April 8, 2023

1

Lokatie/evenement

Naam auteur

Vermelding onderdeel organisatie

April 8, 2023 2

Cities as ecosystems

Source: Girardet, 1990

April 8, 2023 3

Optimizing flows in a building

Source: Wortmann and Kruseman, 2005

April 8, 2023 4

Optimizing urban formCompact City Dispersed City Linear City Polycentric City Satellite City Fringe City Edge city

Source: Marc Ottele

Source: Heat Island Group

April 8, 2023 5

Relationships between sub-systems: look for synergies

Source: Tjallingii, 1996

April 8, 2023 6

People are part of urban systems

Source: Machiel van Dorst

Source: WBCSD, 2007

April 8, 2023 7

Conclusions / outlook

Source: Arjan van Timmeren

Chapter 2(Eco)system thinking: ecological principles for buildings, roads, industrial and urban areas

Hein van BohemenFormer lecturer Ecological EngineeringAt present: EcoEngineeringConsultancy

Passion for Ecoengineering

• Integration of civil and ecological engineering (example roads in the landscape, green roofs and green façades)

• Based on EcoSystemThinking (inspiration: H.T.Odum, William Mitsch and John Todd)

• Realization of Value for humans as well as for nature

EcoSystemThinking

• Representation of a simple system• Humanity is based on ecosystem goods and ecosystem services

Sun

R

P

Nutrients

Biomass

Sun Humanity

Service

Lifesupport

Biosphere

Different levels of scale

• A road on different levels of scale• Representation of flows of materials on different levels of scale

region

city

district

building

nutrientsIN

resistanceNOT IN

discharge OUT

retentionNOT OUT

Example of Integration: solar panels on a green roof

Challenge: Realization of full integration of as many aspects (env., ecol., econ. ,social, cultural) as possible on all levels of scales based on symbiotic relationship between humans and their natural environment

Chapter 3Urban ecology, scale and identity

Prof.dr.ir. Taeke M. De Jong

motivation:

‘Architecture is a kind of ecology, design is differentiation’

Differentiation is a risk cover for life

The number of plant species per km2 in Zoetermeer is related to its physical diversity

The more physical diversity, the more species will find a fitting place

Judging ecological quality

Quality(diversity) and a scale paradox

Scale-paradox

Identity is difference with the rest and continuity in itself

What is the difference with other regions? (30km radius)What is the difference with other conurbations? (10km)What is the difference with other townships? (3km)What is the difference with other districts? (1km)What is the difference with other neighbourhoods? (300m)What is the difference with other ensembles? (100m)

Anyone looking for a location will ask such questions,Designers have to answer them.

Built environment Chapter 6

Sustainable Urban Metabolism_ Towards use of resources design strategies and constructive solutions Loriane M. Icibaci PhD research

Building industry is one of the largest consumers of natural resources_average 40% (Kibert 2002).

Nearly three tons used annually for each person on the planet. (WBCSD 2002)

Cement manufacturing requires mainly mineral extraction from quarries(besides water and energy for its production).

Cement industry contributes to about 5% to global anthropogenic CO2 emissions_____50% is from the chemical process_______40% from burning fuel ______10% electricity and transport (WBCSD 2002; (Worrell et al. 2001).

Roughly 75% of waste is land filledAverage within the European Union 25% of the waste is recycled (however, Denmark, the Netherlands and Belgium already achieved recycling rates of more than 80%).

Most of the considered dangerous waste is not always separated from other forms of waste and thus contaminate land fills or recycled inert wastes (European Commission 2000).

Level of building decree (EBI 200) High Tech building (EBI 500) Energy Neutral building (EBI 1000)

A building considered to be sustainable according toDutch regulations in 2010 [equivalent to an Environmental Building Index (EBI).

A building in which high-techmethods have been used to radically reduce energy consumption (equivalent to an EBI of 500).

An energy-neutral building (equivalent to an EBIof 1,000) which has no environmental impact in terms of energy.

Haas 2009

Dutch building LCA

Sustainable Urban Metabolism_ Towards use of resources design strategies and constructive solutions Loriane M. Icibaci PhD research

Urban Metabolism_ studies illuminate basic trends in human energy and material fluxes.

Sustainable Urban Metabolism_ Towards use of resources design strategies and constructive solutions Loriane M. Icibaci PhD research

More self reliantBy mapping flows of materials it is possible to propose closed loop solutions leading to less input/ and less output leading to more efficient and therefore a more self sufficient urban structure.

Integrated solutionsCombining flows of materials with different coefficients and indicators of a city-region requires consideration of the complex interactions between economic, environmental, and social factors.

DiagnosisAs a living organism, it is assumed that by using UMM it is possible to detect pathologic cycles, environmental, and even economic.

Support for future prognosticsCaring capacity estimated through time line; avoiding exhaustion of materials and consequent region decay.Detects consumer, households, industrial and commercial behavior and consequences.Intra and interrelationships among other regions (resource dependency or waste dependency).Pollution prevention (from cars or industrial activities, etc.)Food and water security.

Decker et al. (2000)

Understanding available resources

Sustainable Urban Metabolism_ Towards use of resources design strategies and constructive solutions Loriane M. Icibaci PhD research

Coal waste2009 in Solving Global Warming www.switchboard.nrdc.org/blogs/rperks/where_for_art_thou_coal_ash.html

Mapping and ACCOUNTING

DOCOMOMOBologna, 1969. Urban conservation Plan. Building typologies.

World Resource Institute_ GHG Emissions

Designing as baking a cake?

Sustainable Urban Metabolism_ Towards use of resources design strategies and constructive solutions Loriane M. Icibaci PhD research

2012 Building façade

Substituting or innovating?

Dynamic balance

Sustainable Urban Metabolism_ Towards use of resources design strategies and constructive solutions Loriane M. Icibaci PhD research

Waterflows and Urban Planning Sybrand Tjallingii

water flows / systems

guiding principles

rainwater: from down the drain to first retain

groundwater: from pumping to careful use and recharge

river waters: from taming the stream to space for the river

drinking water: from shortage and wastage to sufficient and efficient

waste water: from problem solving to pollution prevention

region

urban

building

guiding models

synergy

carrying structures

activities

NATURE RESI- DENTIAL

TRANSPORT PRO-DUCTION

GUIDING

EXPLOITING

TRANSPORT PRO-DUCTION

GUIDING

EXPLOITING

Laure Itard, Research Institute OTBDelft University of Technology

Chapter 5: Energy in the built environment

Energy use in dwellings

Gasverbuik per m2 woningoppervlak (2004/ 2005)

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

14

16

18<

1919

1919

-194

5

1946

-197

0

1971

-199

0

1991

-199

5

1996

-199

7

1998

-199

9

2000

-200

6

Bouwjaar

m3 g

as/per

m2

Start EPC regulations

Gas consumption per m2 area (2004/2005)

Construction year

Pollutants

• Comfort & Health

• Building design

• Building physics

• Heat transfer

• Ventilation & air movements

• HVAC systems

• Sustainable Energy generation

Understanding the system

Chapter 5: Energy in the built environment

DO YOU WANT TO KNOW WHY:

• Your house will use more gas if you use energy-saving light bulbs?

• Using large window areas on the North Façade may save a lot of energy?

• Using a high efficiency condensing boiler is non-sense?

Then read

Urban transport and sustainability

Bert Van Wee – DUT

Perspective: transport is fantastic, but comes at high costs. What is ‘good’ policy? Difficult, but very challenging and important question

 

Achieved:• Much safer• Better air quality• Better control of traffic flows• More comfort• Maintaining strong position of bicycle

Challenges:

• CO2• Dependence on fossil fuels• Noise• Accessibility

• Acceptance of ‘unpopular policy measures’ (pricing, less parking, paid parking everywhere, car free zones, ISA, ..)

42Chapter 7: Air quality and human health

Chapter 7: Air quality and human health

Background: Environmental Scientist (Nijmegen University)

Researcher on Sustainable and Healthy HousingOTB Research Institute for the Built EnvironmentDepartment of Housing Quality

Arjen Meijer

43Chapter 7: Air quality and human health

Highlights

• Indoor and outdoor air pollutants• Chemical pollutants• Biological pollutants

• Other indoor environmental aspects• Thermal comfort• Noise• Lighting

44Chapter 7: Air quality and human health

Present

Past

Outdoor air qualityShift in attention towards issues

Euthrophication

Acid rain(acidification)

Ozone layerdepletion

Particulatematter

CO2 emissions(climate change)

45Chapter 7: Air quality and human health

Indoor air qualityContradiction?

Energy saving Good indoorair quality

46Chapter 7: Air quality and human health

Indoor environment

It is not only costs, not only the planet, not only personal comfort

Integrated approach

More than indoor air quality

Thermalcomfort

Energysaving

Low noiselevels

Indoor airquality

Indoor airquality

???

?

Chapter 10

Sustainable Urban Form

Sustainable Urban EnvironmentsAn Ecosystem Approach

Jody Milder

The world is urbanizing

More than half of the world’s populations now lives in cities

Urban form types

dispersed city

compact city

corridor/linear/radial city

multi-nuclear/polycentric city/edge city

fringe city

edge city

satellite city

Compact cities

People are the key

Laure Itard, Research Institute OTBDelft University of Technology

Chapter 11: Environmental strategies & tools for integrated environmental design

(Eco)

syste

m a

pp

roach

0,0

100,0

200,0

300,0

400,0

500,0

600,0

700,0

800,0

900,0

1000,0

1100,0

1200,0

1300,0

Uitputting grondsto

ffen

Broeikaseffect (C

O2)

Ozonlaagaantasting

Smog

Humane toxiciteit

Ecotoxiciteit water

Ecotoxiciteit grond

Verzuring

Vermesting

[%]

Gas (ketel)Elektriciteit (elektrische radiator)Elektriciteit (warmtepomp COP=2.5)Series1

Environmental impact when producting 1 MJ heat

Environmental impacts electricity production

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

[index] Netherlands Norway France PV-cells Wind

Chapter 11: Environmental strategies & tools for integrated design

• There is more than CO2• Strategies are needed… but are not enough to

built sustainable buildings• Up-cycling costs material & energy

Challenge the future

DelftUniversity ofTechnology

Chapter 13 Governance Tools

Lorraine Murphy

MSc Environmental ScienceTrinity College Dublin, IrelandIs Dublin a City Moving Towards

Sustainable Development?

PhD Candidate OTB Research Institute for the Built Environment‘Energy performance’ policy instruments for existing

dwellings

58

• Government to governance

• International –Supranational-National-Local

• Tools with examples:

• Tools and ecosystem thinking

Regulations

Economic InstrumentsVoluntary

AgreementsInformation

Tools

Chapter Overview

59

Some Achievements………..Covenants/

Agreements

Regulation

Economic Tools

Communication

60

Some challenges……..

Compliance & enforcement

Monitoring & evaluating

61

Chapter 14 Managing ChangeAnke van Hal & Ellen van Bueren

62

How to get multiple actors to agree on a common direction?

63

Variety of approaches – all needed

New forms of collaboration & contracting

Identify business opportunitiesStimulate, diffuse & learn from innovation

Involve end-users

Sustainable Urban EnvironmentsAn Ecosystem Approach

Chapter 15

Conclusions / Integrated Design

April 8, 202364 Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze

Dutch Green Building Week, TU Delft, 22. September 2011

Pulling together all chapters

April 8, 202365

• Drawing conclusions• Discussion of future perspectives

based on recent research results (integrated design)

• Ecosystem thinking                         • Urban ecology  • Water                                                    • Energy                                                  • Materials/resources                     • Air quality and human health      • Liveability                                            • Urban transport                                • Governance                                 • Managing change                           

Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze

April 8, 202366

Perspectives – Achievements

• Sustainable development is feasible now!• Enough know-how & resources for total

change • Coverage of energy demand with 100%

renewable is technically and economically feasible until 2050

• C02 & Hydrogen can replace oil based production

                   

Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze

April 8, 202367

Perspectives – Challenges

• We can’t solve problems by using the same kind of thinking we used when we created them (Einstein)

• Paradigm shift: support by companies, politics & society

• Limited non renewable resource stock – requires 3R! 

• Strategic resources require political stability and global cooperation                      

Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze

68 Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze

Zero M - Model

local closed loop recycling economy                      

April 8, 202369

Thank you very much for your attention!

Assist. Prof. Dr.-Ing. Thorsten Schuetze

[Vincent Callebaut]