Urban Development in the Netherlands · University of Birmingham Field Trip 21 | 40 Dutch Urban...
Transcript of Urban Development in the Netherlands · University of Birmingham Field Trip 21 | 40 Dutch Urban...
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12-4-2017
Challenge the future
DelftUniversity ofTechnology
Urban Developmentin the Netherlands
Dr Erwin Heurkens MSc
Department of Management in the Built Environment
Faculty of Architecture & Built Environment
University of Birmingham Field Trip | 4 April 2017
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12-4-2017
Challenge the future
DelftUniversity ofTechnology
Outline Presentation
Today’s Programme
Dutch and UK Planning System Comparison
Dutch Urban Development
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Today’s programmeTuesday - Delft
Morning (9.00-12.00)• Lecture – Dr Erwin Heurkens, Dutch/UK Planning Systems• Lecture – Dr Erwin Heurkens, Urban Development Netherlands• Lecture – Dr Tom Daamen, City Ports Rotterdam
Afternoon (12.00-16.30)• Guided tour/lunch - Faculty of Architecture & Built Environment• Lecture – Els van der Riet, Municipality of Delft• Guided tour – Spoorzone Delft (transit-oriented development)
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12-4-2017
Challenge the future
DelftUniversity ofTechnology
Dutch and UK Planning System Comparison
Institutional contexts
UK Planning system
Dutch Planning system
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Dutch and UK Planning SystemInstitutional context: welfare-economic principles
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Dutch and UK Planning SystemInstitutional context: welfare-economic principles
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Dutch and UK Planning SystemInstitutional context: governance principles
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Dutch and UK Planning SystemInstitutional context: spatial planning principles
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Dutch and UK Planning SystemInstitutional context: spatial planning systems
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Dutch and UK Planning SystemInstitutional context: planning systems
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Planning SystemsEuropean ‘models’
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UK Planning System
“The system of planning and development in England is strongly shaped by the understanding that most development is undertaken by private interests or by public bodies acting very much like private interests. The planning system generally seeks to shape private sector development proposals.”
Nadin et al. (2008)
Policy/land use management
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UK Planning System
• Regulating land use through strategic and local plans
• Indicative plans and performance criteria to mitigate conflicting interests
• Policies are not binding but negotiable (discretionary)
• Land-use plans are not binding, but give direction by setting objectives
Policy/land use management
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UK Planning SystemLocal governments and spatial planning system
https://www.mlit.go.jp
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Dutch Planning SystemComprehensive/integrated/strategic
• Traditionally implemented comprehensive national spatial policies as exemplified by the creation of polders following the flood of 1916 and delta plan subsequent to the flood of 1953.
• Efforts on spatial planning date back to the Housing Act (Woningwet) of 1901. From 1960, government began to publish its spatial policy, range from the development of growth centers outside the Metropolitan area and market-oriented urban policies.
• Regional disparities have been very limited. The country decided in 2006 to end traditional regional policies and place emphasis on supporting regions that contribute to national economic development in order to enhance its competitiveness and promote innovation.
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Dutch Planning SystemComprehensive/integrated/strategic
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Dutch Planning SystemLocal governments and spatial planning system
https://www.mlit.go.jp
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Dutch Planning SystemComprehensive/integrated/strategic
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policy
zoning
strategy
economic investment
Italy
France
Netherlands
England
China
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12-4-2017
Challenge the future
DelftUniversity ofTechnology
Dutch Urban Development
Principles
Examples Projects
Recent Changes
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Dutch Urban DevelopmentDefinitions
• “Urban area development is the art of connecting functions, disciplines, actors, interests and finance, in order to (re)develop an urban area.” (De Zeeuw, 2007)
• “Urban area development is the active intervention by local authorities and other actors in cities through the development of areas.” (Van ‘t Verlaat, 2008)
• “Urban area development refers to a set of concrete material interventions within a geographically bounded area.”
(Daamen, 2010)
e.g. Comprehensive/integrated approach: ‘joining up’
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Dutch Urban DevelopmentFocus: Scale & Aspects
Spatial planning
Urban area development
Real estate development
Law
Econ
omic
sO
rgan
isat
ion
Aspects
Man
agem
ent
Polit
ics
Fina
nce
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Dutch Urban Development‘Art of Connecting’
• Different development phases: initiative, plan development, realisation, maintenance
• Different professional domains:policy, spatial planning, design, law, business administration, technology, economics, marketing, property development, management etc.
• Different market circumstances: demand & supply, economic growth & decline
• Different political & societal context: political sensitive projects, demographical situation
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Dutch Urban DevelopmentDevelopment Process
• Initiative phase: sense of urgency, formulation vision, key objectives, quality level, public tender, intention & cooperation agreements
• Planning/finance phase: spatial plan, land issues, feasibility study, public approval, realisation agreement
• Realisation phase: public/private investment, project management
• Operation phase: project exploitation (return on investment)
area
initiative
plan
ning
/fin
ance
realisation
oper
atio
n
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Dutch Urban DevelopmentManagement of the Development Process
• Who’s in charge? Depends…• Number of factors, related to local circumstances:
political context, scale & importance project, land ownership situation, labour & financial capabilities, involved risks, profitability, development phase etc.
• Determines public & private roles & relations(tasks & responsibilities, risks & revenues)
• Determines choice Public Private Partnership
• Every Urban Development project asks for tailor-made approach
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Dutch Urban DevelopmentFurther reading!
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Examples VINEX ProjectsLeidsche Rijn, Utrecht
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Examples VINEX ProjectsWateringseveld, Den Haag
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Examples VINEX ProjectsWaalsprong, Nijmegen
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Examples Key ProjectsZuidas, Amsterdam
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Examples Key ProjectsCentral Station, Rotterdam
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Examples Key ProjectsCentral Station, Utrecht
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Examples Other ProjectsKop van Zuid, Rotterdam
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Examples Other ProjectsRoombeek, Enschede
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Examples Other ProjectsPaleiskwartier, Den Bosch
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RecentChangesGovernance
(Heurkens, 2012)
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Recent ChangesMarket circumstances & government
• Market circumstances:o Office, retail market – over supplyo Residential market recovering – high demand Randstado ‘Demand-driven’ ‘user-oriented’ urban development
• Role government: o Central government: further decentralisation, no central visiono Regional government: coordination tasks provinceso Local government: financial deficits, less active land policy
‘Move towards a facilitating government’ (Heurkens, 2012)
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Recent ChangesMarket actors & civil organisations
• Role market actors:o Developers: current focus on survival, demand-driven development o Investors: focus on other European cities (and elsewhere)o Corporations: increased interest & investment in cities
• Role citizens:o Communities: increased importance of local initiativeso Entrepreneurs: taking more local responsibility
‘Move towards private sector-led urban development projects’ (Heurkens, 2012)
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Recent ChangesPrivate sector-led urban development
(Heurkens, 2017)
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Conclusions
• Dutch and UK Planning System:o Dutch: comprehensive/integrated or strategic orientationo UK: land use management or policy orientationo Similarities: market-oriented systemso Differences: stronger formal public role in Dutch plan system
• Dutch Urban Development:o Various eras of urban projects to realise central government goalso Strategic and design/urbanism-oriented urban projectso Municipal ‘active land policies’ towards ‘facilitative land use policies’o Towards a stronger role of market and civil actors: private-led
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12-4-2017
Challenge the future
DelftUniversity ofTechnology
Field Trip Background Information
Context for both cities
Delft
Rotterdam
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Contact Information
Dr Erwin Heurkens MScAssistant Professor Urban Development Management
TU Delft | Faculty of Architecture & Built EnvironmentDepartment of Management in the Built EnvironmentJulianalaan 134 | 2628 BL Delft
Email [email protected] eheurkensWebsite http://www.erwinheurkens.comDissertation http://abe.tudelft.nl