Fort Sumter April 12 th -14 th 1861. 1861 Model of Fort Sumter.
US Ch. 11 The Civil War Confederates Fire on Fort Sumter Conf. soldiers take over gov. and Military...
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Transcript of US Ch. 11 The Civil War Confederates Fire on Fort Sumter Conf. soldiers take over gov. and Military...
US Ch. 11
The Civil War
Confederates Fire on Fort Sumter
• Conf. soldiers take over gov. and Military installations
• Fort Sumter- Union outpost in Charleston harbor
• Conf. demand surrender of Fort Sumter
Lincoln’s Dilemma
• Reinforcing fort by force would lead rest of slave states to secede
• Evacuating fort would recognize legitimize Confederacy and endanger the Union
First Shots
• Lincoln does not reinforce or evacuate just sends food
• For South, no action would damge sovereignty of Confederacy
• Jefferson Davis chooses to turn peaceful secession into war
• South fires on Sumter April 12, 1861
Virginia Secedes
• Fall of Fort Sumter unites the North volunteers rush to enlist
• Virginia unwilling to fight the South and secedes from the Union
• Anti-slavery western counties secede from VA
• 3 more states secede but border states remain with Union
Union and Confederate Strategies
• Union advantages: Soldiers, Factories, Food and the RR
• Confederate Advantages: Cotton profits, Generals, and Motivation
• Union’s Strategy• Anaconda Plan-Union strategy to conquer
the South, blockade Southern ports, Divide Confederacy in two in west
• Capture Richmond (Confederate Capital)
• Confederate Strategy- Defense, invade North if opportunity arises
Bull Run
• Bull Run- first battle, near Wash. D.C.
• Result- Confederate victory
• Thomas J. Jackson- Stonewall Jackson holds firm in battle
Protecting Wash. DC
• After Bull Run, Lincoln calls for 1 million additional soldiers
• Appts. Gen. George McClellan to lead army of the Potomac
Forts Henry and Donelson
• Gen. U.S. Grant- brave,tough and decisive commander in West
• Feb. 1862, Grant captures Conf. Forts Henry and Donelson
Shiloh
• March 1862, Conf. troops surprise Union soldiers at Shiloh
• Grant counterattacks; Conf. retreat; thousands dead and wounded
• Shiloh teaches preparation needed and that Conf. are vulnerable in the West
Ironclads
• New ironclad ships instrumental in victories of Grant and Farragut
• Ironclads splinter wooden ships, can withstand cannons and resist burning
• March 1862, North’s Monitor v. South’s Merrimack fight to a draw
“On to Richmond”
• McClellan waits to attack Richmond; drills troops for 5 months
• Spring 1862, Robert E. Lee takes command of Southern army
• Lee and McClellan fight Seven Days’ Battle; Union leaves Richmond area
Antietam
• Lee wins Second Battle of Bull Run and marches into Maryland
• Lee and McClellan clash at Antietam- bloodiest single-day battle
• Battle is a standoff- Confederates retreat and McClellan does not pursue
• Lincoln fires McClellan
Sect. IIBritain Pursues Its Own Interests
• Britain has cotton inventory and new sources and doesn’t need the South’s cotton
• It does need the North’s wheat, corn and chooses neutrality
Trent Affair
• Conf. diplomats travel on Trent to get British and French support
• US Navy arrests them, Lincoln frees them and averts war with Britain
Lincoln’s View on Slavery
• Fed. Gov. has no power to abolish slavery where it exists
• Lincoln decides army can emancipate slaves who labor for Confederacy
• Emancipation discourages Britain from supporting the South
Emancipation Proclamation
• Emancipation Proclamation- is issued by Lincoln in 1863 it says:
• Free slaves behind the Confederate lines
• Does not apply to areas occupied by Union or slave state in the Union
Reactions
• Proclamation has symbolic value and gives war high moral purpose
• Free blacks welcome ability to fight against slavery
• Northern Dem. Claim it will antagonize the South and prolong the war
• Confederacy becomes more determined to preserve way of life
• Compromise no longer possible one side must defeat the other
Dealing with Dissent
• Neither side completely unified, both sides face divided loyalties
• Lincoln suspends Habeas Corpus-Which is order to bring accused to court and name charges against them
• Seizes telegraph offices so can’t be used for subversion
• Copperheads- Northern Dem. Advocating peace are also arrested
• Davis denounces Lincoln and then suspends habeas corpus in the South
• Lincoln expands presidential powers and sets precedent
Conscription
• Casualties and desertions lead to Conscription – the draft to serve in the army
• Both armies allow draftees to hire substitutes to serve for them
• Planters with more than 20 slaves exempted
• 90% eligible for South to serve 92% Northern soldiers volunteer
Draft Riots
• White workers fear Southern blacks will come to the North and compete for jobs
• Angry at having to free blacks mobs rampage through New York City
Sect. IIIAfrican American Soldiers
• Af. Am 1% of North’s Pop. By war’s end 10% of army
• Lower pay than white troops for most of war and limits on military rank
• High morality from disease ; POWs killed or returned to slavery
• Fort Pillow, TN Confederates massacre over 200 Af. AM. POWs
Slave Resistance in the Confederacy
• Slaves seek freedom behind Union army lines
• On plantations, they destroy property and refuse to go with fleeing owners
Southern Shortages
• Food shortage from lost manpower, Unoin occupation and loss of slaves
• Blockade creates other shortages some Conf. trade with the enemy
Northern Economic Growth
• Industries that supply army boom; some contractors cheat and profit
• Wages do not keep up with prices workers standard of living drops
• Women replace men on farms, city jobs and gov. jobs
• Congress est. first income tax on earnings to help pay for war
Lives on the Lines
• Lack of sanitation, personal hygiene lead to disease in camps
• Diets are unvaried, limited and unappealing
Civil War Medicine
• US Sanitary Commission works to better hygiene and hire and train nurses
• Dorothea Dix superintendent of women nurses Union death rate drops
• Surgeon general orders at least 1/3 of Union nurses be women
• Union nurse Clara Barton serves on Front line• Southern women also volunteer as Conf. nurses
Prisons
• Living conditions in prisons worse than in army camps
• Andersonville- worst Conf. prison • It has no shelter, sanitation 1/3 prisoners
die• Northern prisons more space, food, and
shelter than the South• 12% of Conf. prisoners and 15% of Union
prisoners die
Sect. IVNorth Takes Charge
• Prelude to Gettysburg
• May 1863, South defeats North at Chncellorsville
• Stonewall Jackson mistakenly shot by own troops and dies 8 days later
• Lee invades the North to get supplies and gets support of Democrats
Gettysburg
• 3 day battle at Gettysburg which cripples the South It’s the turning point of the war
• Confederates go to find shoes and meet Union cavalry
• July 1, Conf. drive Union back and take town
Second Day
• South attacks Union led by Gen. George Meade on Cemetery Ridge
• North repulses repeated attacks on Little Round Top
• Many exhausted Conf. surrender and Union line holds
Third Day
• Armies exchange vicious artillery fire
• Lee orders attack on Union lines; North cuts down the Confederates
• Meade does not counterattack; Lee retreats to Virginia
• Staggering losses on both sides
Vicksburg Under Seige
• Conf. Vicksburg prevents Union from controlling the Miss. River
• Spring of 1863, Union destroys MS rail lines and sacks Jackson
• Grants assault on Vicksburg fail and begins siege in May
• Starving Conf. surrender on July 4• Port Hudson,LA falls 5 days later; Conf.
completely divided
Memorial Ceremony
• Nov. 1863, ceremony held to dedicate cemetery in Gettysburg
• Edward Everett, noted speaker, gives flowery 2 hour speech
• Lincoln’s 2 minute Gettysburg Address asserts unity of US and honors the dead
• It calls for living to dedicate selves to preserve the Union and freedom
Confederate Morale
• South unable to attack; hopes to undo North’s morale and get armistice
• Civilian morale plummets and public calls for peace
• Discord in gov. prevents Davis from governing effectively
Grant Appoints Sherman
• March 1864, Lincoln appts. Grant commander of all Union armies
• Grant appts. William Tecumseh Sherman commander of MS division
• Grant, Sherman believe in total war to destroy South’s will to fight
Grant and Lee in Virginia
• Grant’s strategy; immobilize Lee in VA while Sherman raids Georgia
• May 1864-April 1865, Grant and Lee fight many battles
• Heavy losses on both sides but North can replace soldiers and South can’t
Sherman’s March
• Sept. 1864 Sherman takes Atlanta; South tries to cut supply lines
• Sherman cuts wide path of destruction in Georgia and lives off of land
• Dec. he takes Savannah and turns north to help Grant fight Lee
• He inflicts more destruction in S.C.
Election of 1864
• Dem. want immediate armistice and nominate McClellan
• Radical Republicans- harsh conditions for readmission to the Union
• Republicans change name, choose pro-Union Democrat as running mate
• Lincoln pessimistic; Northern victories and troops give him win
Surrender at Appomatox
• After Petersburg, Davis gov. leaves Richmond and sets it afire
• Lee surrenders April 1865 at village of Appomattox Court House
• Lee’s soldiers paroled on generous terms
Sect. V
• War ends threat of secession; increases power of federal government
Economic Changes
• National Bank Act of 1863- federal system of chartered banks
• Gap between North and South widens;
• North; Industry booms; commercial agriculture takes hold
• South; Industry and farms destroyed
Cost of War
• Hundreds of thousands dead and wounded; lives are disruptes
• Financially, war costs government around 3.3 billion
New Birth of Freedom
• In 1865 Thirteenth Amendment abolishes slavery in all states
Civilians Follow New Paths
• Some soldiers stay in army and others become civilians and many go West
• Clara Barton helps found the American Red Cross in 1881
Assassination of Lincoln
• April 14, 1865, Lincoln is shot at Ford’s Theatre
• The assassin John Wilkes Booth escapes and is trapped by Union calvary and shot
• 7 million people pay respects to Lincoln’s funeral train