erupted invarious parts of North India which became known as the Indian Rebellionof 1857 Bengal regiments sepoy stationed at Meerut cantonment MangalPandey is widely considered as its starting point[47] After the revolt failedthe British divided the most rebellious regions by reorganising theiradministrative boundaries splitting the Delhi region from NWFP of Agraand merging it with Punjab while the Ajmershy Marwar region was mergedwith Rajputana and Oudh was incorporated into the state The new statewas called the North Western Provinces of Agra and Oudh which in 1902was renamed as the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh[48] It wascommonly referred to as the United Provinces or its acronym UP[49][50]

In 1920 the capital of the province was shifted from Allahabad toLucknow[51] The high court continued to be at Allahabad but a bench wasestablished at Lucknow[52] Allahabad continues to be an importantadministrative base of todays Uttar Pradesh and has severaladministrative headquarters[53] Uttar Pradesh continued to be central toIndian politics and was especially important in modern Indian history as ahotbed of the Indian independence movement Uttar Pradesh hostedmodern educational institutions such as the Aligarh Muslim UniversityBanaras Hindu University and Darul Uloom Deoband Nationally knownfigures such as Ram Prasad Bismil and Chandra Shekhar Azad wereamong the leaders of the movement in Uttar Pradesh and Motilal NehruJawaharlal Nehru Madan Mohan Malaviya and Gobind Ballabh Pant wereimportant national leaders of the Indian National Congress The All India Kisan Sabha (AIKS) was formed at theLucknow session of the Congress on 11 April 1936 with the famous nationalist Swami Sahajanand Saraswati elected asits first President[54] in order to address the longstanding grievances of the peasantry and mobilise them against thezamindari landlords attacks on their occupancy rights thus sparking the Farmers movements in India[55] During theQuit India Movement of 1942 Ballia district overthrew the colonial authority and installed an independent administrationunder Chittu Pandey Ballia became known as Baghi Ballia (Rebel Ballia) for this significant role in Indiasindependence movement[56]

Postshyindependence

After Indias independence the United Provinces were renamed Uttar Pradesh(northern province) preserving UP as the acronym[57][58] with the changecoming into effect on 24 January 1950[59] The state has provided nine of Indiasprime ministers including current Prime Minister Narendra Modi who is MP fromVaranasi which is more than any other state and is the source of the largestnumber of seats in the Lok Sabha Despite its political influence since ancienttimes its poor record in economic development and administration poorgovernance organised crime and corruption have kept it amongst Indiasbackward states The state has been affected by repeated episodes of casteand communal violence[60] In Ayodhya in December 1992 the disputed BabriMosque was demolished by radical Hindu activists leading to widespread violence across India[61] In 2000 northerndistricts of the state were separated to form the state of Uttarakhand[62]

GeographyMain article Geography of Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh with a total area of 243290 square kilometres (93935 sq mi) isIndias fourthshylargest state in terms of land area and is roughly of same size asUnited Kingdom It is situated on the northern spout of India and shares aninternational boundary with Nepal The Himalayas border the state on thenorth[63] but the plains that cover most of the state are distinctly different fromthose high mountains[64] The larger Gangetic Plain region is in the north itincludes the GangesshyYamuna Doab the Ghaghra plains the Ganges plains andthe Terai[65] The smaller Vindhya Range and plateau region is in the south[66] It ischaracterised by hard rock strata and a varied topography of hills plains valleysand plateaus The Bhabhar tract gives place to the terai area which is coveredwith tall elephant grass and thick forests interspersed with marshes and swamps[67][68] The sluggish rivers of thebhabhar deepen in this area their course running through a tangled mass of thick undergrowth The terai runs parallel

[hide]

Monsoon clouds over Lucknow

Anandabodhi tree in JetavanaMonastery Sravasti

A hybrid nasturtium(Tropaeolum majus) showingnectar spur found mainly in

Hardoi district

to the bhabhar in a thin strip The entire alluvial plain is divided into three subshyregions[69] The first in the eastern tractconsisting of 14 districts which are subject to periodical floods and droughts and have been classified as scarcity areasThese districts have the highest density of population which gives the lowest per capita land The other two regions thecentral and the western are comparatively better with a wellshydeveloped irrigation system[70] They suffer fromwaterlogging and largeshyscale user tracts[71] In addition the area is fairly arid The state has more than 32 large andsmall rivers of them the Ganges Yamuna Saraswati Sarayu Betwa and Ghaghara are larger and of religiousimportance in Hinduism[72]

Cultivation is intensive[73] The valley areas have fertile and rich soil There is intensive cultivation on terraced hill slopesbut irrigation facilities are deficient[74] The Siwalik Range which forms the southern foothills of the Himalayas slopesdown into a boulder bed called bhadhar[75] The transitional belt running along the entire length of the state is called theterai and bhabhar area It has rich forests cutting across it are innumerable streams which swell into raging torrentsduring the monsoon[76]

ClimateMain article Climate of Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh has a humid subtropical climate and experiences four seasons[77]

The winter in January and February is followed by summer between March andMay and the monsoon season between June and September[78] Summers areextreme with temperatures fluctuating anywhere between 0 degC and 50 degC in partsof the state coupled with dry hot winds called the Loo[79] The Gangetic plainvaries from semiarid to subshyhumid[78] The mean annual rainfall ranges from650 mm in the southwest corner of the state to 1000 mm in the eastern andsoutheastern parts of the state[80] Primarily a summer phenomenon the Bay ofBengal branch of the Indian monsoon is the major bearer of rain in most parts ofstate After summer it is the southshywest monsoon which brings most of the rain

here while in winters rain due to the western disturbances and northshyeast monsoon also contribute small quantitiestowards the overall precipitation of the state[77][81]

Climate data for Uttar PradeshMonth Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec YearAverage

high degC (degF)299 (858)

319 (894)

354 (957)

377 (999)

369 (984)

317 (891)

284 (831)

274 (813)

294 (849)

314 (885)

301 (862)

289 (840)

316 (889)

Average lowdegC (degF)

110 (518)

121 (538)

158 (604)

199 (678)

224 (723)

229 (732)

222 (720)

216 (709)

208 (694)

185 (653)

144 (579)

115 (527)

178 (640)

Averageprecipitationmm (inches)

0 (0)

3 (01)

2 (01)

11 (04)

40 (16)

138 (54)

163 (64)

129 (51)

155 (61)

68 (27)

28 (11)

4 (02)

741 (292)

Averageprecipitation

days01 03 03 11 33 109 170 162 109 50 24 03 678

Meanmonthlysunshinehours

2914 2828 3007 3030 3162 1860 1209 1116 1770 24844 2700 2883 289634

Source [82]

Hardoi district

State symbols of UttarPradesh[91][92]

Stateanimal

Swamp deer(Rucervusduvaucelii)

Statebird

Sarus craneAntigoneantigone)

Statetree

Ashoka(Saracaasoca)

Stateflower

Palash(Buteamonosperma)

Statedance

Kathak

Statesport

Field hockey

View of the Terai region

Gharial (Gavialis gangeticus) is foundin the Ganges river

Average High and Low temperatures for various Uttar Pradesh Cities

City Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec

Lucknow[83] 237 269 3214 3821 4124 3927 3326 3226 3324 3319 2612 247

Kanpur[84] 238 2510 3215 3821 4025 3927 3426 3326 3325 3219 2812 248

Ghaziabad[85] 217 2310 2915 3621 3926 3828 3427 3326 3424 3319 2813 238

Allahabad[86] 238 2711 3317 3923 4227 4028 3426 3326 3325 3321 3014 259

Agra[87] 227 2411 3216 3822 4227 4129 3526 3326 3424 3419 2913 248

Varanasi[88] 238 2711 3316 3922 4127 3928 3326 3326 3325 3221 2914 249

Gorakhpur[89] 239 2712 3322 3925 3726 3326 3326 3324 3321 2915 2411 249

Bareilly[90] 228 2514 3116 3721 4125 3927 3426 3326 3324 3219 2813 239

The rain in Uttar Pradesh can vary from an annual average of 170 cm in hilly areas to 84 cm in Western UttarPradesh[77] Given the concentration of most of this rainfall in the four months of the monsoon excess rain can lead tofloods and shortage to droughts As such these two phenomena floods and droughts commonly recur in the state Theclimate of the Vindhya Range and plateau is subtropical with a mean annual rainfall between 1000 and 1200 mm mostof which comes during the monsoon[78] Typical summer months are from March to June with maximum temperaturesranging from 30 to 38 degC (86 to 100 degF) There is low relative humidity of around 20 and dustshyladen winds blowthroughout the season In summers hot winds called loo blow all across Uttar Pradesh[77]

Flora and faunaSee also Pilibhit Tiger Reserve and Dudhwa National Park

The state has an abundance of naturalresources[93] In 2011 the recorded forestarea in the state was 16583 km2

(6403 sq mi) which is about 688 of thestates geographical area[94] In spite of rapiddeforestation and poaching of wildlife adiverse flora and fauna continue to exist inthe state Species in the state with respect toIndia Uttar Pradesh is a habitat for 419 ofall Algae 640 of Fungi 595 of Lichens293 of Bryophytes 331 ofPteridophytes 869 of Gymnosperms811 of Angiosperms[95] Several species oftrees large and small mammals reptilesand insects are found in the belt oftemperate upper mountainous forests

Medicinal plants are found in the wild[96] and are also grown in plantations TheTeraishyDuar savanna and grasslands support cattle Moist deciduous trees grow inthe upper Gangetic plain especially along its riverbanks This plain supports a widevariety of plants and animals The Ganges and its tributaries are the habitat of largeand small reptiles amphibians freshshywater fish and crabs Scrubland trees such asthe Babool (Vachellia nilotica) and animals such as the Chinkara (Gazella bennettii) are found in the arid Vindhyas[97][98]

Notable indigenous trees are the astringent Azadirachta indica or neem which is widely used in rural Indian herbalmedicine and the luxuriant Ficus religiosa or peepul consider the tree to be sacred by Hindu and Jain ascetics as this isthe tree under which Gautama Buddha is believed to have attained enlightenment

Tropical dry deciduous forests are found in all parts of the plains Since much sunlight reaches the ground shrubs andgrasses are also abundant[99] Large tracts of these forests have been cleared for cultivation Tropical thorny forestsconsisting of widely scattered thorny trees mainly babool are mostly found in the southwestern parts of the state[100]

These forests are confined to areas which have low annual rainfall (50ndash70 cm) a mean annual temperature of 25ndash27 degC and low humidity

Uttar Pradesh is known for its extensive avifauna[101] The most common birds which are found in the state are dovespeafowl junglefowl black partridges house sparrows songbirds blue jays parakeets quails bulbuls comb duckskingfishers woodpeckers snipes and parrots Bird sanctuaries in the state include Bakhira Sanctuary NationalChambal Sanctuary Chandra Prabha Sanctuary Hastinapur Sanctuary Kaimoor Sanctuary and OkhlaSanctuary[102][103][104][105][106][107][108]

[hide]

Divisions of Uttar Pradesh

Million Plus Cities of Uttar Pradesh by population (2011 Census)

Name Population Name Population

Lucknow 2817105 Kanpur 2767348

Ghaziabad 2358525 Agra 1585704

Allahabad 1540544 Meerut 1424908

Varanasi 1201815

Sanctuary

Other animals in the state include reptiles such as lizards cobras kraits and gharials Among the wide variety of fishesthe most common ones are mahaseer and trout Some animal species in Uttar Pradesh have gone extinct in recentyears while others like the lion from the Gangetic Plain the rhinoceros from the Terai region Ganges river dolphinprimarily found in the Ganges have become endangered[109] Many species are vulnerable to poaching despiteregulation by the government[110]

Divisions districts and citiesMain articles Divisions of Uttar Pradesh and Districts of Uttar PradeshSee also Western Uttar Pradesh Eastern Uttar Pradesh and Central Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh is divided into 75 districts under these 18 divisions[111]

1 Saharanpur2 Moradabad

3 Bareilly4 Meerut5 Aligarh

6 Agra7 Devipatan

8 Basti9 Gorakhpur

10 Kanpur11 Lucknow

12 Faizabad13 Azamgarh14 Jhansi

15 Chitrakoot16 Allahabad

17 Varanasi18 Mirzapur

The following is a list of top districts from state of Uttar Pradesh by populationranked in respect of all India[112]

Rank(in

India)District Population

GrowthRate()

Sex Ratio(Femalesper 1000Males)

LiteracyRate()

13 Allahabad 5954391 2063 901 7232

26 Moradabad 4772006 2522 906 5677

27 Ghaziabad 4681645 4227 881 7807

30 Azamgarh 4613913 1711 1019 7093

31 Lucknow 4589838 2582 917 7729

32KanpurNagar

4581268 992 862 7965

50 Bareilly 4448359 2293 887 585

Each district is governed by a DistrictMagistrate who is an IndianAdministrative Service officer appointedGovernment of Uttar Pradesh andreports to Divisional Commissioner of thedivision in which his district falls[113] TheDivisional Commissioner is an IAS officerof high seniority Each district is dividedinto subdivisions governed by a SubshyDivisional Magistrate and again into Blocks Blocks consists of panchayats (villagecouncils) and town municipalities[114] These blocks consists of urban units viz census towns and rural units called grampanchayat[113]

Uttar Pradesh has more metropolitan cities than any other state in India[115][116] The absolute urban population of thestate is 444 million which constitutes 118 of the total urban population of India the secondshyhighest of any state[117]

According to the 2011 census there are 15 urban agglomerations with a population greater than 500000[118] There are14 Municipal Corporations[119][120] while Noida and Greater Noida in Gautam Budh Nagar district are speciallyadministered by statutory authorities under the Uttar Pradesh Industrial Development Act 1976[121][122]

In 2011 states cabinet ministers headed by the then Chief Minister Mayawati announced the separation of UttarPradesh into four different states of Purvanchal Bundelkhand Avadh Pradesh and Paschim Pradesh with twentyshyeightseven twentyshythree and seventeen districts respectively later the proposal was turned down when Akhilesh Yadav leadSamajwadi Party came to power in the 2012 election[123]

Demographics

Uttar Pradesh is the largest subdivision (bypopulation) in the world The red area (of

which more than half is uninhabitable) has asmaller population

Religion in Uttar Pradesh (2011)[134]

Hinduism   7973Islam   1926Christianity 018Sikhism 032Buddhism 016Jainism 011Other 001Not religious 029

DemographicsMain article Demographics of Uttar PradeshSee also List of people from Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh has a large population and a high population growthrate From 1991 to 2001 its population increased by over 26[124]

Uttar Pradesh is the most populous state in India with 199581477people on 1 March 2011[125] The state contributes 1616 of Indiaspopulation The population density is 828 people per squarekilometre making it one of the most densely populated states in thecountry[7] Uttar Pradesh has the largest scheduled caste populationwhereas scheduled tribes are less than 1 per cent of the totalpopulation[126][127]

The sex ratio in 2011 at 912 women to 1000 men was lower thanthe national figure of 943[11] The states 2001ndash2011 decennial growthrate (including Uttrakhand) was 2009 higher than the national rateof 1764[128][129] Uttar Pradesh has a large number of people livingbelow the poverty line[130] As per World Bank document (released on2016) the pace of poverty reduction in the state has been slowerthan the rest of the country[131] Estimates released by the Reserve Bank of India for the year 2011ndash12 revealed thatUttar Pradesh had 59 million people below the poverty line the most for any state in India[130][132] The central andeastern districts in particular have very high levels of poverty The state is also experiencing widening consumptioninequality As per the report of the Ministry of Statistics and Programme Implementation (released on 7 January 2020)the state per capita income is below ₹8000 (US$110) per annum[133]

As per 2011 census Uttar Pradesh the most populous state inIndia is home to the highest numbers of both Hindus andMuslims[135] By religion the population in 2011 was Hindus7973 Muslims 1926 Sikhs 032 Christians 018 Jains011 Buddhists 010 and Others 030[136] The literacy rate ofthe state at the 2011 census was 677 which was below thenational average of 74[137][138] The literacy rate for men is 79and for women 59 In 2001 the literacy rate in Uttar Pradeshstood at 5627 overall 67 for men and 43 for women[139]

Hindi is the official language of Uttar Pradesh and is spoken by themajority of the population (9408) although different regions have

their own dialects[9] These include Awadhi spoken in the Awadh region of eastern Uttar Pradesh Bhojpuri spoken in theBhojpuri region of eastern Uttar Pradesh and Braj Bhasha spoken in the Braj region western Uttar Pradesh Urdu isgiven the status of a second official language spoken by 542 of the population[9][140] Other notable languagesspoken in the state include Punjabi (025) and Bengali (012)[140]

Government and administrationMain articles Government of Uttar Pradesh and Uttar Pradesh Legislature (Vidhan Bhawan)

The state is governed by a parliamentary system of representative democracy Uttar Pradesh is one of the seven statesin India where the state legislature is bicameral comprising two houses the Vidhan Sabha (Legislative Assembly) andthe Vidhan Parishad (Legislative Council)[141][142] The Legislative Assembly consists of 404 members who are electedfor fiveshyyear terms The Legislative Council is a permanent body of 100 members with oneshythird (33 members) retiringevery two years Since Uttar Pradesh sends the largest number of legislators to the national Parliament it is oftenconsidered to be one of the most important states with respect to Indian politics[143] The state contributes 80 seats tothe lower house of the Indian Parliament Lok Sabha and 31 seats to the upper house of the Indian Parliament RajyaSabha[144][145][146][147]

Uttar Pradesh government is a democratically elected body in India with the Governor as its constitutional head and isappointed by the President of India for a fiveshyyear term[148] The leader of the party or coalition with a majority in theLegislative Assembly is appointed as the Chief Minister by the Governor and the Council of Ministers are appointed bythe Governor on the advice of the Chief Minister The governor remains a ceremonial head of the state while the ChiefMinister and his council are responsible for dayshytoshyday government functions The council of ministers consists ofCabinet Ministers and Ministers of State (MoS) The Secretariat headed by the Chief Secretary assists the council ofministers[149][150] The Chief Secretary is also the administrative head of the government[149][150] Each governmentdepartment is headed by a Minister who is assisted by an Additional Chief Secretary or a Principal Secretary whousually is an officer of Indian Administrative Service the Additional Chief SecretaryPrincipal Secretary serve as the

Uttar Pradesh Legislative Assembly (Vidhan Sabha) the lower house of thebicameral legislature

Logo of Uttar Pradesh Policethe largest police force in the

world[168]

administrative head of the department they are assigned to[149][150] Each department also has officers of the rank ofSecretary Special Secretary Joint Secretary etc assisting the Minister and the Additional Chief SecretaryPrincipalSecretary[149][150] Rajendra Kumar Tiwari is the current Chief Secretary[151] Hitesh C Awasthy is the current DirectorGeneral of Police[152]

For purpose of administration the state is divided into 18 divisions and 75 districts Divisional Commissioner an IASofficer is the head of administration on the divisional level[149][153][154][155][156][157][158] The administration in each districtis headed by a District Magistrate who is an IAS officer and is assisted by a number of officers belonging to stateservices[149][157][158][159][160][161][162] The Uttar Pradesh Police is headed by an IPS officer of the rank of Director generalof police There are 8 Police Zones 18 Police Ranges and 75 police districts in the state An IPS officer in the rank ofInspector General of Police heads the zones whereas an IPS officer of the rank of Deputy inspector general of policeheads the ranges A Superintendent of Police an IPS officer and assisted by the officers of the Uttar Pradesh PoliceService is entrusted with the responsibility of maintaining law and order and related issues in each district

The judiciary in the state consists ofthe Allahabad High Court inAllahabad the Lucknow Bench ofAllahabad High Court district courtsand session courts in each district orSessions Division and lower courts atthe tehsil level[149][163] The Presidentof India appoints the chief justice ofthe High Court of the Uttar Pradeshjudiciary on the advice of the ChiefJustice of the Supreme Court of India

as well as the Governor of Uttar Pradesh[164][149] Other judges are appointed by the President of India on the advice ofthe Chief Justice of the High Court[149][163] Subordinate Judicial Service categorised into two divisions viz UttarPradesh civil judicial services and Uttar Pradesh higher judicial service is another vital part of the judiciary of UttarPradesh[165][149] While the Uttar Pradesh civil judicial services comprise the Civil Judges (Junior Division)JudicialMagistrates and civil judges (Senior Division)Chief Judicial Magistrate the Uttar Pradesh higher judicial servicecomprises civil and sessions judges[149] The Subordinate judicial service (viz The district court of Etawah and thedistrict court of Kanpur Dehat) of the judiciary at Uttar Pradesh is controlled by the District Judge[165][149][166]

Politics in Uttar Pradesh has been dominated by four political parties the Samajwadi Party the Bahujan Samaj Partythe Indian National Congress and the Bharatiya Janata Party Politicians from Uttar Pradesh have played prominentroles in Union Government of India with some of them having held the high positions of Prime Minister Uttar Pradeshhas been called Indias undershyachiever because it has provided India with eight prime ministers while remaining a poorstate[167]

CrimeSee also Department of Home (Uttar Pradesh) and Uttar Pradesh Police

According to the National Human Rights Commission of India (NHRC) UttarPradesh tops the list of states of fake encounters and custodial deaths[169] In2014 the state recorded 365 judicial deaths out of a total 1530 deaths recordedin the country[170] NHRC further said of the over 30000 murders registered inthe country in 2016 Uttar Pradesh had 4889 cases[171] A data from Minister ofHome Affairs (MHA) avers Bareilly recorded the highest number of custodialdeath at 25 followed by Agra (21) Allahabad (19) and Varanasi (9) NationalCrime Records Bureau (2011) data says Uttar Pradesh has the highest numberof crimes among any state in India but due to its high population the actual percapita crime rate is low[172] Uttar Pradesh also continues to top the list of stateswith maximum communal violence incidents An analysis of Ministers of State ofHome Affairs states (2014) 23 of all incidents of communal violence in Indiatook place in Uttar Pradesh[173][174] According to a research assembled by StateBank of India Uttar Pradesh failed to improve its Human Development Index(HDI) ranking over a period of 27 years (1990shy2017)[175] Based on subshynationalhuman development index data for Indian states from 1990 to 2017 the report also stated that the value of humandevelopment index in Uttar Pradesh has steadily increased over time from 039 in 1990 to 059 in 2017[176][177][178] TheUttar Pradesh Police governed by the Department of Home is the largest police force in the world[168][179][180]

Uttar Pradesh also reported the highest number of deathsmdash23219mdashdue to road and rail accidents in 2015 accordingto NCRB data[181][182] This included 8109 deaths due to careless driving[183] Between 2006 and 2010 the state hasbeen hit with three terrorist attacks including explosions in a landmark holy place a court and a temple The 2006

Sown saplings of rice in apaddy located in the rich fertileIndoshyGangetic Plain agriculture

is the largest employmentgenerator in the state

Net State Domestic Product at FactorCost at Current Prices (2011ndash12 Base)

figures in crores of Indian rupees

Year Net State Domestic Product[192]

2011shy12

229074

2012ndash13

256699

2013ndash14

294031

2014ndash15

332352

2015ndash16

384718

2016ndash17

453020

2017ndash18

₹1446000 crore(US$200 billion)[193] (est)

IT premise in Noida city isknown for infrastructure andservices highshyend housing

complexes[199]

Varanasi bombings were a series of bombings that occurred across the Hindu holy city of Varanasi on 7 March 2006 Atleast 28 people were killed and as many as 101 others were injured[184][185]

In the afternoon of 23 November 2007 within a span of 25 minutes six consecutive serial blasts occurred in theLucknow Varanasi and Faizabad courts in which 28 people were killed and several others injured[186] The blasts camea week after the Uttar Pradesh police and central security agencies busted JaishshyeshyMohammed terrorists who hadplanned to abduct Rahul Gandhi The Indian Mujahideen has claimed responsibility for these blasts in an email sent toTV stations five minutes before the blast[187][188][189] Another blast occurred on 7 December 2010 the blast occurred atSheetla Ghat in Varanasi in which more than 38 people were killed and several others injured[190][191]

EconomyMain article Economy of Uttar PradeshSee also List of urban agglomerations in Uttar Pradesh

Agriculture is the leading occupation inUttar Pradesh and play vital role in theeconomic development of thestate[194] In terms of net statedomestic product (NSDP) UttarPradesh is the secondshylargesteconomy in India after Maharashtrawith an estimated gross state domesticproduct of ₹1489 lakh crore(US$210 billion)[193] and hencecontributes 8406 of India Accordingto the report generated by India BrandEquity Foundation (IBEF) in 2014ndash15Uttar Pradesh has accounted for 19

share in the countrys total food grain output[195] The state has experienceda high rate of economic growth in the past few years Food grain productionin the state in 2014ndash15 stood at 477734 thousand tonnes Wheat is thestates principal food crop and sugarcane is the main commercial cropparticularly in Western Uttar Pradesh[196] About 70 of Indias sugar comesfrom Uttar Pradesh Sugarcane is the most important cash crop as the stateis countrys largest producer of sugar[195] As per the report generated by Indian Sugar Mills Association (ISMA) totalsugarcane production in India was estimated to be 283 million tonnes in the fiscal ending September 2015 whichincludes 1047 million tonnes from Maharashtra and 735 million tonnes from Uttar Pradesh[197]

State industries are localised in the Kanpur region the fertile purvanchal lands and the Noida region The Mughalsarai ishome to a number of major locomotive plants Major manufacturing products include engineering products electronicselectrical equipment cables steel leather textiles jewellery frigates automobiles railway coaches and wagonsMeerut is the sports capital of India and also a jewellery hub More smallshyscale industrial units are situated in UttarPradesh than in any other state with 12 per cent of over 23 million units[194] With 359 manufacturing clusters cementis the top sector of SMEs in UP[198]

The Uttar Pradesh Financial Corporation (UPFC) was established in the year1954 under the SFCs Act of 1951 mainly to develop smallshy and mediumshyscaleindustries in the state[200] The UPFC also provides working capital to existingunits with a sound track record and to new units under a single windowscheme[201] In July 2012 due to financial constraints and directions from thestate government lending activities have been suspended except for StateGovernment Schemes[202] The state has reported total private investment worthover Rs 25081 crores during the years of 2012 and 2016[203] According to arecent report of World Bank on Ease of Doing Business in India Uttar Pradeshwas ranked among the top 10 states and first among Northern states[204]

According to the Uttar Pradesh Budget Documents (2019ndash20) Uttar Pradeshrsquosdebt burden is 298 per cent of the GSDP[205] The states total financial debtstood at ₹2000 billion (US$28 billion) in 2011[206] Uttar Pradesh has not been able to witness double digit economicgrowth despite consistent attempts over the years[205] The GSDP is estimated to have grown 7 per cent in 2017shy18 and65 per cent in 2018shy2019 which is about 10 per cent of Indiarsquos GDP According to a survey conducted by the Centre forMonitoring Indian Economy (CMIE) Uttar Pradeshs unemployment rate increased 114 percentage points rising to 215per cent in April 2020[13] Uttar Pradesh has largest number of net migrants migrating out of the state[207] The 2011census data on migration shows that nearly 144 million (147) people had migrated out of Uttar Pradesh[208]

Marriage was cited as the preshydominant reason for migration among females Among males the most important reason

A section of DelhindashNoida DirectFlyway

Lucknow Swarna Shatabdi Expressnear New Delhi

Inside view of the new airport terminalbuilding

Marriage was cited as the preshydominant reason for migration among females Among males the most important reasonfor migration was Work Employment[209]

In 2009ndash10 the tertiary sector of the economy (service industries) was the largest contributor to the gross domesticproduct of the state contributing 448 of the state domestic product compared to 44 from the primary sector(agriculture forestry and tourism) and 112 from the secondary sector (industrial and manufacturing)[210][211] MSMEsector is the secondshylargest employment generator in Uttar Pradesh the first being agriculture and employs over92 million people across the state Under the leadership of Akhilesh Yadav Uttar Pradesh has exceeded 11 fiveshyyearplan targets and has established several Micro Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) and generated 650000employment opportunities across the state[1] During the 11th fiveshyyear plan (2007ndash2012) the average gross statedomestic product (GSDP) growth rate was 728 lower than 155 the average for all states of the country[212][213]

The states per capita GSDP was ₹29417 (US$410) lower than the national per capita GSDP of ₹60972 (US$850)[214]

Labour efficiency is higher at an index of 26 than the national average of 25 Textiles and sugar refining both longshystanding industries in Uttar Pradesh employ a significant proportion of the statersquos total factory labour The economy alsobenefits from the states tourism industry[215] The statersquos exports include footwear leather goods and sporting gear

The state is attracting foreign direct investment which has mostly come in the software and electronics fields NoidaKanpur and Lucknow are becoming major hubs for the information technology (IT) industry and house the headquartersof most of the major corporate media and financial institutions Sonebhadra a district in eastern Uttar Pradesh haslargeshyscale industries Its southern region is known as the Energy Capital of India[216] In May 2013 Uttar Pradesh hadthe largest number of mobile subscribers in the country a total of 12160 million mobile phone connections out of86166 million in India according to the telecom regulator Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI)[217][218][219][220]

In November 2015 the Ministry of Urban Development selected sixty one cities of Uttar Pradesh for a comprehensivedevelopment program known as the Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT)[221] A packageof ₹260 billion (US$36 billion) was declared for the cities to develop service level improvement plan (SLIP) a plan forbetter functioning of the local urban bodies in the cities[222]

TransportationFurther information List of state highways in Uttar Pradesh List of airports in Uttar Pradesh and Uttar PradeshState Road Transport Corporation

The state has the largest railway network in the country but in relative terms hasonly sixthshyhighest railway density despite its plain topography and largestpopulation As of 2011 there were 8546 km (5310 mi) of rail in the state[223]

Allahabad is the headquarters of the North Central Railway[224] and Gorakhpur isthe headquarters of the North Eastern Railway[225][226] Other than ZonalHeadquarters of Allahabad and Gorakhpur Lucknow and Moradabad serve asdivisional Headquarters of the Northern Railway Division Lucknow SwarnaShatabdi Express the second fastest shatabdi train connects the Indian capital ofNew Delhi to Lucknow This was the first train in India to get the new German LHBcoaches[227] The railway stations of Allahabad Junction Lucknow NR KanpurCentral Varanasi Junction Agra Cantt Gorakhpur Junction Mathura Junction

included in the Indian Railways list of 50 worldshyclass railway stations[228]

The state has a large multimodal transportation system with the largest roadnetwork in the country[229] The state is well connected to its nine neighbouringstates and almost all other parts of India through the national highways (NH) Itboasts 42 national highways with a total length of 4942 km (96 of the totalNH length in India) The Uttar Pradesh State Road Transport Corporation wasestablished in 1972 to provide economical reliable and comfortabletransportation in the state with connecting services to adjoining states[230] andboasts as being the only State Transport Corporation that runs in profit in theentire nation All cities are connected to state highways and all districtheadquarters are being connected with four lane roads which carry trafficbetween major centres within the state One of them is Agra LucknowExpressway which is a 302 km (188 mi) controlledshyaccess highway constructedby Uttar Pradesh Expressways Industrial Development Authority[231] (UPEIDA)to reduce vehicular traffic in previously congested roads This expressway iscountrys largest Greenfield Expressway which reduced the travel time betweenLucknow and Agra from 6 hours to 330 hours[232] Other district roads andvillage roads provide villages accessibility to meet their social needs as also themeans to transport agriculture produce from village to nearby markets Majordistrict roads provide a secondary function of linking between main roads andrural roads[233] Uttar Pradesh has the highest road density in India (1027 km per 1000 km2) and the largest surfaced

Indian hockey legendMajor Dhyan Chand

Ekana Cricket Stadium in Lucknow

JRHU is the worlds first schoolfor handicap

rural roads[233] Uttar Pradesh has the highest road density in India (1027 km per 1000 km2) and the largest surfacedurbanshyroad network in the country (50721 km)[234]

The state has two international airports located in Lucknow (Chaudhary Charan Singh International Airport) and LalBahadur Shastri International Airport in Varanasi[235] and four domestic airports located at Agra Allahabad Gorakhpurand Kanpur The Lucknow Airport is the secondshybusiest airport in North India after the Indira Gandhi InternationalAirport New Delhi The state has also proposed creating the Taj International Airport at Kurikupa near HirangaonTundla in Firozabad district[236][237] Two more international airports have been proposed to be built at Kushinagar andJewar Greater Noida[238][239] The Lucknow Metro has been operational since 9 March 2019 The capital cities arewitnessing a swift rise in the number of immigrants and this has called for the transformation of public modes oftransport[240]

SportsSee also Indian Grand Prix and Uttar Pradesh Cricket Association

Traditional sports now played mostly as a pastime include wrestling swimmingkabaddi and trackshysports or watershysports played according to local traditional rules andwithout modern equipment Some sports are designed to display martial skills such asusing a sword or Pata (stick)[241] Due to lack of organised patronage and requisitefacilities these sports survive mostly as individuals hobbies or local competitive eventsAmong modern sports field hockey is popular and Uttar Pradesh has produced some ofthe finest players in India including Dhyan Chand and more recently Nitin Kumar[242]

and Lalit Kumar Upadhyay[243]

Recently cricket has become more popular thanfield hockey[citation needed] Uttar Pradesh won itsfirst Ranji Trophy tournament in February 2006beating Bengal in the final[244] It can also boastof routinely having three or four players on thenational side Green Park Stadium in Kanpur theonly internationally recognised cricket stadium inthe state has witnessed some of Indias mostfamous victories Uttar Pradesh Cricket Association (UPCA) has headquarters inKanpur An International Cricket Stadium with a capacity of 50000 spectators isbeing set up in the capital city of Uttar Pradesh Greater Noida Cricket Stadium

is another newly built international cricket stadium with a capacity of around 20000 spectators[245]

The Buddh International Circuit hosted Indias inaugural F1 Grand Prix race on 30 October 2011[246] The 514shykilometreshylong (319shymile) circuit was designed by German architect and racetrack designer Herman Tilke to competewith other worldshyclass race circuits[247] However races were only held three times before being cancelled due to fallingattendance and lack of government support The government of Uttar Pradesh considered Formula One to beentertainment and not a sport and thus imposed taxes on the event and participants[248]

EducationMain article Education in Uttar PradeshSee also List of institutions of higher education in Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh has a long tradition of education although historically it wasprimarily confined to the elite class and religious schools[249] Sanskritshybasedlearning formed the major part of education from the Vedic to the Gupta periodsAs cultures travelled through the region they brought their bodies of knowledgewith them adding Pali Persian and Arabic scholarship to the community Theseformed the core of HindushyBuddhistshyMuslim education until the rise of Britishcolonialism The present schoolsshytoshyuniversity system of education owes itsinception and development in the state (as in the rest of the country) to foreignChristian missionaries and the British colonial administration[250] Schools in thestate are either managed by the government or by private trusts Hindi is used asa medium of instruction in most of the schools except those affiliated to the CBSE

or the Council for ICSE boards[251] Under the 10+2+3 plan after completing secondary school students typically enrollfor two years in a junior college also known as preshyuniversity or in schools with a higher secondary facility affiliated withthe Uttar Pradesh Board of High School and Intermediate Education or a central board Students choose from one ofthree streams namely liberal arts commerce or science Upon completing the required coursework students mayenroll in general or professional degree programs Some Uttar Pradesh schools for example Delhi Public School

Central Drug Research Institute anautonomous multidisciplinary research

institute

Kumbh Mela 2013 at SangamAllahabad

(Noida) La Martiniegravere Girls College (Lucknow) and Step by Step School (Noida) have been ranked amongst the bestschools in the country[252]

Uttar Pradesh has more than 45 universities[253] including 5 centraluniversities 28 state universities 8 deemed universities 2 IITs in Varanasiand Kanpur AIIMS Gorakhpur and AIIMS Rae Bareli 1 IIM in Lucknow 1NIT in Allahabad 2 IIITs 1 National Law University in Lucknow andseveral polytechnics engineering colleges and industrial traininginstitutes[254] Prestigious institutes like the Aligarh Muslim UniversitySanjay Gandhi Postgraduate Institute of Medical Sciences Indian Instituteof Technology (Kanpur)[255] Indian Institute of Technology (BHU) theIndian Institute of Management (Lucknow) Motilal Nehru National Instituteof Technology (Allahabad) Indian Institute of Information Technology(Allahabad) Indian Institute of Information Technology (Lucknow) University Institute of Engineering and TechnologyKanpur King Georges Medical University Dr Ram Manohar Lohiya National Law University and the Harcourt ButlerTechnical University are known worldwide for their quality education and research in their respective fields[256] Thepresence of such institutions provides the students of the state with ample opportunities for higher education[257][258]

The Integral University a state level institution was established by the Uttar Pradesh Government to provide educationin different technical applied science and other disciplines[259] The Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies wasfounded as an autonomous organisation by the national ministry of culture Jagadguru Rambhadracharya HandicappedUniversity is the only university established exclusively for the disabled in the world[260] A large number of Indianscholars are educated at different universities in Uttar Pradesh Notable scholars who were born worked or studied inthe geographic area of the state include Harivansh Rai Bachchan Motilal Nehru Harish Chandra and Indira Gandhi

TourismMain article Tourism in Uttar PradeshSee also Kumbh Mela and Architecture of Uttar Pradesh

Uttar Pradesh ranks first in domestic tourist arrivals among all states of India withmore than 71 million[261][262] owing to its rich and varied topography vibrantculture festivals monuments ancient places of worship and viharas UttarPradesh is also home to three World Heritage Sites the Taj Mahal Agra Fortand the nearby Fatehpur Sikri Uttar Pradesh is a favoured tourist destination inIndia due to the location of Taj Mahal nearly 69 lakhs (69 million) people visitedthe Taj Mahal in 2018shy19 up an 6 from the previous year when the numberstood at 64 lakhs (64 million) The monument earned almost ₹78 crore(US$11 million) in ticket sales in 2018shy19[263] The states tourism industry is amajor contributor to the states economy growing at the rate of 2160[264]

Religious tourism plays significant role in Uttar Pradesh tourism as the state has some of the holiest Hindu shrinesVaranasi a major religious hub is the holiest of the seven sacred cities (Sapta Puri) in Hinduism and Jainism Domestictourist most commonly visit for religious purposes while foreign tourist visit for ghats along river Ganges Vrindavan isconsidered to be a holy place for Vaisnavism Owing to the belief as the birthplace of Rama Ayodhya (Awadh) has beenregarded as one of the seven most important pilgrimage sites Dwarka is one of the Chardhams four sacred Hindupilgrimage sites Millions gather at Allahabad to take part in the Magh Mela festival on the banks of the Ganges[265] Thisfestival is organised on a larger scale every 12th year and is called the Kumbh Mela where over 10 million Hindupilgrims congregate in one of the largest gatherings of people in the world[266] Vindhyachal is a Hindu pilgrimage sitehaving the temple of Vindhyavasini

Buddhist attractions in Uttar Pradesh include stupas and monasteries The historically important towns of Sarnath whereGautama Buddha gave his first sermon after his enlightenment and died at Kushinagar both are important pilgrimagesites for Buddhists[267] Also at Sarnath are the Pillars of Ashoka and the Lion Capital of Ashoka both importantarchaeological artefacts with national significance At a distance of 80 km from Varanasi Ghazipur is famous not only forits Ghats on the Ganges but also for the tomb of Lord Cornwallis the 18thshycentury Governor of East India Companyruled Bengal Presidency The tomb is maintained by the Archaeological Survey of India[268] The state has one NationalPark and 25 Wildlife Sanctuaries Okhla Bird Sanctuary known as a haven for over 300 bird species out of which 160bird species are migratory travelling from Tibet Europe amp Siberia and Patna Bird Sanctuary sanctuary in Etah district isa major tourist attraction

HealthcareUttar Pradesh has a large public as well as private healthcare infrastructureAlthough an extensive network of public and private sector healthcare providershas been built the available health infrastructure is inadequate to meet the

District Hospital Kanpur Dehat

The battle of Kurukshetra foliofrom the Mahabharata

Kathak dancer performing

has been built the available health infrastructure is inadequate to meet thedemand for health services in the state[269] In 15 years to 2012ndash13 thepopulation of Uttar Pradesh increased by more than 25 per cent The publichealth centres which are the frontline of the governments health care systemdecreased by 8 per cent[270] Smaller subshycentres the first point of public contactincreased by no more than 2 per cent over the 25 years to 2015 a period whenthe population grew by more than 51 per cent[270] The state is also facingchallenges such as a shortage of healthcare professionals increasing cost ofhealthcare the mushrooming of private healthcare and a lack of planning[271] As on 2017 number of governmenthospital in rural and urban areas of Uttar Pradesh are 4442 (39104 beds) and 193 (37156 beds) respectively[272]

A newborn in Uttar Pradesh is expected to live four years fewer than in the neighbouring state of Bihar five years fewerthan in Haryana and seven years fewer than in Himachal Pradesh Uttar Pradesh contributed to the largest share ofalmost all communicable and noncommunicable disease deaths including 48 per cent of all typhoid deaths (2014) 17per cent of cancer deaths and 18 per cent of tuberculosis deaths (2015)[270] Uttar Pradeshrsquos maternal mortality ratio ishigher than the national average at 258 maternal deaths for every 100000 live births (2017) with 62 per cent ofpregnant women unable to access minimum anteshynatal care[273][274] Around 42 per cent of pregnant women more than15 million deliver babies at home About twoshythirds (61 per cent) of childbirths at home in Uttar Pradesh are unsafe[275]

State has the highest child mortality indicators[276] from the neonatal mortality rate (NNMR) to the undershyfive mortalityrate of 64 children who die per 1000 live births before five years of age 35 die within a month of birth and 50 do notcomplete a year of life[277] A third of the rural population in the state has been deprived of primary healthcareinfrastructure according to the norms of the Indian Public Health Standards[278]

CultureMain article Culture of Uttar Pradesh

Language and literatureMain article Languages of Uttar Pradesh

Several texts and hymns of the Vedic literature were composed in Uttar PradeshRenowned Indian writers who have resided in Uttar Pradesh were Kabir Ravidasand Tulsidas who wrote much of his Ram Charit Manas in Varanasi The festivalof Guru Purnima is dedicated to Sage Vyasa and also known as Vyasa Purnimaas it is the day which is believed to be his birthday and also the day he dividedthe Vedas[279] There is a long literary and folk Hindishylanguage tradition in thestate In the 19th and 20th century Hindi literature was modernised by authorssuch as Jaishankar Prasad Maithili Sharan Gupt Munshi Premchand SuryakantTripathi Nirala Babu Gulabrai Sachchidananda Hirananda Vatsyayan AgyeyaRahul Sankrityayan Harivansh Rai Bachchan Dharamvir Bharati SubhadraKumari Chauhan Mahavir Prasad Dwivedi Swami Sahajanand Saraswati

Dushyant Kumar Hazari Prasad Dwivedi Acharya Kuber Nath Rai Bharatendu Harishchandra Kamleshwar PrasadSaxena Shivmangal Singh Suman Mahadevi Varma and Vibhuti Narain Rai[280]

The state is sometimes called the Hindi heartland of India[281] Hindi became the language of state administration withthe Uttar Pradesh Official Language Act of 1951[282] A 1989 amendment to the act added Urdu as an additionallanguage of the state[283] Linguistically the state spreads across the Central EastshyCentral and Eastern zones of theHindi Belt the major Hindi languages of the state being Awadhi Bhojpuri Bundeli Braj Bhasha Kannauji andHindustani[284]

Music and dance

With each and every district of Uttar Pradesh having its unique music andtradition Traditional folk music in Uttar Pradesh has been categorised in threedifferent ways including music transmitted orally music with unknown composersand music performed by custom The popular folk music of Uttar Pradeshincludes sohar which is sung to celebrate birth of a child Kajari sung during therainy season Ghazal Thumri and Qawwali which is a form of Sufi poetry ispopular in the Awadh region Rasiya (especially popular in Braj) which celebratethe divine love of Radha and Krishna Khayal is a form of semishyclassical singingwhich comes from the courts of Awadh Other forms of music are Biraha ChaitiAlha and Sawani

Kathak a classical dance form owes its origin to the state of Uttar Pradesh[92]

The dance form is connected to classical Hindustani music where the rhythmicnimbleness of the feet is accompanied by either Tabla or Pakhawaj[285] Ramlila

Devotees inside Krishna templeduring Lathmaar holi

Uttar Pradeshi thali with naansultani dal raita and shahi

paneer

Paan (betel leaves) beingserved with silver foil

nimbleness of the feet is accompanied by either Tabla or Pakhawaj[285] Ramlilais one of the oldest dramatic folk dance which depicts the life of Lord Rama and is mainly performed during theVijayadashami festival Svanga is a dance drama of semishyhistorical tales and ballads Traditional dance and musicalstyles are taught at the Bhatkhande Music Institute University in Lucknow named after the musician Pandit VishnuNarayan Bhatkhande[286] Four of the six schools of this dance form Lucknow gharana Ajrara gharana Farukhabadgharana and Benares gharana are situated in Uttar Pradesh[287][288]

Fairs and festivals

Diwali (celebrated between midshyOctober and midshyDecember) and Rama Navamiare popular festivals in Uttar Pradesh Kumbh Mela organised in the month ofMaagha (FebruarymdashMarch) is a major festival held every twelve years inrotation at Allahabad on the river Ganges[289] Lath mar Holi is a local celebrationof the Hindu festival of Holi It takes place well before the actual Holi in the townof Barsana near Mathura Taj Mahotsav held annually at Agra is a colourfuldisplay of the culture of the Braj area[290] Ganga Mahotsav festival of KartikPoornima celebrated fifteen days after Diwali Buddha Purnima which marks thebirth of Gautama Buddha is a major Hindu and Buddhist festival while Christmasis celebrated by the minority Christian population Other festivals are EidshyulshyFitrEidshyulshyAdhaaBakreed Vijayadashami Makar Sankranti Vasant Panchami Ayudha Puja Janmashtami SardhanaChristian Fair Maha Shivaratri Mahavir Janma Kalyanak Ayurved Jhansi Mahotsav Bārah Wafāṭ Chhath pujaLucknow Mahotsav Moharram Kabob and Hanuman Jayanti[291]

CuisineMain article Cuisine of Uttar Pradesh

A typical dayshytoshyday traditional vegetarian meal of Uttar Pradesh like any otherNorth Indian thali consists of roti (flatbread) chawal dal sabji raita and papadOn festive occasions usually tava (flat pan for roti) is considered inauspiciousand instead fried foods are consumed A typical festive thali consists of PuriKachauri sabji pulav papad raita salad and desserts (such as sewai orKheer)[292] Lassi (yogurtshybased) and chaach (traditional buttermilk) are mostfavoured drink in Uttar Pradesh

Many communities have their own particular style of cuisines such as the JainsKayasths and Muslims There are also certain subshyregional delicacies Awadhicuisine is worldshyfamous for dishes such as kebab biryani keema and nihari

Sweets occupy an important place in the Hindu diet and are eaten at social ceremonies People make distinctivesweetmeats from milk products including khurchan peda gulabjamun petha makkhan malai and chamcham Thechaat in Lucknow and Banarasi Paan is known across India for its flavour and ingredients[293]

Awadhi cuisine is from the city of Lucknow The cuisine consists of bothvegetarian and nonshyvegetarian dishes Awadh has been greatly influenced byMughal cooking techniques and the cuisine of Lucknow bears similarities tothose of Central Asia Kashmir Punjab and Hyderabad and the city is known forNawabi foods[294] The bawarchis and rakabdars of Awadh gave birth to the dumstyle of cooking or the art of cooking over a slow fire which has becomesynonymous with Lucknow today Their spread consisted of elaborate dishes likekebabs (shish kebab or shashlik) kormas biryani kaliya naharishykulchas zardasheermal roomali rotis and warqi parathas The richness of Awadh cuisine liesnot only in the variety of cuisine but also in the ingredients used like muttonpaneer and rich spices including cardamom and saffron

Mughlai cuisine is a style of cooking developed in the Indian subcontinent by the imperial kitchens of the Mughal EmpireIt represents the cooking styles used in North India especially Uttar Pradesh The cuisine is strongly influenced by thecuisine of Central Asia and has in turn strongly similarities to the regional cuisines of Kashmir and the Punjab region[294]

The tastes of Mughlai cuisine vary from extremely mild to spicy and is often associated with a distinctive aroma and thetaste of ground and whole spices

Dress

The people of Uttar Pradesh dress in a variety of traditional and Western styles[295] Traditional styles of dress includecolourful draped garments ndash such as sari for women and dhoti or lungi for men ndash and tailored clothes such as salwarkameez for women and kurtashypyjama for men[296] Men often sport headshygear like topi or pagri[295] Sherwani is a moreformal male dress and is frequently worn along with chooridar on festive occasions Europeanshystyle trousers and shirtsare also common among the men[295]

India portal

are also common among the men[295]

MediaA number of newspapers and periodicals are published in Hindi English and Urdu The Pioneer was founded inAllahabad in 1865 by George Allen[297] Amar Ujala Dainik Bhaskar Dainik Jagran Rajasthan Patrika and HindustanDainik have a wide circulation with local editions published from several important cities Major English languagenewspapers which are published and sold in large numbers are The Telegraph The Times of India Hindustan TimesThe Hindu The Statesman The Indian Express and Asian Age Some prominent financial dailies like The EconomicTimes Financial Express Business Line and Business Standard are widely circulated Vernacular newspapers such asthose in Hindi Nepali Gujarati Odia Urdu and Punjabi are also read by a select readership

Doordarshan is the stateshyowned television broadcaster Multi system operators provide a mix of Hindi English BengaliNepali and international channels via cable Hindi 24shyhour television news channels are NDTV India DD News ZeeNews Aaj Tak News18 India and ABP News All India Radio is a public radio station There are 32 private FM stationsavailable in major cities like Lucknow Kanpur Varanasi Allahabad Agra and Noida[298][299] Cell phone providersinclude Vodafone Airtel BSNL Reliance Jio Reliance Communications Telenor AircelTata Indicom Idea Cellular andTata DoCoMo Broadband internet is available in select towns and cities and is provided by the stateshyrun BSNL and byprivate companies[300] Dialshyup access is provided throughout the state by BSNL and other providers[301]

See alsoList of Governors of Uttar PradeshList of people from Uttar Pradesh

Nawabganj Bird SanctuaryOutline of India

Social Mobilisation Network (SMNet)

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171 ^ Rao Phalguni NHRC registered 1782 fake encounter cases between 2000shy2017 Uttar Pradesh alone accounts for4455 Firstpost Network 18 Retrieved 7 June 2020

172 ^ Pervez Iqbal Siddiqui (30 October 2011) UP tops in crime low on criminality The Times of India Archived from theoriginal on 26 December 2013 Retrieved 14 September 2013

173 ^ Uttar Pradesh tops the list of communal violence hit states in 2017 Govt The Economic Times Bennett Coleman amp CoLtd 14 March 2018 Retrieved 20 May 2020

174 ^ Sharma Neeta (14 March 2018) Communal Violence Goes Up In Country Uttar Pradesh Still Tops List NDTV NewDelhi Television Limited Archived from the original on 12 August 2019 Retrieved 20 May 2020

175 ^ HUMAN DEVELOPMENT INDEX ACROSS INDIAN STATES IS THE GLASS STILL HALF EMPTY (PDF) State Bank ofIndia Archived (PDF) from the original on 6 April 2020 Retrieved 20 May 2020

176 ^ Chauhan Saurabh UP fails to improve human development index ranking in 27 years Hindustan Times HT Media LtdArchived from the original on 26 January 2020 Retrieved 20 May 2020

177 ^ Uttar Pradesh Human Development Report (PDF) United Nations Development Programme December 2008Archived (PDF) from the original on 9 July 2017 Retrieved 13 September 2017

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181 ^ Accidental Deaths in India (PDF) National Crime Records Bureau Retrieved 7 June 2020182 ^ Chauhan Arvind (7 January 2017) At 23219 UP reports highest number of road rail accident The Times of India

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185 ^ Sankat Mochan Hanuman temple blast Rediffcom Archived from the original on 9 August 2016 Retrieved 14 July2012

186 ^ Uttar Pradesh blasts RDX use confirmed Web India 25 November 2007 Archived from the original on 24 May 2012Retrieved 4 August 2012

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189 ^ Swami Praveen (26 December 2007) Wiretap warning on Uttar Pradesh bombings went in vain The Hindu Archivedfrom the original on 4 March 2008 Retrieved 20 July 2012

190 ^ Massive terror attacks The Sunday Indian 25 November 2011 Archived from the original on 6 June 2013 Retrieved20 July 2012

191 ^ Chronology of recent terror attacks Yahoo Archived from the original on 17 July 2011 Retrieved 13 July 2011192 ^ GROSS STATE DOMESTIC PRODUCT BY ECONOMIC ACTIVITY (crore Rs) UTTAR PRADESH (PDF) Directorate of

Economics and Statistics Government of Uttar Pradesh Archived from the original (PDF) on 12 January 2018 Retrieved11 January 2018

193 ^ a b Khullar Vatsal (20 February 2018) Uttar Pradesh Budget Analysis 2018ndash19 (PDF) PRS Legislative ResearchArchived from the original (PDF) on 21 February 2018 Retrieved 28 March 2018

194 ^ a b The state profile (PDF) PHD Chember Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 December 2012 Retrieved20 September 2012

195 ^ a b Uttar Pradesh A Rainbow Land (PDF) ibeforg India Brand Equity Foundation 2015 Archived (PDF) from theoriginal on 21 September 2018 Retrieved 13 May 2019

196 ^ Industrial policy of Uttar Pradesh Lex Universe Archived from the original on 1 May 2012 Retrieved 20 September2012

197 ^ Indian sugar mills association indiansugarcom Archived from the original on 26 August 2016 Retrieved 8 August2016

198 ^ Malini Goyal (9 June 2013) SMEs employ close to 40 of Indias workforce but contribute only 17 to GDP TheEconomic TImes Archived from the original on 31 December 2016 Retrieved 20 June 2013

199 ^ IT park Infrastructure and (4 January 2016) NoidashyGreater Noidas world class infrastructure to be highlighted in UP PravasiDiwas The Times of India Bennett Coleman amp Co Ltd Archived from the original on 31 January 2017 Retrieved 2 April2020

200 ^ Details of financing amp limits of accommodation (PDF) UPFC India Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 May 2012Retrieved 22 July 2012

201 ^ A statement of the categories of documents that are held by the Corporation (PDF) Uttar Pradesh FinancialCorporation Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 November 2012 Retrieved 9 July 2012

202 ^ The budget allocated to each of its agency (PDF) UPFC India Archived from the original (PDF) on 16 November2012 Retrieved 22 July 2012

203 ^ Rawat Virendra Singh Private investment under Akhilesh government more than doubles Archived from the originalon 20 August 2016 Retrieved 8 August 2016

204 ^ 10 Uttar Pradesh ndash World Bank Survey Indias top 10 states on the ease of doing business ranking ndash The EconomicTimes Archived from the original on 23 June 2016 Retrieved 8 August 2016

205 ^ a b Raghuvanshi Umesh (23 October 2019) Finance commission asks Uttar Pradesh to bring down its debt burden Hindustan Times HT Media Ltd Retrieved 24 May 2020

206 ^ State slipping into debt burden The Times of India 14 June 2011 Archived from the original on 6 May 2013Retrieved 14 June 2011

207 ^ Jha Abhishek Kawoosa Vijdan Mohammad (26 July 2019) What the 2011 census data on migration tells us HindustanTimes HT Media Ltd Retrieved 31 July 2020

208 ^ Edwin Tina (30 July 2019) Migrants seem to prefer neighbouring States for livelihood Business Line The Hindu GroupKasturi and Sons Limited Retrieved 31 July 2020

209 ^ Census of India 2001 shy Data Highlights (PDF) Government of India Retrieved 31 July 2020210 ^ Investment climate of a state (PDF) IBEF organization Archived (PDF) from the original on 10 May 2013 Retrieved

22 July 2012211 ^ Service sector over the present crisis The Economic Times 14 March 2009 Archived from the original on 7 May 2013

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212 ^ Only 5 states exceed 11th Plan growth targets Govt Ruled by CNBC TV18 News CNBC TV18shyMoneyControl Post 13May 2011 Archived from the original on 5 June 2013

213 ^ RBI releases Study on State Finances 2009shy10 Reserve Bank of India (RBI) Archived from the original on 25 February2010 Retrieved 22 February 2010

214 ^ Ministry of statistics and Program Implementation (PDF) Ministry of statistics and Program Implementation Govt OfIndia Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 March 2016

215 ^ Small scale industries and other small trades (PDF) Ministry of Small Scale Industries Archived from the original(PDF) on 10 April 2009 Retrieved 17 January 2008

216 ^ Western part of the coalfield Northern Coalfields Limited Archived from the original on 26 December 2008 Retrieved8 July 2008

217 ^ Report by TRAI Monthly press release (PDF) Telecom Regulatory Authority of India TRAI Archived from theoriginal (PDF) on 12 May 2013 Retrieved 23 May 2013

218 ^ UP TN have most cellshyphone users in India TRAI Business Line 5 May 2013 Archived from the original on 1November 2013 Retrieved 13 September 2017

219 ^ UP has most cell phone users in India TRAI The Indian Express 6 May 2013 Retrieved 13 September 2017220 ^ Uttar Pradesh top in mobile penetration 6 May 2013 Archived from the original on 1 November 2013 Retrieved

13 September 2017

221 ^ Map of Cities covered under AMRUT Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs Government of India Retrieved 31 July2020

222 ^ Uttar Pradesh size shy Atal Mission for Rejuvenation and Urban Transformation (AMRUT) (PDF) Ministry of Housing ampUrban Affairs Retrieved 31 July 2020

223 ^ total railway route length uttar pradesh Northern Railways Lucknow Division Archived from the original on 14 August2012 Retrieved 22 July 2012

224 ^ North Central RailwayshyThe Allahabad Division Indian Railways Portal CMS Team Archived from the original on 18March 2014 Retrieved 22 February 2011

225 ^ the Portal of Indian Railways Indian Railways Archived from the original on 11 April 2011 Retrieved 14 April 2011226 ^ Equipment arrives for integrated security system The Times of India Archived from the original on 14 May 2013

Retrieved 22 July 2012227 ^ Lucknow New Delhi Shatabdi Express The Times of India 2 July 2012 Archived from the original on 26 September

2012 Retrieved 28 July 2012228 ^ Introducing the Railway Budget 2011shy12 (PDF) Indian Railways Archived (PDF) from the original on 12 May 2016

Retrieved 22 July 2012

229 ^ Investment Promotion amp Infrastructure Development Cell Road (PDF) Department of Industrial Policy and PromotionArchived from the original (PDF) on 14 October 2011 Retrieved 7 January 2012

230 ^ Road network (PDF) India Brand Equity Foundation Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 September 2012Retrieved 22 July 2012

231 ^ Welcome UP Expressways Industrial Development Authority upeidain Archived from the original on 12 July 2016Retrieved 26 July 2016

232 ^ Indias Longest AgrashyLucknow Expressway ndash 20 Facts to Know 26 November 2014 Archived from the original on 14July 2016 Retrieved 26 July 2016

233 ^ Roads in India are divided into the categories For the purpose of management and administration One of the largest roadnetworks in the Country (PDF) Department of Industrial policy and promotion Archived from the original (PDF) on 24December 2012 Retrieved 22 July 2012

234 ^ Pervasive road network of Uttar Pradesh (PDF) Planning commission Government of India Archived from theoriginal (PDF) on 22 December 2012 Retrieved 20 September 2012

235 ^ contributing to economic growth and prosperity of the nation Airports Authority of India Archived from the original on29 June 2012 Retrieved 22 July 2012

236 ^ UP to seek DGCA nod for Taj airport Hindustan Times 21 June 2013 Archived from the original on 2 April 2015Retrieved 29 July 2015

237 ^ Hindustan Times eshyPaper Hindustan Times Archived from the original on 8 June 2014 Retrieved 29 July 2015238 ^ Kushinagar international airport to get ready for takeshyoff Virendra Singh Rawat 7 January 2013 Archived from the

original on 21 May 2014239 ^ Mishra Mihir (24 June 2017) Jewar to be second airport in Delhi NCR The Economic Times Archived from the

original on 11 August 2018 Retrieved 11 August 2018240 ^ Lucknow Metro Rail Right on Track Archived from the original on 6 January 2017 Retrieved 25 July 2016

241 ^ Mohan Rao (6 January 2005) From Population Control To Reproductive Health Malthusian Arithmetic Sage Publicationspp 244ndash246 ISBN 978shy0shy7619shy3269shy7 Archived from the original on 4 June 2013 Retrieved 26 July 2012

242 ^ Indian Hockey Player stick2hockey Archived from the original on 14 November 2011 Retrieved 31 December 2010243 ^ Hapless victim of a TV sting this hockey player is now a rising star The Indian Express Retrieved 29 June 2012244 ^ Uttar Pradesh win Ranji Trophy Rediffcom Archived from the original on 19 October 2012 Retrieved 2 February

2006

245 ^ UP to get one more cricket stadium by 2011 First PublishedPTI Friday 27 November 2009 2126 Archived from theoriginal on 24 May 2013 Retrieved 2 February 2006

246 ^ The Buddh International Circuit (BIC) which played host to Indias first Formula One Grand Prix CNNshyIBN 18 November2011 Archived from the original on 22 December 2011 Retrieved 14 July 2012

247 ^ Philosophy behind the Buddh International Circuit (PDF) Jaypee Group Archived from the original (PDF) on 27October 2011 Retrieved 2 February 2006

248 ^ Why Indias Formula 1 Grand Prix is under threat BBC News 24 October 2013 Archived from the original on 27October 2013

249 ^ Islamic religious schools The Times of India Archived from the original on 3 January 2013 Retrieved 25 April 2003250 ^ British colonial administration system in state education system State Education Board Archived from the original on

21 April 2003 Retrieved 25 April 2003251 ^ Uttar Pradesh Facts amp Figures Uttar Pradesh education department Archived from the original on 3 April 2011

Retrieved 16 October 2010252 ^ Indias Best Schools 2014 Rediffcom Archived from the original on 22 July 2015

253 ^ List of universities Education info India Archived from the original on 11 April 2017 Retrieved 13 September 2017254 ^ List of Universities in Uttar Pradesh Education department of UP Archived from the original on 21 June 2012

Retrieved 27 June 2012255 ^ Kanpur schools welcome IIT Council formula The Times of India Archived from the original on 22 June 2012

Retrieved 27 June 2012256 ^ Official Website of IIM Lucknow IIM Lucknow Archived from the original on 13 April 2012 Retrieved 11 April 2012

257 ^ IIMshyLucknow sends countrys first team to global agribusiness meet The Times of India 28 June 2012 Archived fromthe original on 7 May 2013 Retrieved 28 June 2012

258 ^ IIM Lucknow students shine at International Agrishybiz symposium in Shanghai MBA Universe Archived from the originalon 28 June 2012 Retrieved 28 June 2012

259 ^ The Integral University Lucknow state level institution Government of Uttar Pradesh Archived from the original on 7January 2012 Retrieved 28 June 2012

260 ^ Ragini Dikshit (10 July 2007) िच몭कट दिनया का 몭थम िवकलाग िव몭िव몭ालय [Chitrakuta The worlds first handicappeduniversity] (in Hindi) Jansatta Express

261 ^ Upkar Prakashan ndash Editorial Board (1 September 2010) Uttar Pradesh General Knowledge Upkar Prakashan pp 46ndash287ISBN 978shy81shy7482shy408shy0 Archived from the original on 28 May 2013 Retrieved 26 July 2012

262 ^ Siddiqui Masood H Tripathi Shalini N (2011) Performance of Tourist Centres in Uttar Pradesh An Evaluation Using DataEnvelopment Analysis (PDF) ASCI Journal of Management Administrative Staff College of India 40 (1) Archived (PDF)from the original on 4 August 2016 Retrieved 22 March 2019

263 ^ Taj Mahal Tourists at Tourists up at Taj Mahal The Economic Times The Times Group Bennett Coleman amp Co LtdRetrieved 29 March 2020

264 ^ Yearshywise Tourist Statistics Uttar Pradesh Tourism Retrieved 12 June 2020

265 ^ Kama MacLean (29 August 2008) Pilgrimage and Power The Kumbh Mela in Allahabad 1765ndash1954 Oxford UniversityPress ISBN 978shy0shy19shy533894shy2 Archived from the original on 27 May 2013 Retrieved 25 July 2012

266 ^ Hindus gather for the Kumbh Mela at the Ganges in India and Maha Shivaratri in Allahabad The Daily TelegraphLondon 12 February 2010 Archived from the original on 27 January 2011 Retrieved 25 January 2011

267 ^ SARNATH GENERAL INFORMATION Tourism department of Varanasi Archived from the original on 8 May 2012Retrieved 8 July 2012

268 ^ Sanjeev Joon Complete Guide for SSC Tata McGrawshyHill Education p 255 ISBN 978shy0shy07shy070645shy3 Archived fromthe original on 28 May 2013 Retrieved 25 July 2012

269 ^ Anand Manjaree (1 July 2014) Health status and health care services in Uttar Pradesh and Bihar A comparative study Indian Journal of Public Health 58 (3) 174ndash9 doi1041030019shy557X138624 ISSN 0019shy557X PMID 25116823

270 ^ a b c Annual Health Survey 2012ndash13 Fact Sheet ndash Uttar Pradesh (PDF) Office of the Registrar General and CensusCommissioner Ministry of Home Affairs Government of India 2013 Archived (PDF) from the original on 13 November2017 Retrieved 13 September 2017

271 ^ Perappadan Bindu Shajan (11 May 2019) India facing critical shortage of healthcare providers WHO The Hindu TheHindu Group Retrieved 17 June 2020

272 ^ Hospitals in the Country Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Retrieved 17 August 2020

273 ^ Maternal Mortality Ratio (MMR) (Per 100000 Live Births) NITI Aayog Retrieved 24 May 2020274 ^ Rao Menaka (8 February 2017) Uttar Pradesh has a free ambulance service for pregnant women but substandard

hospitals Scrollin Scroll Media Inc USA Retrieved 24 May 2020275 ^ State of Urban Health in Uttar Pradeshshy Urban Health Resource Center (PDF) Urban Health Resource Centre Ministry

of Health and Family Welfare Government of India Archived (PDF) from the original on 22 July 2017 Retrieved 14 August2017

276 ^ Estimates of mortality indicators (PDF) Census of India Retrieved 24 May 2020

277 ^ Rural Health Statistics 2014ndash15 (PDF) Ministry of Health and Family Welfare Government of India 2015 Archived(PDF) from the original on 29 August 2017 Retrieved 13 September 2017

278 ^ Jahan Bibi Ishrat Public Private Partnership in Uttar Pradesh Health Care Delivery Systemshy UPHSDP as an Initiative(PDF) Centre for Inquiry into Health and Allied Themes Archived (PDF) from the original on 29 March 2017 Retrieved13 September 2017

279 ^ Awakening Indians to India Chinmaya Mission 2008 p 167 ISBN 978shy81shy7597shy434shy0 Archived from the original on 28May 2013 Retrieved 5 August 2012

280 ^ The Indus Valley Civilization The Hindu universe Archived from the original on 21 May 2012 Retrieved 8 July 2012

281 ^ Three indian children to attend J8 summit in Rome newkeralacom Online News New kerala Archived from theoriginal on 14 June 2011 Retrieved 21 September 2009

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282 ^ Uttar Pradesh Legislature UP assembly Archived from the original on 19 June 2009 Retrieved 21 September 2009283 ^ Archived copy (PDF) Archived (PDF) from the original on 7 July 2019 Retrieved 7 May 2020284 ^ Ethnologue report for language code bfy Ethnologue Archived from the original on 16 April 2009 Retrieved

21 September 2009

285 ^ North Indian Kathak (PDF) Dance style loacator Archived (PDF) from the original on 8 May 2013 Retrieved 23 June2012

286 ^ Bhatkhande music institute Uttar Pradesh Education Department Archived from the original on 10 January 2012Retrieved 25 July 2012

287 ^ Lucknow gharana developed with Kathak Hindustani classical music Archived from the original on 5 June 2010Retrieved 23 July 2012

288 ^ Benaras Gharana traditional style and way of teaching and performing Indian classical music Benares music academyArchived from the original on 16 June 2012 Retrieved 23 June 2012

289 ^ Kumbh Mela ndash India Archived from the original on 25 February 2013 Retrieved 18 July 2012 ndash via YouTube290 ^ The Braj Holi Legend in real life Hindustan Times 19 March 2011 Archived from the original on 22 March 2011

Retrieved 13 July 2012291 ^ The glorious traditions and mythological legacy Department of tourism UP Archived from the original on 29 June

2012 Retrieved 18 July 2012292 ^ Yummy 29 Scrumptious Thalis From 29 States Of India itimes The Times Group 27 September 2016 Retrieved 21 May

2020

293 ^ Banarasi paan or tobacco The Times of India 28 April 2012 Archived from the original on 8 May 2013 Retrieved14 July 2012

294 ^ a b Mukherjee Soma (2001) Royal Mughal Ladies and Their Contributions ISBN 9788121207607 Archived from theoriginal on 24 March 2017 Retrieved 1 June 2014

295 ^ a b c Costumes of Uttar Pradesh Indify Retrieved 1 October 2012296 ^ Style statement for fashionistas in state Post Jagran Retrieved 1 October 2012

297 ^ Das Gupta Uma (1977) The Indian Press 1870ndash1880 A Small World of Journalism Modern Asian Studies 11 (2) 213ndash235 doi101017S0026749X00015092 JSTOR 311549

298 ^ Radio Stations in Uttar Pradesh India Asiawaves Archived from the original on 31 March 2012 Retrieved 14 July2012

299 ^ Indian FM Stations Statewise Bharatiya mobile Archived from the original on 2 February 2014 Retrieved 14 July2012

300 ^ Uttar Pradesh (East) India cellular phone industry Archived from the original on 3 November 2012 Retrieved 14 July2012

301 ^ Internet Service Provider Data Infocom Limited Archived from the original on 25 July 2012 Retrieved 14 July 2012

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Categories Uttar Pradesh North India States and union territories of IndiaStates and territories established in 1950 1950 establishments in IndiaHindustanishyspeaking countries and territories