Uses Of Acids Bases And Salt

Acid

Fluoroboric acid

HBF4is used as acatalystforalkylationsandpolymerizations. Aqueous HBF4is used as anelectrolyteingalvanic celloxygen sensor systems, which consist of ananode,cathode, and oxygen-permeable membrane. A mixture of CrO3, HBF4, andsulfonic acidsin conjunction with a cathode treatment give tin-plated steel. Phosphoric acid As an external standard for phosphorus-31Nuclear magnetic resonance(NMR). Phosphoric acid reacts with halides to form the corresponding hydrogen halide gas (steamy fumes are observed on warming the reaction mixture). Phosphoric acid may be used as a "rust converter", by direct application to rusted iron, steel tools, or surfaces. The phosphoric acid converts reddish-browniron(III) oxide, Fe2O3(rust) to blackferric phosphate, FePO4. Food-grade phosphoric acid (additiveE338) is used to acidify foods and beverages such as variouscolas, but not without controversy regarding its health effects. Phosphoric acid is used indentistryandorthodonticsas anetchingsolution, to clean and roughen the surfaces of teeth where dental appliances or fillings will be placed. Phosphoric acid is very commonly used as anaqueoussolution of 85% phosphoric acid or H3PO4. Because it is a concentrated acid, an 85% solution can becorrosive, although nontoxic when diluted Forhigh-performance liquid chromatography. As a chemical oxidizing agent foractivated carbonproduction, as used in the Wentworth Process.[8] As theelectrolyteinphosphoric acid fuel cells. With distilled water (23 drops per gallon) as an electrolyte in oxyhydrogen (HHO) generators. As a catalyst in the hydration of alkenes to produce alcohols, predominantly ethanol. As anelectrolyteincopperelectropolishingfor burr removal and circuit board planarization. As afluxby hobbyists (such as model railroaders) as an aid tosoldering. Incompound semiconductorprocessing, phosphoric acid is a common wet etching agent: for example, in combination with hydrogen peroxide and water it is used to etchInGaAsselective toInP.[9] Heated inmicrofabricationto etchsilicon nitride(Si3N4). It is highly selective in etching Si3N4instead of SiO2,silicon dioxide.[10] As a cleaner byconstructiontrades to remove mineral deposits, cementitious smears, and hard water stains. As achelantin some household cleaners aimed at similar cleaning tasks. InhydroponicspH solutions to lower the pH of nutrient solutions. While other types of acids can be used, phosphorus is a nutrient used by plants, especially during flowering, making phosphoric acid particularly desirable. As a pH adjuster in cosmetics and skin-care products.[11] As a dispersing agent in detergents and leather treatment. As an additive to stabilize acidic aqueous solutions within a wanted and specified pH range. Phosphoric acid, used in many soft drinks (primarilycola), has been linked to lower bone density in epidemiological studies.

Fluorosulfuric acid HSO3F is useful for regenerating mixtures of HF and H2SO4for etchinglead glass. HSO3F isomerizesalkanesand the alkylation of hydrocarbons with alkenes,[4]although it is unclear if such applications are of commercial importance. It can also be used as a laboratory fluorinating agent.[2]Sulfuric acid The major use for sulfuric acid is in the "wet method" for the production ofphosphoric acid, used for manufacture ofphosphatefertilizers. Sulfuric acid is used in large quantities by theironandsteelmakingindustry to remove oxidation,rustandscalingfrom rolled sheet and billets prior to sale to theautomobileandmajor appliancesindustry Sulfuric acid is used for a variety of other purposes in the chemical industry. For example, it is the usual acid catalyst for the conversion ofcyclohexanone oximetocaprolactam, used for makingnylon Sulfuric acid acts as the electrolyte inlead-acid (car) batteries(lead-acid accumulator). Concentrated sulfuric acid is frequently the major ingredient inacidic drain cleaners[7]which are used to removegrease,hair,tissue paper, etc. Sulfuric acid and sulfonated phenolics are the primary ingredients inDebacterol, a liquid topical agent that is used in the treatment ofrecurrent aphthous stomatitis(canker sores) or for any procedures in the oral cavity which require controlled, focal debridement of necrotic tissues.[25]

Chromic acid

Chromic acid is an intermediate in chromium plating, and is also used in ceramic glazes, and colored glass Chromic acid was widely used in the instrument repair industry, due to its ability to "brighten" rawbrass.Boric acid Boric acid can be used as anantisepticfor minor burns or cuts and is sometimes used in dressings or salves. Boric acid is applied in a very dilute solution as an eye wash. The product is generally considered to be safe to use in household kitchens to control cockroaches and ants. In combination with its use as an insecticide, boric acid also prevents and destroys existing wet and dry rot in timbers. It can be used in combination with anethylene glycolcarrier to treat external wood against fungal and insect attack. Colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles of boric acid dissolved in petroleum or vegetable oil can form a remarkable lubricant on ceramic or metal surfaces[17]with a coefficient of sliding friction that decreases with increasing pressure to a value ranging from 0.10 to 0.02. Boric acid is used in nuclear power plants as aneutron poisonto slow down the rate at which fission is occurring. The primary industrial use of boric acid is in the manufacture of monofilamentfiberglassusually referred to as textile fiberglass. Boron is used inpyrotechnicsto prevent theamide-forming reaction betweenaluminiumandnitrates.Acetic acid The major use of acetic acid is for the production ofvinyl acetate monomer (VAM). The majorestersof acetic acid are commonly used solvents forinks,paintsandcoatings. Vinegar is typically 4-18% acetic acid by mass. Vinegar is used directly as acondiment, and in thepicklingof vegetables and other foods. Acetic acid is used as asolventin the production ofterephthalic acid(TPA) Dilute solutions of acetic acids are also used as astop bathduring the development of photographic films, and indescaling agentsto removelimescalefrom taps and kettles.Citric acid The dominant use of citric acid is as a flavoring and preservative in food and beverages, especially soft drinks. Citric acid can be added to ice cream as an emulsifying agent to keep fats from separating, to caramel to prevent sucrose crystallization, or to recipes in place of fresh lemon juice. Citric acid is an excellentchelating agent, binding metals. It is used to removelimescalefrom boilers and evaporators.[6]It can be used to soften water, which makes it useful in soaps and laundry detergents. Citric acid is widely used as a pH adjusting agent in creams and gels of all kinds. Citric acid can be used infood coloringto balance the pH level of a normally basic dye. It is used as an odorless alternative to white vinegar for home dyeing withacid dyes. Citric acid can be used as a successful alternative to nitric acid inpassivationof stainless steel. Citric acid can be used as a lower-odorstop bathas part of the process for developingphotographic film.Formic acid A major use of formic acid is as apreservativeandantibacterialagent in livestock feed. Formic acid is a source for aformylgroup for example in theformylationof methylaniline to N-methylformanilide intoluene. Formic acid shares most of the chemical properties of othercarboxylic acids. Reflecting its high acidity, its solutions in alcohols form esters spontaneously. Heat and especially acids cause formic acid to decompose tocarbon monoxide(CO) and water (dehydration). Formic acid is unique among the carboxylic acids in its ability to participate in addition reactions withalkenes. An unstableformic anhydride, H(C=O)-O-(C=O)H, can be obtained by dehydration of formic acid withN,N'-Dicyclohexylcarbodiimidein ether at low temperature.Gluconic acid Calcium gluconate, in the form of a gel, is used to treat burns fromhydrofluoric acid. Quinine gluconateis a salt between gluconic acid and quinine, which is used forintramuscular injectionin the treatment ofmalaria. Irongluconate injections have been proposed in the past to treat anemia.Lactic acid Lactic acid is found primarily in sourmilkproducts, such askoumiss,laban,yogurt,kefir, and somecottage cheeses. Lactic acid has gained importance in the detergent industry the last decade. It is a good descaler, soap-scum remover, and a registered anti-bacterial agent.Oxalic acid

Oxalic acid's main applications include cleaning or bleaching, especially for the removal of rust (iron complexing agent) Vaporized oxalic acid, or a 3.2% solution of oxalic acid in sugar syrup, is used by somebeekeepersas amiticideagainst the parasitic varroa mite.DNA (Deoxyribonucleic acid(DNA)) Forensic scientistscan use DNA inblood,semen,skin,salivaorhairfound at acrime sceneto identify a matching DNA of an individual, such as a perpetrator. DNA nanotechnology uses the uniquemolecular recognitionproperties of DNA and other nucleic acids to create self-assembling branched DNA complexes with useful properties. a paper published in Nature in January, 2013, scientists from theEuropean Bioinformatics InstituteandAgilent Technologiesproposed a mechanism to use DNA's ability to code information as a means of digital data storage.Nitric acid The main use of nitric acid is for the production offertilizers. Nitric acid has been used in various forms as theoxidizerinliquid-fueled rockets. In a low concentration (approximately 10%), nitric acid is often used to artificially agepineandmaple. The corrosive effects of nitric acid are exploited for a number of specialty applications, such aspickling stainless steel.Carbonic acid Carbonic acid is an intermediate step in the transport of CO2out of the body viarespiratory gas exchange. It is used to make carbonated drinksBase

Potassium hydroxide

KOH and NaOH can be used interchangeably for a number of applications, although in industry, NaOH is preferred because of its lower cost. KOH works well in the manufacture ofbiodieselbytransesterificationof the triglycerides invegetable oil. Thesaponificationoffatswith KOH is used to prepare the corresponding "potassiumsoaps", which are softer than the more commonsodium hydroxide-derived soaps. Aqueous potassium hydroxide is employed as theelectrolyteinalkaline batteriesbased onnickel-cadmiumandmanganese dioxide-zinc. Likesodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide attracts numerous specialized applications, virtually all of which rely on its properties as a strong chemical base with its consequent ability to degrade many materials. Potassium hydroxide is also used in petroleum and natural gas refining for removal of organic acids and sulfur compounds.Barium hydroxide Barium hydroxide is used inanalytical chemistryfor thetitrationofweak acids, particularlyorganic acids. Barium hydroxide is used in a demonstration ofendothermic reactionssince, when mixed with anammonium salt. It is also used to clean up acid spills. It is also used in the preparation ofcyclopentanone,[8]diacetone alcohol[9]andD-Gulonic -lactone.[10] It has been used to hydrolyse one of the two equivalent ester groups in dimethyl hendecanedioate.Sodium hydroxide Sodium hydroxide is frequently used as an industrialcleaning agentwhere it is often called "caustic". Food uses of sodium hydroxide include washing or chemical peeling offruitsandvegetables,chocolateandcocoaprocessing,caramel coloringproduction,poultryscalding,soft drinkprocessing, and thickeningice cream. Sodium hydroxide is used in the home as a type ofdrain openerto unblock clogged drains, usually in the form of a dry crystal or as a thick liquid gel. Sodium hydroxide is traditionally used in soap making (cold processsoap,saponification).Strontium hydroxide Strontium hydroxide is used chiefly in the refining of beet sugar and as a stabilizer in plastic. It may be used as a source of strontium ions when thechlorinefromstrontium chlorideis undesirable.Calcium hydroxide An ingredient inwhitewash,mortar, andplaster In road construction, to improve the quality of excessively plasticsubgradesoils As an additive to sea water to reduce atmosphericCO2and mitigate thegreenhouse effect[5] In thepetrochemicalindustry for manufacturing solid oil of various marks n the manufacture ofbrake padsLithium hydroxide It is used as a heat transfer medium and as a storage-batteryelectrolyte. It is also used inceramicsand somePortland cementformulations. Lithium hydroxide is used inbreathing gaspurification systems forspacecraft,submarines, andrebreathersto removecarbon dioxidefrom exhaled gas by producinglithium carbonateand waterRubidium hydroxide Rubidium hydroxide is rarely used in industrial processes becausepotassium hydroxideandsodium hydroxidecan perform nearly all the industrial functions of rubidium hydroxide in a less violent and hence safer way. Rubidium hydroxide is used in scientific research. It is often used sparingly to prevent waste of the expensive elementrubidium.Salt

Ammonium chloride Ammonium chloride is an ingredient infireworks, safety matches and contact explosives. Ammonium chloride is used as afluxin preparing metals to be tin coated, galvanized or soldered. Ammonium chloride is used as anexpectorantin cough medicine. In several countries, ammonium chloride, known as sal ammoniac, is used asfood additiveunder theE numberE510, commonly as a yeast nutrient in breadmaking. Ammonium chloride is used to produce low temperatures incooling baths. Ammonium chloride solutions withammoniaare used asbuffer solutions. Ammonium chloride is used in a ~5% aqueous solution to work on oil wells with clay swelling problems.Magnesium sulfate Magnesium sulfate is used inbath salts, particularly inflotation therapywhere high concentrations raise the bath water'sspecific gravity, effectively making the body more buoyant. It may also be used as a coagulant for makingtofu. Magnesium sulfate heptahydrate is also used to maintain the magnesium concentration in marine aquaria which contain large amounts of stony corals as it is slowly depleted in their calcification process. Magnesium sulfate is used as the electrolyte to prepare copper sulfate. Ingardeningand otheragriculture, magnesium sulfate is used to correct a magnesium or sulfur deficiency insoil; magnesium is an essential element in thechlorophyllmolecule, and sulfur is another importantmicronutrient. Magnesium sulfate is a commonpharmaceutical preparation of magnesium, commonly known as Epsom salts, used both externally and internally.Calcium chloride Drying tubesare frequently packed with calcium chloride. Bydepressing the freezing point, calcium chloride is used to usually prevent ice formation and todeice. Calcium chloride is used to increase thewater hardnessin swimming pools. This reduces the erosion of the concrete in the pool. As afirming agent, calcium chloride is used in canned vegetables, in firmingsoybeancurds intotofuand in producing acaviarsubstitute from vegetable or fruit juices. Calcium chloride can be injected asintravenous therapyfor the treatment ofhypocalcaemia. It can be used for magnesium intoxication. Calcium chloride dihydrate (20% by weight) dissolved inethanol(95% ABV) has been used as a sterilant for male animals. Calcium chloride is used in concrete mixes to help speed up the initial setting, but chloride ions lead to corrosion of steelrebar, so it should not be used inreinforced concrete. Calcium chloride is used in swimming pool water as a pH buffer and to adjust the calcium hardness of the water. The exothermic dissolution of calcium chloride is used inself-heating cansandheating pads.Potassium chloride The majority of the potassium chloride produced is used for makingfertilizer, since the growth of manyplantsis limited by their potassium intake. It is sometimes used inwateras acompletionfluid inpetroleumandnatural gasoperations, as well as being an alternative tosodium chloridein householdwater softenerunits. Along withsodium chlorideandlithium chloride, potassium chloride is used as afluxfor thegas weldingofaluminium. Potassium is vital in thehuman body, and oral potassium chloride is the common means to replenish it, although it can also be diluted and givenintravenously. It can be used as asalt substituteforfood, but due to its weak, bitter, unsaltyflavour, it is usually mixed with ordinary table salt (sodium chloride) for this purpose to improve thetaste.Potassium dichromate Potassium dichromate may be used to prepare "chromic acid", which can be used for cleaning glassware and etching materials. It is used as an ingredient incementin which it retards the setting of the mixture and improves its density and texture. The concentration of ethanol in a sample can be determined byback titrationwith acidified potassium dichromate. It is used totan leatherwhich is used forfootwear. Potassium dichromate has important uses inphotographyand in photographicscreen printing, where it is used as an oxidizing agent together with a strong mineral acid. Potassium dichromate is used to stain certain types of wood by darkening the tannins in the wood.Sodium chromate Sodium chromate(Na2CrO4) is a yellow solidchemical compoundused as a corrosion inhibitor in the petroleum industry,[1]a dyeing auxiliary in the textile industry,[1]as a wood preservative,[2]and as a diagnostic pharmaceutical in determiningred blood cellvolume.[Copper(II) sulfate Copper sulfate pentahydrate is afungicide.[7]However, some fungi are capable of adapting to elevated levels of copper ions. Being a relatively benign and cheap reagent, copper(II) sulfate has attracted many niche applications over the centuries. Several chemical tests utilize copper sulfate. It is used inFehling's solutionandBenedict's solutionto test forreducing sugars, which reduce the soluble blue copper(II) sulfate to insoluble redcopper(I) oxide. Copper sulfate is employed inorganic synthesis Copper sulfate is a commonly included chemical in children'schemistry setsand is often used to grow crystals inschoolsand incopper platingexperiments. Copper sulfate was also used in the past as anemetic. Copper sulfate is also used to etch zinc plates for intaglio printmaking. Copper sulfate can also be used as amordantin vegetabledyeing.