Urban Environments Guide

8/18/2019 Urban Environments Guide

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IGCSE GeographySection BHuman Geography

Topic 6:Urban Environments



Section B – Peope an! theirEnvironments

Topic 6: Urban Environments

"hat you nee! to #no$:

%& The nature o' urbanisation

(&The probems o' rapi! urbanisation)&The segregation o' urban an! uses

*&The segregation o' peope in cities

+&Shanty to$ns

6&Changes at the e!ge o' HIC cities,&-eprivation an! poverty in HIC cities

.&Urban rebran!ing



1. The nature of urbanisation

he gro$th o' to$ns an! cities an! the increasing percentage /proportion0 o'eope iving in them is cae! urbanisation& 1ist the $ays in $hich urban arease !i''erent to rura areas:

n the bo2 beo$3 !escribe the goba !istribution o' urbanisation& Suggestasons 'or the pattern /P%*60:

n the bo2 beo$3 e2pain $hy 1ICs are e2periencing high rates o' urbanisation



1. The nature of urbanisation 2

rbanisation Processes

rbanisation goes through a pathway& 1abe the !iagram beo$ to sho$ ho$ theath$ay $or#s /P%*,0:

he process o' urbanisation occurs at various stages& 4nnotate the !iagrameo$ an! e2pain the processes /P%*,5%*0&

"ithin these stages3 various other processes occur& -e'ine them in the bo2eseo$ /P%*.70

Time

4ggomeration Suburbanisation Conurbation -omitory settements Counterurbanisati

Urban re5imagingUrban regenerationCommuting



1. The nature of urbanisation 3

mergence o' 9egacities

egacities an! miionaire cities have gro$n rapi!y since %,& -e'ine the t$orms beo$:

9egacity ;

9iionaire City ;

n %.3 )8 o' the $or!s popuation ive! in rura areas& By (%*3 this $as*8& In %,3 there $ere ) megacities& In (%+3 there are )6& 4nnotate theagram beo$ to e2pain $hy the number o' megacities has gro$n /P%+7%0:

Gro$th o'megacities

Economic-eveopment

Economies o'scae

9utipiere''ect

Popuationgro$th

9egacities become ‘cores’. This meanseconomic activity an! !eveopment iscentre! aroun! them& The surroun!ing

‘periphery’ rura areas oses out as aresut&



2. Problems of Rapid Urbanisation

he probems o' rapi! urbanisation a''ect a types o' cities /$hether they areegacities or miionaire cities3 $hether they are in HICs or 1IC0& Using P%+(7) in the !iagram beo$ to explain some o' the probems associate! $ithbanisation:

Heath

Tra''ic congestion an! transport

4ccess to $ater an! eectricity

Housing

E!ucation

Empoyment

Socia Probems



3.The

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#. e!re!ation of People in $ities

s $e as an!use3 peope o' !i''erent socio5economic bac#groun!s3 race an!tures are o'ten segregate! into !i''erent sections o' a city& Ethnicnorities o'ten 'in! that there are issues that go $ith this&

n the spaces beo$3 ist the e2terna an! interna 'actors ea!ing to ethnicegregation o' peope in cities /P%+,0

hetto<s are areas in cities $hich are inhabite! by ethnic minorities $here thee the !ominant popuation& They are o'ten associate! $ith poverty3

eprivation an! poor iving con!itions&

Interna =actors ; E2terna =actors ;



$ase tudy % e!re!ation in &omba' (alawi

roun! the an! use map beo$3 annotate the reasons $hy both landuse an!eople have been segregate! in the city&



). hanty Towns

hanty to$ns are 'oun! on the e!ges o' 1IC cities& They gro$ as a resut o'creasing urbanisation& They are aso #no$n as sums3 'aveas /in Bra>i ony0! s?uatter settements& 4nnotate the photo beo$ to sho$ the 'eatures o'

hanty to$ns:

any countries are coming up $ith $ays to improve their Shanty to$ns3 an!mprove the environment3 stan!ar! o' iving an! economic opportunities 'or

eope $ho ive in them&



-. $han!es at the ed!e of *$ cities

ctivities at the e!ge o' HIC cities are changing& There is a !eveopment o'rtiary an! ?uaternary activity on the rura7urban 'ringe& This has ea! to the

eveopment o' science an! business par#s3 retai par#s an! in!ustria estate&eo$3 outine the reasons $hy peope an! businesses pre'er the e!ge o' thety /rura7urban 'ringe0 P%6%7(:

oour co!e them to sho$ the !i''erence bet$een peope an! businesses&he !eveopment o' the rura7urban 'ringe is controversia& Bui!ing an!eveopment can happen on t$o !i''erent types o' sites: Green'ie! orro$n'ie! sites& Aou nee! to #no$ the a!vantages an! !isa!vantages o' each%6+0

4!vantages o' Green'ie! Sites

4!vantages o' bro$n'ie! sites:

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-isa!vantages o' Green'ie! Sites

-isa!vantages o' bro$n'ie! sites:

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0. epri+ation in *$ $ities

n the bo2es beo$3 !e'ine these #ey terms:

1abe the !eprivation cross section o'Birmingham $ith the 'oo$ing:

eprive! areas o'ten su''er the e''ects o' the cyce o' poverty& This meansat poorer areas are o'ten unabe to !eveop& 4nnotate the cyce o' poverty

eo$ to sho$ metho!s o' brea#ing the cyce:

9utipe !eprivationin!e2

Poverty-eprivation

Centra areas – o!

housing meets poor

?uaity&

Centra areas – high

rise apartments buit

a'ter ""(

E!ge o' the city –

counci estates use!

to cear inner city

sum

The east !eprivation

occurs $here the

$eathiest ive&

/@orth an! South

"est0Poor houses /sums03

noise3 ugy bui!ings3

gra''iti

Goo! services3

heathcare3 sports

'aciities3 par#s an!

shops

Poor ?uaity 'aciitiesan! services

High unempoyment/$or#ers uns#ie! or

semi5s#ie!03 many

singe parentsHigh crime3 !omestic

abuse3 anti5socia

behaviour



. Urban Rebrandin!

n the bo2es beo$3 !e'ine these #ey terms:

any urban areas are re!eveope! as part o' a rebran!ing process& Thishanges the retai an! resi!ence opportunities 'or peope in the urban area&eo$3 ist some o' the probems o' iving in high rise apartment boc#s /P%,%0:

Gate! communities have beeneate! so that peope can have a greater sense o'

ecurity&

eimaging an! regeneration o'ten goan! in han! an! the resut is #no$n as rebran!ing&rban managers are responsibe 'or

managing the changes&

his process o'ten occurs in HICs as a resut o' !ein!ustriaisation& In the bo2eo$3 e2pain why !ein!ustriaisation has occurre! in HICs an! some o' theca negative impacts:

Gate! Communities-ein!ustriaisatione!eveopment

e5imagingegenerationGentri'ication

High rise iving:

-ein!ustriaisation:



ase tudy % eindustrialisation and Re/*ma!in! in astondon

Be'ore the ympics – the story o' !ein!ustriaisation

4'ter the ympics – the story o' re!eveopment3 reimaging an! re!eveopmen

Urban Environments Guide

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