© 2019 Nokia1

Use Cases for 3GPP Based V2X and Combined Solutions

Michael Gundlach, Nokia Germany

10th ETSI ITS Workshop, 4-6 March 2019, Sophia Antipolis, France

https://www.etsi.org/events/1471-etsi-its-workshop-2019

© 2019 Nokia2

What is Cellular V2X ?

A comprehensive road safety and traffic efficiency solution that allows vehicles to

communicate with

➢ Other vehicles (V2V),

➢ Pedestrians and Cyclists via smartphones (V2P),

➢ Road Infrastructure (V2I),

supported by the

➢ Mobile network (V2N, P2N, I2N)

to guarantee full coverage and continuity of services

Source: 5GAA support to V2X pilots and projects

© 2019 Nokia3 <Document ID: change ID in footer or remove> <Change information classification in footer>

© 2019 Nokia4

Use Cases

Paradigms for the use of V2X –

Where, when, and for what purpose do we use V2X communication?

© 2019 Nokia5

Use Case Classes

5GCAR has identified five use case classes as the relevant classes for the considered timeframe and scope:

1) Cooperative maneuver

2) Cooperative perception

3) Cooperative safety

4) Autonomous navigation

5) Remote driving

Source: 5GCAR Deliverable D2.1- Scenarios, Use Cases, Requirements andKPIs,

https://5gcar.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/5GCAR_D2.1_v1.0.pdf ;

- 9th ETSI workshop, 5GCAR, Yunpeng Zang

according to 5GCAR

© 2019 Nokia6

Description

UCC1: Cooperative Maneuver

Principle

• Sharing of local awareness and driving intentions

• Negotiation of the planned trajectories

Result

• The driving trajectories can

be coordinated and even

optimized in a centralized

or decentralized manner

Example

• Lane merge

© 2019 Nokia7

Further examples

UCC1: Cooperative Maneuver

• Cooperative lane change (vehicles collaborate to perform a lane change of one or group of cooperative vehicles in a safe and efficient manner)

• Convoy driving (a number of vehicles are grouped together in a stable formation with small inter-vehicle distances to increase road capacity, driver safety, and comfort)

• Cooperative intersection management (cooperative vehicles to traverse an intersection in a safe and efficient manner)

© 2019 Nokia8

Description

UCC2: Cooperative Perception

Principle• Exchange of data from different sources, e.g., radars, laser sensors, stereo-vision sensors from on-board cameras

• Information sharing among vehicles in the vicinity and/or infrastructure via wireless communications

• Merge of local sensor information with remote information (locally and on a remote server)

Result• Relative position (localization)

between spatial information from various sensors of different vehicles (map merging)

• see-through, lifted-seat or satellite view (bird’s eye view)

Example• See-through

© 2019 Nokia9

https://youtu.be/FVzb4LL5xoU

Samsung Electronics Argentina SA –camera at front, monitor on back of truck

© 2019 Nokia10 <Document ID: change ID in footer or remove> <Change information classification in footer>

Further examples

UCC2: Cooperative Perception

• Bird’s eye view (an intersection equipped with sensors such as cameras or radar can provide this streaming information to approaching vehicles to assist their movements in the intersection)

• Sensor and state map sharing (raw or processed data of different vehicles are shared to build collective situational awareness with higher spatio-temporal fidelity)

• 3D video composition for V2X scenario (multiple UEs supporting V2X applications take videos of the environment and send them to a server, which are then used and processed by the server to create a single 3D video of the environment)

© 2019 Nokia11

Description

UCC3: Cooperative Safety

Principle

• Exchange of information about detection of the presence of road users (e.g. by local sensor, camera, radar, positioning system, communication system)

• Possibly supported by cellular systems

• Exchange between all relevant users and/or infrastructure entities

• Information can be processed/analyzed by application server or the vehicles

• An alert message can be generated and delivered to the vehicle driver or fully Autonomous Driving (AD) vehicle.

Result

• The vehicle can take appropriate actions such us reducing speed

Example

• Network assisted vulnerable pedestrian protection

BS#2 LocationServer

BS#1 BS#4

BS#3

P-UE

VehicleInternal Sensoric

© 2019 Nokia12

Further examples

UCC3: Cooperative Safety

• Cooperative traffic jam warning (a vehicle informs to vehicles approaching through cooperative channel, that there is a traffic jam and they should reduce the speed)

• Cooperative traffic light violation warning (cooperative information given to the vehicles approaching an intersection, in order to let them know that a vehicle has violated the red light, and can interrupt in the intersection),

• Cooperative emergency vehicle approaching (information given to the vehicles from an emergency vehicle, to let them know that a fast emergency vehicle is approaching to the place)

• Cooperative vulnerable user warning (when a vehicle detects a vulnerable user in the action zone of the vehicle, it informs other vehicles through cooperative channel in order to prevent dangerous situation)

© 2019 Nokia13

Description

UCC4: Autonomous Navigation

Principle

• Aggregation of information collected e.g. in the UCC2 Cooperative perception

• Map updates with very precise context information (road structures, reference objects for localization, etc.)

• Distribution of the localized HD map to vehicles based on their locations

Result

• Real-time Intelligent High Definition (HD) Map at the location of the vehicle

Example

• High definition local map acquisition

© 2019 Nokia14

Further examples

UCC4: Autonomous Navigation

• Emergency trajectory alignment (the different trajectories of the vicinity vehicles are shared in a hazardous driving situation in order to avoid accidents and increase traffic safety, and an updated map distribution is pushed by the arrival of an emergency vehicle)

• Traffic flow optimization (a system to propose to each driver the best route towards its destination taking into account the local and global traffic context)

• Cooperative lane change (vehicles collaborate to perform a lane change in a safe and efficient manner)

• Convoy driving (a number of vehicles are grouped together in a stable formation with small inter-vehicle distances to increase road capacity, driver safety, and comfort)

• Cooperative intersection management (cooperative vehicles to traverse an intersection in a safe and efficient manner)

© 2019 Nokia15

Description

UCC5: Remote Driving

Principle

• Receive information about the perception layer (vehicles sensors and map) and infrastructure information

• Control the different actuators of the car (steering wheel, brake and throttle) from outside the vehicle through wireless communication

Result

• Drive car remotely through wireless communication

Example

• Remote parking

© 2019 Nokia16

Further examples

UCC5: Remote Driving

• Remote driving for automated parking (a remote server controls the vehicle in order to park it in a free parking spot, taking into account vehicle sensors and actuators)

• Public transport remote driving (public transport vehicles may be autonomously driving by themselves, but in a complex situation a remote driver placed in a control center takes remote control)

• Remote driving for last mile delivery (a remote server remotely drives delivery electric vehicles, in order to deliver last mile packages

• Remote driving the electric vehicle to the charging station

© 2019 Nokia17

TR 22.885 – Study on LTE support for Vehicle to Everything (V2X) services

Use Cases Defined in 3GPP Release 14

In 3GPP TR 22.885, there exist the following three different types of V2X:

✓ Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) Communications

✓ Vehicle-to-Infrastructure (V2I) Communications

✓ Vehicle-to-Pedestrian (V2P) Communication

The key features of this group of use cases are the following:

✓ Mainly used for warning and environmental awareness of the driver.

✓ Level 1 communication is mainly based on CAM and DENM messages, with transmission periodicity as high as 10 Hz (e.g. emergency vehicle warning) or lower (e.g. roadwork warning).

✓ The maximum one-way end-to-end latency requirement for Level 1 use cases is 100 to 1000 ms.

✓ The most stringent reliability requirement is 95%.

These use cases assume a single enabling technology, namely cellular-based V2X communication.

V2V

V2P

V2I

Pedestrian

Vehicle

Vehicle

Network

© 2019 Nokia18

Study on LTE support for Vehicle to Everything (V2X) services

3GPP TR 22.885 use cases (LTE, release 14)

1. Forward Collision Warning

2. Control Loss Warning

3. V2V Use case for emergency vehicle

warning

4. V2V Emergency Stop Use Case

5. Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control

6. V2I Emergency Stop Use Case

7. Queue Warning

8. Road safety services

9. Automated Parking System

10.Wrong way driving warning

11.V2X message transfer under MNO control

12.Pre-crash Sensing Warning

13.V2X in areas outside network coverage

14.V2X Road safety service via infrastructure

15.V2N Traffic Flow Optimisation

16.Curve Speed Warning

17.Warning to Pedestrian against Pedestrian

Collision

18.Vulnerable Road User (VRU) Safety

19.V2X by UE-type RSU

20.V2X Minimum QoS

21.Use case for V2X access when roaming

22.Pedestrian Road Safety via V2P

awareness messages

23.Mixed Use Traffic Management

24.Enhancing Positional Precision for traffic

participants

25.Privacy in the V2V communication

environment

26.V2N Use Case to provide overview to road

traffic participants and interested parties

27.Remote diagnosis and just in time repair

notification

These use cases can be seen as additional examples of the use case classes considered above.

However, many other use cases are possible in LTE-V2X

Some of the listed use cases are more a kind of requirements, such as privacy (25.) or the behaviour outside network coverage (13.).

Some use cases need specific intelligence in infrastructure servers.

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© 2019 Nokia19

Example 14. V2X Road safety service via infrastructure

3GPP TR 22.885 use cases (LTE, release 14)

Infrastructure nodes such as RSUs and traffic safety servers generate and distribute traffic safety-related messages for road safety

© 2019 Nokia20

Example 17. Warning to Pedestrian against Pedestrian Collision

3GPP TR 22.885 use cases (LTE, release 14)

Pedestrian Collision Warning even when out of the line of sight

Pedestrian

Vehicle

© 2019 Nokia21

TR 22.886 – Study on enhancement of 3GPP Support for 5G V2X Services

Use Cases Defined in 3GPP Release 16

In 3GPP TR 22.886, use cases and requirements are identified to enhance 3GPP support

for V2X service in the following areas:

- Support for non-safety V2X services ("comfort service") (e.g. connected vehicle, mobile

high data rate entertainment, mobile hot-spot/office/home, dynamic digital map update)

- Support for safety-related V2X services (e.g. autonomous driving, car platooning, priority

handling between safety-related V2X services and other services)

- Support for V2X services in multiple 3GPP RATs (e.g. LTE, NR) and networks

environment, including aspects such as interoperability with non-3GPP V2X technology

(e.g. ITS-G5, DSRC, ITS-Connect)

© 2019 Nokia22

Study on enhancement of 3GPP Support for 5G V2X Services

3GPP TR 22.886 use cases (5G, release 16)

1. eV2X support for vehicle platooning

2. Information exchange within platoon

3. Automotive: sensor and state map sharing

4. eV2X support for remote driving

5. Automated cooperative driving for short

distance grouping

6. Collective perception of environment

7. Communication between vehicles of different

3GPP RATs

8. Multi-PLMN environment

9. Cooperative collision avoidance (CoCA) of

connected automated vehicles

10. Information sharing for partial/ conditional

automated driving

11. Information sharing for high/full automated

driving

12. Information sharing for partial/ conditional

automated platooning

13. Information sharing for high/full automated

platooning

14. Dynamic ride sharing

15. Use case on multi-RAT

16. Video data sharing for assisted and

improved automated driving (VaD)

17. Changing driving-mode (such as

autonomous driving, convoy, and

platooning)

18. Tethering via Vehicle

19. Use case out of 5G coverage

20. Emergency trajectory alignment

21. Teleoperated support (TeSo)

22. Intersection safety information

provisioning for urban driving

23. Cooperative lane change (CLC) of

automated vehicles

24. Proposal for secure software update for

electronic control unit

25. 3D video composition for V2X scenario

26. QoS aspect of vehicles platooning

27. QoS aspects of advanced driving

28. QoS aspect of remote driving

29. QoS Aspect for extended sensor

30. Different QoS estimation for different V2X

applications

These enhancements of V2X Use Case scenarios, can fulfill more rigorous functional requirements than possible for the Release 14 Version.

Platooning is included.

Extended Sensors enable semi- or full-automated driving, allows vehicles to synchronize and coordinate their trajectories or maneuvers.

© 2019 Nokia23

Example 17. Changing driving-mode

3GPP TR 22.886 use cases (5G, release 16)

Driving mode can be classified in

three classes: autonomous driving,

convoy, and platooning.

In spite of each driving-mode’s

own advantage, there exist traffic

scenarios resulting in traffic

accidents if the present activated

driving-mode is not switched into

an other driving-mode.

Vehicle A

Vehicle B

Vehicle C

Vehicle E

Obstacle

2nd lane

1st lane

Vehicle D

© 2019 Nokia24

Example 18. Tethering via Vehicle

3GPP TR 22.886 use cases (5G, release 16)

This use case enables a vehicle

to provide network access to

occupants, pedestrians etc.

© 2019 Nokia25

Use Cases Studied in ETSI ITS

ETSI TR 102 638 “Basic Set of Applications (BSA) - Definitions” listed already in 2009 many

use cases for ITS, including Co-operative road safety (vehicle status warnings, vehicle type

warnings, traffic hazard warnings, dynamic vehicle warnings, collision risk warning), Traffic

Efficiency, and others. A release 2 revision of this TR has just been started.

ETSI ITS has also initiated pre-standardization studies with the purpose of specifying new

ITS services to be applicable in the framework of ETSI ITS release 2 standards, respectively

addressing road safety and traffic efficiency.

• C-ACC (Cooperative Adaptive Cruise Control) in TR 103 299

• VRU (Vulnerable Road User protection) in TR 103 300-1

• Platooning in TR 103 298

© 2019 Nokia26 <Document ID: change ID in footer or remove> <Change information classification in footer>

Cooperative road safety use cases

Use Cases Studied in ETSI ITS

• Vehicle status warnings (emergency electronic brake lights, safety function out of normal condition warning)

• Vehicle type warnings (emergency vehicle warning, slow vehicle warning, motorcycle warning, vulnerable road user warning)

• Traffic hazard warnings (wrong way driving warning, stationary vehicle warning, traffic condition earning, signal violation warning, roadwork warning, decentralized floating vehicle data)

• Dynamic sensing warning, cooperative glare reduction)

• Collision risk warning (cross-traffic turn collision risk warning, merging traffic turn collision risk warning, cooperative merging assistance, hazardous location notification, intersection collision warning, cooperative forward collision warning, collision risk warning from RSU)

© 2019 Nokia27 <Document ID: change ID in footer or remove> <Change information classification in footer>

Traffic efficiency use cases

Use Cases Studied in ETSI ITS

• Regulatory/contextual speed limits

• Traffic light optimal speed advisory

• Traffic information

• Recommended itinerary

• Enhanced route change

• Limited access warning

• Detour notification

• In-vehicle signage

• Electronic toll collection

• Cooperative adaptive cruise control

• Cooperative vehicle-highway automation system (platoon)

© 2019 Nokia28

Others

Use Cases Studied in ETSI ITS

• Point-of-interest notification

• Automatic access control and parking access

• Local electronic commerce

• Vehicle rental

• Sharing

• Assignment and reporting

• Media downloading

• Map downloading and updating

• Ecological and economical driving

• Instant messaging

• Personal data synchronization

• SOS service

• Stolen vehicle alert

• Remote diagnosis and just-in-time repair notification

• Vehicle relation management

• Vehicle data collection for product life cycle management

• Insurance and financial services

• Fleet management

• Vehicle software/data provisioning and updating

• Loading zone management

• Vehicle and RSU data calibration

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© 2019 Nokia29

Requirements

What is needed to serve the use cases?

© 2019 Nokia30

Requirements

The capabilities and functionality needs for the upcoming intelligent transport systems and future driving is foreseen to be

− very low end-to-end latencies below 5 ms,

− with very high reliability 99.999% (maximum tolerable packet loss rate at the application layer is 10-5),

− at very high vehicle velocities (up to 150 km/h as an average for the upper limits in Europe)

− which enables, even in a very high vehicle density (up to 500 vehicles/km² for highway and 1000 vehicles/km² for suburban scenarios environments), the support of a broad range of V2X services,

− and achieves advanced positioning with vehicle accuracies of 30 cm and vulnerable road user accuracies of 10 cm,

to meet the future societal challenges and expectations.

Source: 5GCAR Deliverable D2.1- Scenarios, Use Cases, Requirements and KPIs, https://5gcar.eu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/5GCAR_D2.1_v1.0.pdf

Note: For most of the use cases,

less strong requirements are valid

© 2019 Nokia31

Architecture

Nokia’s solution approach

© 2019 Nokia32

Why Cellular V2X (C-V2X)?

C-V2X is a unified technology platform including both:

❑ Short range direct communications (LTE-V2X PC5 and 5G-V2X PC5)

❑ Long range cellular network communications (LTE-V2X Uu)

It provides a clear evolution path to 5G, with technology backwards compatibility safeguard.

© 2019 Nokia33

Current state-of-the-art

C-V2X communications

Local sensors

LTE V2NLTE V2N Backend

Local sensors Local sensors Local sensors

Parking house

Traffic lights, road side infrastructure

© 2019 Nokia34

Next step

C-V2X communications

Parking house

Local sensors

LTE V2N

Edge cloud (MEC)

LTE V2N

Traffic lights, road side infrastructure

NB-IoT

LTE V2I

LTE V2V

LTE MEC V2N2P

LTE MEC V2N2VeMBMS/SC-PTM

Backend

LTE MEC V2N2I

LTE V2P

Local sensors Local sensors Local sensors

CombinedRSU-Small Cell

LTE V2N

© 2019 Nokia35

Basic Messages

to execute the use cases

© 2019 Nokia36

CAMs received and forwarded to GeoRegions

GeoService handling CAM – Cooperative Awareness Message

1

2

4

5

CAMs sent by car(in reality all cars are sending/receiving)

CAMS received from sending cars ... and:

• forwarded to receiving cars in case:

(1) in range

(2) as soon as entering range

• not forwarded to receiving cars in case:

(3) out of range

(4) as soon as leaving range

Range / defined GeoRegion:

position of sender

+ 400m circle (default)

1

2

3

4

5

3

© 2019 Nokia37

DENMs received, stored and forwarded to GeoRegions

GeoService handling DENM – Decentralized Environmental Notification Message

1

5

DENMs sent by detecting cars (or cloud)

DENMs received from sending cars(road hazard with defined GeoRegion)

and stored ... and:

• forwarded to receiving cars in case:

(1) in defined GeoRegion

(2) as soon as entering defined GeoRegion

• not forwarded to receiving cars in case:

(3) out of defined GeoRegion

Defined GeoRegion:

position of road hazard

+ relevant 50m, 200m, 500m … circle

2

3 45

B4

A

3

BA

1

2

A B

© 2019 Nokia38

Timeline

The path to 5G-V2X

© 2019 Nokia39

A view from the German Association of the Automotive Industry (VDA)

Introduction of automated driving and parking

Source:

VDA, Networked and automated driving; https://www.vda.de/en/topics/innovation-and-technology/automated-driving/automated-driving.html

Note:

The graphics use the levels of automated driving defined byVDA (slightly different than SAE levels)

© 2019 Nokia40

Timeline for deployment of C-V2X (V2V/V2I)

Source: 5GAA – Timeline for deployment of C-V2X http://5gaa.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/5GAA_White-Paper-CV2X-Roadmap.pdf

It is with this cooperation, collaboration, and commitment that 5GAA members continue to work to ensure that C-V2X technology is tested, validated, and commercially available for vehicles beginning in 2021.

© 2019 Nokia41

V-V2X: Evolution to 5G maintains backward compatibility

Source: 5GAA – Timeline for deployment of C-V2X http://5gaa.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/5GAA_White-Paper-CV2X-Roadmap.pdf

© 2019 Nokia42

Nokia’s mission:Meet automotive industry needs with reliable and

enhanced Cellular-V2X (C-V2X) communication

technology for the deployment of connected fully

automated vehicles.

Establish 5G as communication technology of

choice, starting with advanced LTE capabilities.

© 2019 Nokia44

Why learner drivers often failSource: http://www.spiegel.de/fotostrecke/cartoon-des-tages-fotostrecke-142907-7.html

Oh damn, this is not

a self-driving car