U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Cooperative Research and Development Partnerships

Sarah Roberts and Carl Fulper

U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Transportation and Air Quality

National Vehicle and Fuel Emissions LaboratoryAnn Arbor, Michigan

CARTEEH Transportation, Air Quality, and Health SymposiumFebruary 18-20, 2019 | Austin, TX

U.S. EPA Cooperative Research and Development Partnerships | Transportation, Air Quality, and Health Symposium | Feb 18-20, 2019 | Austin, TX 2

Real-World Mobile Source Activity and Emissions Data

• There have been major advances over the last decade in our ability to gather and manage mobile source activity and emissions data:

• Portable Emission Measurement Systems (PEMS) gather detailed activity, engine, and emissions data during real-world operations

• Lower-cost Portable Activity Measurement Systems (PAMS) collect detailed activity and engine data

• Onroad and nonroad vehicle fleets increasingly using onboard telematics and fleet management software

• EPA relies on these real-world data to develop and refine mobile source emissions inventory models (MOVES, Nonroad):

• Baseline emission rates• Vehicle speed profiles, age distributions, drive cycles• Spatial and temporal allocation of activity and emissions• Regional and seasonal variability in nonroad equipment usage

• Less than 100 vehicles measured for one day of operation in the real world

• Activity, emissions, temporal allocation

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Population

Screened Population

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• Example data sources: DMV, port gate data, fleet data

• Population and temporal allocation

• Remote sensing of random population of vehicles for days to months

• Emission “snap shots” to identify high emitters

• Hundreds of vehicles measured over several weeks to months in the real world

• Activity and temporal allocation

PEMS

PAMS

Mobile Emissions Models

U.S. EPA Cooperative Research and Development Partnerships | Transportation, Air Quality, and Health Symposium | Feb 18-20, 2019 | Austin, TX

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Leveraging Resources

• Collecting real-world mobile source data requires substantial investment in equipment, data, computing, and staff

• Collaborating with state and local agencies, academic institutions, and private fleets allows EPA and its partners to leverage resources in order to meet respective research needs

• Partners work together to:• Develop data and testing procedures and protocols• Gather data• Develop new sampling methodologies• Test/develop measurement equipment• Enhance modeling efforts

• Results in a data “win-win”

• EPA’s support mechanisms include Cooperative Research and Development Agreements (CRADAs), Interagency Agreements (IAGs), and contractor support

Measurement Method

Equipment Costs (per unit)

PAMS $600 – $1,000

Mini-PEMS $20,000 – $30,000

PEMS $200,000 – $300,000

Laboratory testing: chassis and/or dynamometer

$3,000,000 +

U.S. EPA Cooperative Research and Development Partnerships | Transportation, Air Quality, and Health Symposium | Feb 18-20, 2019 | Austin, TX

DATA

PARTNERSResearch/planning needsAccess to fleets/vehicles

Technical expertiseStakeholder outreach

EPAResearch/planning needs

EquipmentTechnical expertise

Laboratory time

U.S. EPA Cooperative Research and Development Partnerships | Transportation, Air Quality, and Health Symposium | Feb 18-20, 2019 | Austin, TX 5

IAG: DOE National Renewable Energy Laboratory

• Interagency Agreement with U.S. Department of Energy National Renewable Energy Laboratory (Golden, CO) focused on heavy-duty vehicle activity data

• NREL operates the FleetDNA clearinghouse of commercial fleet vehicle operating data

• FleetDNA collects real-world vehicle operation data for medium- and heavy-duty commercial vehicles from a variety of locations and vocations

• Example use: second-by-second data from 131 long-haul trucks are being used to update hoteling assumptions and rates in MOVES• Incorporating NREL FleetDNA data into MOVES will

yield significantly lower hoteling rates• New hoteling rates consistent with other studies

MOVES2014a NREL UC Davis (2004)

U.S. EPA Cooperative Research and Development Partnerships | Transportation, Air Quality, and Health Symposium | Feb 18-20, 2019 | Austin, TX 6

CRADA: Colorado Dept. of Public Health & Environment

• Ongoing CRADA with State of Colorado’s Department of Public Health and Environment

• Focused on collecting light-duty emissions data in the Denver I/M area• Longitudinal testing of over 100,000 Tier 1 and Tier 2

vehicles• Remote Sensing Device (RSD) measurements over 15

years (>100 million readings)• Multiple evaporative emissions test programs

• Data used to evaluate and adjust MOVES base emission rates• MOVES rates for Tier 1 vehicles appear higher than

corresponding I/M and RSD results• MOVES rates for Tier 2 vehicles appear lower than

corresponding I/M and RSD results

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MOVES sim. IM240

MOVES2014a NOx rates vs. Denver I/MTier 2 passenger cars, MY 2010-2016

For more information on evaluating MOVES with Denver I/M and RSD data, please see: https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2017-04/documents/03_-_model_evaluation.pdf

U.S. EPA Cooperative Research and Development Partnerships | Transportation, Air Quality, and Health Symposium | Feb 18-20, 2019 | Austin, TX 7

CRADA: University of California, Riverside CE-CERT

• Ongoing CRADA with University of California, Riverside Center for Environmental Research and Technology (CE-CERT)

• Supported California Air Resources Board (CARB) On-Road Heavy-Duty Vehicle Program

• Instrumented MY 2010+ heavy-duty trucks representing various vocations (e.g., concrete, refuse, delivery) with PEMS and PAMS, to collect second-by-second data

• Gathered over 100 engine data fields and GPS data

• Created an online dashboard to monitor dataloggers and vehicles, allowing for “real-time” data analysis

• CE-CERT/EPA CRADA will also support PEMS and PAMS testing of nonroad construction equipment (~ 50 pieces), in collaboration with CARB and South Coast Air Quality Management District

U.S. EPA Cooperative Research and Development Partnerships | Transportation, Air Quality, and Health Symposium | Feb 18-20, 2019 | Austin, TX 8

VMT Distribution for Refuse Trucks VMT Distribution for Line-Haul Trucks

Different vehicle speed bin and time of use patterns

CRADA: University of California, Riverside CE-CERT

Source: Boriboonsomsin, K., Johnson, K., Scora, G., Sandez, D., Vu, A., Durbin, T., et al. (2017). Collection of Activity Data from On-Road Heavy-Duty Diesel Vehicles. UC Riverside: CE-CERT.

U.S. EPA Cooperative Research and Development Partnerships | Transportation, Air Quality, and Health Symposium | Feb 18-20, 2019 | Austin, TX 9

CRADA: Texas A&M Transportation Institute (TTI)

• CRADA with Texas A&M Transportation Institute, undertaking multiple heavy-duty vehicle projects throughout Texas

• Worked with Houston-Galveston Area Council (H-GAC) to identify drayage truck owners to participate in the study

• PAMS installed on 39 new Class 8 trucks operating in the Houston-Galveston-Brazoria area; each truck was sampled for 3-5 months

• Data from over 22,566 hours of operation (410,000 total miles)• PAMS data supplemented with GPS data collected by H-GAC

• PAMS installed on four Dallas Area Rapid Transit CNG buses operating in downtown Dallas

• Each bus sampled for 3-4 weeks (~1,900 miles per bus)• Logged detailed engine data (speed, RPM, temperatures,

load, key on/off) and location (GPS)

• PAMS installed on 15 Texas A&M University fleet buses• Each bus sampled for 2-3 weeks• PAMS and GPS data allow for detailed analyses of bus fleet drive

cycles important for MOVES

Above: PAMS logger installed on DART bus

U.S. EPA Cooperative Research and Development Partnerships | Transportation, Air Quality, and Health Symposium | Feb 18-20, 2019 | Austin, TX 10

Dozer activity data: hours of operation by week and day (PAMS data from 2007)

CRADA: Texas A&M Transportation Institute (TTI)

• TTI-EPA CRADA also focuses on nonroad (Construction) sector

• Working with state DOTs and private fleets to access fleet information and telematics data• Currently analyzing data from TxDOT, Caltrans, and a private

construction company

• These real-world equipment and usage data will inform the development of EPA’s updated MOVES-Nonroad emissions model

Example: Dozer Activity (hours/year)

Current MOVES assumptions:• Rubber Tire Dozers operate 900 hrs/year; Crawler Dozers operate 700 hrs/year• Activity is constant by equipment size (hp) and fuel type• Activity is constant over time (populations vary, but not activity levels)• Activity is constant by region (same in all states, counties)

U.S. EPA Cooperative Research and Development Partnerships | Transportation, Air Quality, and Health Symposium | Feb 18-20, 2019 | Austin, TX 11

Partnering with EPA

• EPA continues to develop tools and methodologies to further support gathering mobile source activity and emissions data partnerships are a cornerstone of this effort

• EPA is actively seeking partnerships to help gather better data to address current and future research needs and improve our data analysis and modeling capabilities

• Contact: Sarah Roberts Carl FulperRoberts.Sarah@epa.gov Fulper.Carlr@epa.gov

U.S. Environmental Protection AgencyOffice of Transportation and Air QualityNational Vehicle and Fuel Emissions LaboratoryAnn Arbor, Michigan