Urbanisation, Water and Climate Change: A case of Jaipur city
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Transcript of Urbanisation, Water and Climate Change: A case of Jaipur city
Urbanisation, Water and Climate Change:A case of Jaipur city
M.S. Rathore (CEDSJ)
and ISET Team
Shashikant Chopde, Sarah-Opitz Stapleton, Marcus Moench
Context… India rapidly urbanising Urban areas engine of economic
development Pressures: Push and pull migration
from rural areas Climate Change—exacerbate
challenge of water supply and protecting ecosystems
Context Challenge: Meeting water supply
demand of increasing urban population Relation between Climate Change and
water resource conditions Nature and size of migrant population Deliver water supply to poor/ vulnerable
where there is lack of infrastructure
Jaipur City
High rural-urban migration rates Rapidly expanding peri-urban areas: Land use changes
reducing recharge Limited water supply and water quality issues Groundwater over-extraction, pollution and less
recharge The key surface water sources (Bisalpur Dam) filled only
few times High rainfall variability in Banas Basin; drought years
common So, CC impacts—delay in monsoon, high intense
showers over short period, dry years poses additional challenge to key surface water supplies
Factors of Human Migration
Changing Status of groundwater in Rajasthan
Category 1984 1988 2001 2004 2008
Over Exploited(>100%)
22(9.3)
41(17.0)
86(36.0)
140(59.3)
164(69.5)
Critical(90 to 100%)
6(2.5)
26(11.0)
80(34.0)
50(21.2)
34(14.4)
Semi critical(70 to 90%)
27(11.5)
34(14.0)
21(9.0)
14(5.9)
8(3.4)
Safe(70%)
181(76.7)
135(57.0)
49(21.0)
32(13.6)
30(12.7)
Banas River Basin
Type of Scheme
Number of Projects
Free Catchment Area, Km2
Live StorageMm3
Major 7 6,133 425
Medium 33 11,337 816
Minor 1219 16,496 1,055
Total 1259 33,965 2,296
Total Free Catchment Area and Live Storage Capacity of Existing Irrigation Dams in Banas River Basin, Rajasthan
Districts of Intensity and frequency of Drought Per cent of Total Year
Normal years
Very Severe Severe Moderate Light
Pali 8 12 19 15 50.9 52
Jaipur 11 12 17 10 47.2 56
8 16 14 14 49.1 54
Tonk 9 11 11 18 46.2 57
Swai Madhopur 8 8 15 23 50.9 52
Bhilwara 3 9 10 15 37.0 63
Chittorgarh 10 12 12 13 44.3 59
10 14 14 9 44.3 59
Bundi 7 16 15 13 48.1 55
Average of Basin 8 12 14 15 46.4 57
Overall Rajasthan
10 10 15 15 47.2 56
Frequency of occurrence of drought and its intensity since 1901-2006 in the Banas River Basin
Year wise Water Balance in Bisalpur Dam.(in TMC)
Years Total collection of water(TMC)
Water Used(TMC)
Total Use Irrigation Drinking Evaporation Losses
1994-95 0.100 0.100 - 0.002 0.0981995-96 0.790 0.790 - 0.500 0.2901996-97 1.630 1.140 - 0.640 0.5001997-98 1.850 1.490 - 1.200 0.2901998-99 1.410 1.410 - 1.260 0.1501999-2000 3.630 2.570 0.420 1.300 0.8502000-2001 8.120 4.960 0.300 1.650 3.0102001-2002 14.000 8.800 1.250 3.590 3.9602002-2003 5.800 4.270 - 1.860 2.4102003-2004 7.770 5.290 - 2.715 2.5752004-2005 38.700 17.090 5.980 1.810 9.3002005-2006 28.390 17.690 7.380 2.620 7.6902006-2007 38.700 21.750 9.852 2.570 9.3262007-2008 22.252 14.768 8.218 1.630 4.920
The Project CEDSJ and ISET: Urbanisation, Water Scarcity and
Climate Change: A case of Jaipur city Links between Climate Variability, Groundwater
Overdraft and migration inflows
Methodology Review of literature and policies Details surveys of migration Climate Downscaling for Banas River Basin: projected
monthly time series of precipitation (2009-2040) Water Evaluation and Planning (WEAP) model: Current
and future water availability and demand scenarios
Climate Downscaling Two GCMs (CGCM3 and ECHAM5) Two emission scenarios (A1B and A2) Hence four climate change scenarios
are considered namely CGCM3 A1B, CGCM3 A2, ECHAM5 A1B, and ECHAM5 A2
Common SRES emission scenarios (Source: Environment Canada 2011).
WEAP setup for Jaipur water supply system
Variance in Bisalpur storage (MCM)
Huge unmet demand even without Climate Change
Jaipur Combined: Domestic, Industrial uses
Key Findings.. Sequential drought years Failure of current water supply system for
urban demand Ability to respond dependant on availability
of key data sets Official estimates of river flows differ
greatly between two data sets Challenge to assess future water availability
given uncertainty in CC projections
Key Findings.. Reliable future streamflow record
generation a challenge given the data available
Hence, factors contributing to vulnerability of Jaipur were assessed. High dependence on single water supply source High Losses in distribution systems Extensive pollution and degradation of
ecosystems and groundwater
Options for resilient water supply system for Jaipur Water supply diversification Improved efficiency of water supply
delivery Improved maintenance of ecosystems
and local watersheds Recharge of aquifers in peri-urban
areas and Groundwater management Policy: Strict enforcement of Landuse
and revision of Masterplan