MEERA MUNUSAMYNational Hydraulic Research Institute of Malaysia (NAHRIM)

Ministry of Natural Resources and EnvironmentMALAYSIA

08 March 2010

URBANISATION AND WATER QUALITY CONTROL FOR THE SOURCE OF WATER IN

KUALA LUMPUR CITY

PRESENTATION OUTLINE

1. Socio‐economic condition of KL City2. Scenario of quantity and quality of

water3. Effluent Load to the water source4. Current measures on quality control5. Issues on quality control

Peninsular of Malaysia

Area : 243 km2

Population : 1,655,100

Population Density : 6,811/km2

Districts around Klang Valley : Gombak,

Hulu Selangor,Klang, Petaling

1. Socio‐economical and natural conditions of Kuala Lumpur

Population around Klang Valley

State/District Populations 1980 1990 2000 2009

Selangor 1,515,536 2,413,567 4,188,876

GombakKlangUlu Langat

688,700840,7001,170,900

KL Federal Territory

977,102 1,226,708 1,379,310 1,655,100

State/District Area (sq. km)

Population (‘000) Population Density (per sq. km.)

Average Annual Population Growth Rate (%)2008‐2009

Sex Ratio Median Age (years)

SelangorGombak KlangPetalingHulu Langat

628636501840

688.7840.71,547.11,170.9

1,0971,8228,0881,394

1.91.92.22.5

103110102103

26.127.027.126.7

KL Federal Territory 243 1,655.1 6,811 1.6 103 29.0

Population Density, 2009

Annual Average Precipitation

•Equatorial•Average annual rainfall 2500mm a year and the average temperature is 27°C (81°F)

0500

1000150020002500300035004000

Peninsular Sarawak Sabah

Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia

Source: 8th Malaysian Plan

The Gross Domestic Product (GDP) for Kuala Lumpur (at purchasers’ value in 1987 prices) has increased from RM21,157 million in 1995 to RM25,968 million in 2000, an average annual growth rate of 4.2 percent. Malaysia’s GDP average annual growth rate during the same period was 4.7 percent

• The per capita GDP for Kuala Lumpur during the period 1995 to 2000 rose from RM22,799 to RM30,727, an average annual growth rate of 6.1 percent. The per capita GDP for Kuala Lumpur was more than twice that of the national average

Area GDP (in RM million) Average Annual Growth Rate (%)

1995 2000

KL 21,157 26,968 4.2

Malaysia 166,625 209,269 4.7

Area Per Capita GDP (in RM Million)

Average Annual Growth Rate (%)

Ratio of Per Capita GDP TO Malaysia Average

1995 20001995 2000

KL 22,799 30,727 6.1 2.12 2.11

Malaysia 10,756 14,584 6.3 1.00 1.00

Source: 8th Malaysian Plan

Industry Players in Water Resources Management

State Populat‐ion served

% Population servedYear 2007

Population served

% Population servedYear 2008

Urban Rural State total (%)

Urban Rural State total (%)

Selangor 6,560,306 100 99 99.9 6,694,775 100 99 99.9

Public Access to Tapped Water System

Water treatment plant

Actual Design Capacity (m3/day)

2008 2009

Actual Total Production(m3/year) Actual Total Production(m3/year)

Bukit Nanas 145,000 44,600,394 50,086,538Sg Langat

386,400 173,141,058 169,404,599Wangsa Maju 45,000 16,975,080 16,675,514

Public Access to Water Supply Treatment Plants in Kuala Lumpur

Source: SPAN

% people who can access domestic wastewater treatment systems1998 2000 2004 2008

Proportion of commercial properties with access to an urban sanitation system

16,843 19,021 30,518 48,038

Proportion of residential properties with access to an urban sanitation system

142,303 157,159 221,285 197,182

1994: Federal Government appointed a concessionaire > design, implement and manage a unified sewerage scheme for Kuala LumpurThe concessionaire implemented a sewerage master plan : divides Kuala Lumpur into 7 catchments, each of which has been provided with aregional waste treatment plant

Source: IWK

Commercial: residential = 1: 4

Figure: Location of sewerage treatment facilities, 2000

MRR2

TAMAN CONNAUGHT

TAMAN MULIA TAMAN MUTIARA BARAT

MRR2

LEBUHRAYA TIMUR ‐ BARAT

TAMAN MIDAH

TAMANTONG LIAN

BANDAR TUN RAZAK

TAMAN HIJAU

TAMANTAYNTON VIEW

KLR 129

ORIGINAL STP

NEW STP UNDER JBIC PROJECT

EXISTING LANDUSE

GENERAL FLOW DIAGRAM

CATCHMENT BOUNDARY

BDR. TUN RAZAK STP

LEGEND

Take Over Date 17-Jul-06DLP Date 17-Jul-08Volume Capacity 25,000 m3/dayDesign PE 100,000Ultimate PE 200,000Sludge Produced (Actual) 8 tonne/dayEffluent Standard Category B, BOD SS (Sludge Dry Solid Min 20%)Process Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR)Power Consumption 1,760 kW/h (Max)Capital Cost RM 95.2 Mill

BANDAR TUN RAZAK SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

KLR 142

T. BUKITKUCHAI

SHAH ALAM EXPRESSWAY

PUCHONGPOND

PAK SIONG

BANDARKINRARA

KG. PASIRPANJANG

TAMAN SERI SENTOSA

TAMANO.U.G

SERI PETALINGPHASE 3&4

SERI PETALINGPHASE 1&2

NATIONAL

SPORTSCENTRE

TAMAN TECHNOLOGYMALAYSIA PHASE 1

BUKIT JALILESTATE

NEW STP UNDER JBIC

ORIGINAL STP (AL)

CATCHMENT BOUNDARY

PUCHONG STP

LEGEND

EXISTING LANDUSE

GENERAL FLOW DIAGRAM

Take Over Date 16-Sep-06DLP Date 16-Sep-08Volume Capacity 37,000 m3/dayDesign PE 150,000Ultimate PE 1,000,000Sludge Produced (Actual) 25 tonne/dayEffluent Standard Category B, BOD SS (Sludge Dry Solid Min 20%)Process Advance Activated SludgePower Consumption 1,523 kW/h (Max)Capital Cost RM 90 Mill

PUCHONG SEWAGE TREATMENT PLANT

2. Scenario of quantity and quality of waterName Volume of available

water (m3)Volume of abstracted water (m3)

Beneficial use (domestic,industry, agriculture) (%)

Water quality

Reservoirs:

Klang Gate Dam

25,104 million liter

Water supply dam and is one of the major suppliers of drinking water to residents of Klang Valley

Batu Dam Holding capacity is 36.6 Mm3. The Sungai Batu water treatment plant produces 114 million litres per day of treated water

Water abstracted for domestic and industrial water supply to some parts of Kuala Lumpur

Flood control and water supply dam constructed under the Kuala Lumpur Flood Mitigation Project

Rivers:AMPANGBATUBUNOSDAMANSARAGOMBAKJINJANGKERAYONGKEROHKLANGKUYOHPENCALASEMELA

SPSPSPPSPPPSPPSPPC

Monitoring stations

Natural drainage system in KL‐ 3 primary rivers : total length of 32.8 kilometres and 8 other rivers with a combined length of 40.6 kilometres

Figure: Rivers, drainage and retention pond system,

Groundwater usage by sector in Langat Basin

District Usage (m3/hr) Total usage m3/hour

Domestic Industry

Hulu Langat

110.1 125.16 235.26

Kuala Langat

1128.0 1295.5 2506.19

Sepang 103.27 0 103.27

Details DistrictHulu Langat Kuala Langat Sepang

Domestic 27 11 18

Industry 9 6 0

Observation 6 4 1

Test Well 0 14 0

Unknown 5 1 0

Distribution of wells in the Langat Basin

Figure: Rivers, 2000

3. Effluent Load to the Water Source

Land use by category, 2000

Figure: Composition of water pollution sources by sector, 2007

Figure : Trend of Pollutant Parameter at Klang River, Year 2005 – 2007

Pollutant Load to the receiving water course around KL City

From wastewater effluent discharge into Klang RiverBOD (kg/day) COD

(kg/day)NH3‐N(kg/day)

O& G(kg/day)

SS(kg/day)

13,548.44 35,348.92 7,131.57 2,521.50 15,663.83

BOD (kg/day) COD(kg/day)

NH3‐N(kg/day)

O& G(kg/day)

SS(kg/day)

3,431.00 13,724.10 13,724.10 688.20 6,882.10

From Septic tank & Pour Flush Systems

As recorded in the Malaysia Environmental Quality Reports of 2000, Water Quality Index (WQI) showed that water quality for Sungai Klang and Sungai Gombak is still polluted (WQI Class III 51.9‐ 76.5) which requires extensive treatment

Total BOD load (kg/day)from Sewage Treatment Plants, Environmental Quality Report 2007

4. Current Measures on Quality Control for Water source

A. Water Quality Index StandardThe Department of Environment is responsible for standards of effluent discharged from municipal sewerage treatment plants and all associated environmental matters.

B. Urban Stormwater Management Manual for Malaysia

Contemplates on eco‐friendly stormwater management practices based on: Stormwater Quantity Control – Flash FloodStormwater Quality Control‐ River pollutionErosion and Sediment Control Plan

Used by:Consultants, local authorities, housing developers, public and DID

C. Integrated River Basin Management (IRBM)Promotes legislation process

Engineering and technology support decision making in river basin management

D. CASE STUDY: KLANG RIVER CLEAN UP PROGRAM

Construction, maintenance, desilting, beautitificationRelocation of squattersTreatment of pig wasteRehabilitation of aquatic lifeEducationWater pollution controlEnforcement

1978 ‐ establish baselines and detect water quality changes in river water quality and extended to identifying of pollution sources

Water samples collected at regular intervals from designated stations for in‐situ and laboratory analysis to determine its physico‐chemical and biological characteristics.

(a) Manual Water Quality Monitoring (MWQM) Programme ‐ In 2006 : 1,064 manual stations in 146 river basins were

monitored‐ 30 Manual Water Quality monitoring stations around Klang Valley‐ Sampling Frequency = 4 to 12x/yr/station.

(b) Continuous Water Quality Monitoring (CWQM) Programme ‐ 1 CWQM station at Klang River

E. River water quality monitoring programme by DOE

MANUAL WATER QUALITY MONITORING MWQM PROGRAMME

Parameter for in‐situ measurement – DO (%), DO (mg/l)‐ Turbidity (NTU)‐ Conductivity (Us/cm)‐ Salinity (ppt)‐ pH‐ Temperature

Parameter for lab analysis BOD, COD, SS, NH3‐N, pH, DS, TS, NO3‐N, Cl, PO4‐P, O&G, MBAS, E.coli, Coliform, As, Hg, Cd, Cr, Pb, Zn, Ca, Fe, K, Mg, Na. [ 24 chemical and biological parameters ]

22

Kuala Lumpur

Kuala TerengganuGeorge Town

Ipoh

Kuantan

Malacca

Johore Bharu

Shah Alam

Seremban

Perai River

Perak River

Klang River,Selangor River

Langat River

Labu River

Batang Benar River,

Linggi River

Malacca River

Skudai River,

Keratong River,

Putat River

Terengganu River

ALAM SEKITAR MALAYSIA SDN BHD CONTINUOUS WATER QUALITY MONITORINGSTATIONS THROUGHOUT PENINSULAR MALAYSIA-13 STATIONS

What Are The Sources Of Sewage Pollution?What Are The Sources Of Sewage Pollution?5. Current Issues on Quality Control for Water

Source

EFFLUENT FROM TREATMENT PLANTS & OVERFLOW DISCHARGES

SLUDGE DISPOSAL

ODOURVISUAL AND AESTHETICS

HEALTH AND SAFETY NOISE FROM PLANTS

BUFFER

POTENTIAL ENVIRONMENTALIMPACTS FROM SEWERAGE ACTIVITIES ?

ISSUES AND PROBLEMS1. IMPLEMENTATION ISSUES

Legislative and Institutional Issues Regarding to Water Resources:Matters pertaining to water – State Government jurisdictionFragmentation in the management of water resources – many institutions involvedSome laws: relatively old review

Enforcement Activities:Coordinated approach by each StateDepartment of Irrigation and Drainage and DOE as secretariatMaximum fine RM2,000 : Solid waste dumpingMaximum compound RM250,000

Eg :Challenges faced with USMMM:MaintenanceWorkload, expertise, fundsLand

2. SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

About 50 tons of solid waste needs to be removed from the Klang River basin daily

Between 500‐800 tones entered the river system daily with only 80 tones (15%) picked out by existing trapping and removal mechanism

2006: Alam Flora – “fish out” 50,000 tonnes of rubbish from Klang River daily

Solid waste composition in 2006 : reported at 36 %factories, 25 % squatters, 17 % hawkers, 10 % debris,and 18%from individuals

3. WATER QUALITY

4. SEWERAGE1998: 46 % Wastewater treatment plants comply with DOE discharge standards2005: DOE expected 85% plants comply standards

5. SQUATTERS

1998: Population in squatters 130,000

Squatter settlements presently occupying approximately 571 hectares or 2.4 percent of total land useComposition of illegal immigrants was reported high : 30%Average consumption of 150 l/day/person*(based on a US survey projection) total sullage and sewerage generated and channeled directly to Klang River 4.5million litres dailyPoorly managed solid waste and rubbish thrown at common dumping area beside river2011: 80% improvement KL squatter free area

6. SULLAGE WATER/ ILLEGAL FACTORIESYear 2000: No of licensed hawkers and petty traders: 35,120–mainly at markets, night markets, kiosks, secured stalls and attachments outside buildings‐ 65 % stalls located in City Centre> discharge sullage water Water usage : 100l/stall/day total output of sullage water generated: 2.2 million cu. Litres/dayLarge number of residents – have 3rd kitchen connected to storm water drainage system rather than to the sewerage systemEstimate total residence in KL about 1.6 Million and considering 2% of these houses discharge kitchen and laundry water into storm drains 8 million litres of sullage water discharged into rivers daily (based on average daily household use of water of 250 litres/family/day)Pollutants from factories comprises chemicals and metals which are discharged into the rivers