Tibetan Multi-Dialect Speech and Dialect Identity Recognition
Urbanization, Schooling, and Tibetan Dialect Standardization in Khams
-
Upload
gerald-roche -
Category
Education
-
view
150 -
download
3
description
Transcript of Urbanization, Schooling, and Tibetan Dialect Standardization in Khams
![Page 1: Urbanization, Schooling, and Tibetan Dialect Standardization in Khams](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042715/55996a1a1a28ab0e6a8b474d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Urbanization, Schooling, and Tibetan Dialect Standardization in Khams
By Konchok Gelek
དཀནོ་མཆགོ་དག་ེལགེས།
Workshop on Minority Languages of the Chinese Tibetosphere.
Uppsala University, Nov 3-4, 2014
![Page 2: Urbanization, Schooling, and Tibetan Dialect Standardization in Khams](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042715/55996a1a1a28ab0e6a8b474d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
![Page 3: Urbanization, Schooling, and Tibetan Dialect Standardization in Khams](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042715/55996a1a1a28ab0e6a8b474d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Language Varieties of Yul shulSga ba, Chu dmar leb & ‘Bri stod,and Nang chen & Rdza stod
![Page 4: Urbanization, Schooling, and Tibetan Dialect Standardization in Khams](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042715/55996a1a1a28ab0e6a8b474d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Migration, Urbanization and Dialect Standardization in Yul shul
CountiesUrbanpopulation
Ruralpopulation
Urbanizationrate %
Yul shul 56,802 63,645 47.16
Rdza stod 20,671 37,597 35.48
Khri 'du 4,644 50,975 8.35
Bri stod 12,293 17,744 40.93
Nang cheng 18,358 67,467 21.39
Chu dmar leb 8,753 19,490 30.99 0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
45
50
Yul shul Rdza stod Khri 'du Bri stod Nang cheng Chu dmarleb
Urbanization rate %
![Page 5: Urbanization, Schooling, and Tibetan Dialect Standardization in Khams](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042715/55996a1a1a28ab0e6a8b474d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
![Page 6: Urbanization, Schooling, and Tibetan Dialect Standardization in Khams](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042715/55996a1a1a28ab0e6a8b474d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
![Page 7: Urbanization, Schooling, and Tibetan Dialect Standardization in Khams](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042715/55996a1a1a28ab0e6a8b474d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Skye dgu mdo in 1930s and before 2010
![Page 8: Urbanization, Schooling, and Tibetan Dialect Standardization in Khams](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042715/55996a1a1a28ab0e6a8b474d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Skye dgu mdoin 1930 and before the earthquake
![Page 9: Urbanization, Schooling, and Tibetan Dialect Standardization in Khams](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042715/55996a1a1a28ab0e6a8b474d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Skye dgu mdo before the earthquake
![Page 10: Urbanization, Schooling, and Tibetan Dialect Standardization in Khams](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042715/55996a1a1a28ab0e6a8b474d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Yul shul City in 2014
![Page 11: Urbanization, Schooling, and Tibetan Dialect Standardization in Khams](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042715/55996a1a1a28ab0e6a8b474d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Seng ze Village in 2009
![Page 12: Urbanization, Schooling, and Tibetan Dialect Standardization in Khams](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042715/55996a1a1a28ab0e6a8b474d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Seng ze Village in 2009
![Page 13: Urbanization, Schooling, and Tibetan Dialect Standardization in Khams](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042715/55996a1a1a28ab0e6a8b474d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Seng ze Village in 2013
![Page 14: Urbanization, Schooling, and Tibetan Dialect Standardization in Khams](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042715/55996a1a1a28ab0e6a8b474d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
In 2009
In 2014
![Page 15: Urbanization, Schooling, and Tibetan Dialect Standardization in Khams](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042715/55996a1a1a28ab0e6a8b474d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Religious meeting in 2009
![Page 16: Urbanization, Schooling, and Tibetan Dialect Standardization in Khams](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042715/55996a1a1a28ab0e6a8b474d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Religious Meeting in Seng ze Village in winter 2013
![Page 17: Urbanization, Schooling, and Tibetan Dialect Standardization in Khams](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042715/55996a1a1a28ab0e6a8b474d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
The Standardization of Skye dgumdo Dialect
Lexicon
Written language
interchange certain key function words as needed འོ། ཡདོ ། (has/ have) ཧོ།ཁོད། (you)
གདའ། འགིའདུག Existential-assertive copula
avoid using local slang
![Page 18: Urbanization, Schooling, and Tibetan Dialect Standardization in Khams](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042715/55996a1a1a28ab0e6a8b474d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
The subfix r is omitted in Skye dgu dialect
English Wylie in written Tibetan
Written Tibetan Wylie in written Tibetan Skye dgu mdo
Written Tibetan in Sga ba dialect
write ‘bri འབི། ‘bi འབི།
cloud sprin སིན། spin སིན།
rice ‘bras འབས། ‘bas འབས།
boulder brag བག bag བག
horizontal ‘phred འཕེད། ‘phed འཕེད།
yak hair tent sbra སྦྲ། sba སྦ།
Chest brang kha བང་ཁ། bang kha བང་ཁ།
![Page 19: Urbanization, Schooling, and Tibetan Dialect Standardization in Khams](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042715/55996a1a1a28ab0e6a8b474d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Interactions between Khams and A mdo
Qinghai TV and radio Broadcast
Tibetan language teachers
recitation of text and singing of lyrics
![Page 20: Urbanization, Schooling, and Tibetan Dialect Standardization in Khams](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042715/55996a1a1a28ab0e6a8b474d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
How important is it for you to speak Skye dgu mdo accent very well?
Not at all,
3
A little, 14
Moderately, 16
Quite a lot, 23
Absolutely, 5
![Page 21: Urbanization, Schooling, and Tibetan Dialect Standardization in Khams](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042715/55996a1a1a28ab0e6a8b474d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
How important is it for you children to speak your home place accent if you have children?
Not at all9%
A little 10%
Moderately 8%
Quite a lot34%
Absolutely 39%
![Page 22: Urbanization, Schooling, and Tibetan Dialect Standardization in Khams](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042715/55996a1a1a28ab0e6a8b474d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
If you speak Skye dgu mdoaccent to your family, what is your parents’ attitude?
Do not allow22%
little rejection15%
Do not care23%
Accept23%
Encourage17%
![Page 23: Urbanization, Schooling, and Tibetan Dialect Standardization in Khams](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042715/55996a1a1a28ab0e6a8b474d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
I prefer to speak in my home dialect
Not at all7%
A little 4%
Moderately 43%Quite a lot
24%
Absolutely 22%
![Page 24: Urbanization, Schooling, and Tibetan Dialect Standardization in Khams](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042715/55996a1a1a28ab0e6a8b474d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
My home accent is not very appreciated in school
Not at all8%
A little19%
Moderately56%
Quite a lot0%
Absolutely17%
![Page 25: Urbanization, Schooling, and Tibetan Dialect Standardization in Khams](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042715/55996a1a1a28ab0e6a8b474d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Is your Skye dgu mdo accent the same as local people’s?
52%
48%
Yul shul Prefecture Middle
School
Same Not same
7%
93%
Yul shul Vocational School
Same Not same30%
70%
Both schools
Same Not same
![Page 26: Urbanization, Schooling, and Tibetan Dialect Standardization in Khams](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042715/55996a1a1a28ab0e6a8b474d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Are jokes told in your home accent funnier?
31%
6%
63%
Funnier don’t know The same
![Page 27: Urbanization, Schooling, and Tibetan Dialect Standardization in Khams](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042715/55996a1a1a28ab0e6a8b474d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Student’s home counties
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
Yul shul Nangchen
Chudmar
leb
Rdzastod
Khri ‘du ‘Bri stod Dkarmdzes
0
5
10
15
20
25
Yulshul
Nangchen
Chudmar
leb
Rdzastod
Khri ‘du ‘Bri stod
Dkarmdzes
Yul shul PrefectureMiddle School
Yul shulVocational School
![Page 28: Urbanization, Schooling, and Tibetan Dialect Standardization in Khams](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042715/55996a1a1a28ab0e6a8b474d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Do people notice that you are from a certain place by your accent?
21
10
18
12
0
5
10
15
20
25
Do notice Don’t notice
Yul shul Prefecture Middle School Yul shul Vocational School
64%
36%
do notice
Don't notice
![Page 29: Urbanization, Schooling, and Tibetan Dialect Standardization in Khams](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042715/55996a1a1a28ab0e6a8b474d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
In your daily circle people who speak Skye dgu mdo accent are
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
18
20
Absolute majority Majority Half Less than half Minority
![Page 30: Urbanization, Schooling, and Tibetan Dialect Standardization in Khams](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042715/55996a1a1a28ab0e6a8b474d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Conclusion
The destination for many regional immigrants
Migrant numbers have skyrocketed
Migrants’ home dialects have adapted to the new circumstance through schooling
Dialect leveling is triggered by contracts of dialects through migration.
![Page 31: Urbanization, Schooling, and Tibetan Dialect Standardization in Khams](https://reader033.fdocuments.us/reader033/viewer/2022042715/55996a1a1a28ab0e6a8b474d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)