Updated Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) · Updated Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)...

Updated Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

of

Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and

Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli

Submitted to

Government of Nepal

National Reconstruction Authority

Singhadurbar, Kathmandu

Submitted through

Government of Nepal

Ministry of Federal Affairs and General Administration

Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project

Central Level Project Implementation Unit, Lalitpur

Submitted by

District Level Project Implementation Unit, Sindhuli

April 2018

IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli i

g]kfnL sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z1 (Executive Summary in Nepali)

k[i7e"ld

@)&@ ;fn a}zfv !@ ut] uPsf] ljWj+;sf/L e"sDk / ;f]xL jif{ a}zfv @( ut] uPsf] d'Vo k/fsDksf

sf/0f Ifltu|:t :yfgLo ;+/rgfx?sf] k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f u/L :yfgLo ;d'bfosf] cfly{s tyf

;fdflhs k'gp{Tyfg ug{ Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] C0f ;xof]udf tyf :jL; ljsf; lgof]usf] k|fljlws

;xof]udf k|efljt !@ lhNnfdf e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf nfu' ul/Psf] 5 . o; cfof]hgfsf]

dfWodåf/f Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+sn] dxTjk"0f{ ;8s ;+hfnsf] k'glg{df{0f ug{, xhf/f}+ afnaflnsfnfO{ k'gM

ljBfno k'¥ofpg, k|efljt ;d'bfonfO{ cTofjZos ;sf/L ;]jf pknAw u/fpg g]kfn ;/sf/nfO{ ;xof]u

ug]{5 . o; cfof]hgfn] e"sDk tyf klx/f]åf/f Ifltu|:t sl/a !#% ls=ld= /0fg}lts ;8s tyf $%)

ls=ld= u|fld0f ;8ssf] k'glg{df{0f ug]{5 . o; cfof]hgfsf] sfo{sf/L lgsfo /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f

/x]sf] 5 / u|fld0f ;8ssf] xsdf o; cfof]hgfsf] sfo{Gjog lgsfosf] ?kdf e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf

cfof]hgf–lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO{ /x]sf] 5 .

lkkneGHofË—xfo"6f/—g]qsfnL u|fld0f ;8s -#&=@) ls=dL=_ k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f pkcfof]hgf klg

e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf cGtu{ts} Pp6f pk–cfof]hgf xf] . pkcfof]hgf k'g{pTyfgsf qmddf

kg{;Sg] ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds jftfj/0fLo Pj+ ;fdflhs k|efjnfO{ ;Daf]wg ug{sf] nflu lhNnf

cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO l;Gw'nLn] of] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f (IEE) k|ltj]bg tof/ u/]sf] xf] .

k|:tfljt lkkneGHofË—xfo"6f/—g]qsfnL ;8s k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f pkcfof]hgf sfof{Gjogn] @)&@

;fn a}zfv !@ ut] uPsf] ljWj+;sf/L e"sDk / ;f]xL jif{ a}zfv @( uPsf] d'Vo k/fsDksf sf/0f

Ifltu|:t o; ;8snfO{ k'gM ;+rfngdf NofO{ of] ;8s /x]sf] l;Gw'nL lhNnfsf] sdnfdfO{ gu/kflnsf j8f

gF @ / Wofªn]v ufpFkflnsf j8f gF !, @, # / $ sf] lkkn eGHofË, ef]6]:jf/f, v§f/, lga'jf6f/, /fhfafF;,

xfo'6f/, rGbgk'/, ;f]nfeGHofË, g]qsfnL, cfFk6f/ h:tf d'Vo jl:tx? nufot o;sf klZrd tkm{sf cGo

jl:tx?nfO{ ;d]t lhNnf ;b/d'sfd l;Gw'nL tyf b]zsf cGo If]q;Fu ;8s ;+hfn dfkm{t hf]8\g]5 .

k|:tfjs

e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf (EEAP) cGtu{t u|fld0f ;8s lkkneGHofË—xfo"6f/—g]qsfnL

;8s -#&=@) ls=dL=_ k'g:yf{kgf tyf k'glg{df{0f pkcfof]hgfsf] lhNnf :t/Lo sfo{sf/L lgsfo Pj+

k|f/lDes jftfj/0f kl/If0fsf] nflu k|:tfjssf] ?kdf lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO, l;Gw'nL /x]sf] 5 .

k|:tfjssf] k'/f 7]ufgf

e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf—lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO, l;Gw'nL

l;Gw'nL dfl8, l;Gw'nL

;Dks{ kmf]g M )$&—%@)!)(

O{d]n M [email protected]

1 This is Executive Summary of the IEE report in Nepali language and an English version is given in page vi.

mailto:[email protected]

IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli ii

k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0fsf] cf}lrTo tyf p2]Zo

e'sDkaf6 k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df0f{ ;DaGwL] P]g, @)&@, e'sDkaf6 k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df0f

;DaGwL lgodfjnL, @)&@ tyf e"sDk k|efljt ;+/rgfsf] k'glg{df{0fsf] nflu jftfj/0fLo k|efj d'Nof+sg

;DaGwL sfo{ljlw @)&@ -cg';'rL !_ Pj+ Pl;ofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] ;'/If0f gLlt syg -;]kmuf8{ kf]nL;L

:6]6d]G6_ @))( cg';f/ jftfj/0fLo k|efjsf] Jojxf/Ls tyf 7fFp laif]z Go"lgs/0f tyf nfe a[[¢Lsf

pkfox? ;'emfj ug{ k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f cWoog sfo{ cfjZos b]lvG5 .

k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg cWoogsf] d'Vo p2]Zo pkcfof]hgf If]qsf] ef}lts, h}ljs,

;fdflhs, cfly{s tyf ;f+:s[lts jftfj/0fdf kg]{ k|efjx? kQf nufpg'sf ;fy} jftfj/0fdf kg]{

gsf/fTds k|efjsf] Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox? / ;sf/fTds k|efj a9fpg] pkfox? af/] ;'emfj lbg' /

jftfj/0fLo Aoa:yfkg of]hgf agfO{ sfof{Gjog u/fpg' /x]sf] 5 .

k|:tfjsf] ljj/0f tyf cWoog ljlw

k|:tfljt pkcfof]hgf l;Gw'nL lhNnfsf sdnfdfO{ gu/kflnsf j8f gF @ sf] lkkn eGHofË -tTsflng

eb«sfnL uf=lj=; #_ af6 k|j]z ub{5 / Wofªn]v ufpFkflnsf j8f gF $ -tTsflng g]qsfnL uf=lj=; %_ sf]

dflem6f/ eGg] 7fpFdf cGTo x'g]5 . of] v08nfO{ e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf–lhNnf cfof]hgf

sfo{Gjog OsfOn] k'glgld{0fsf] k|:tfj u/]sf] 5 . o; ;8snfO{ k|yd :t/sf] lhNnf ;8ssf] dfkb08df

u|fe]n ul/g] 5 . #&=@) ls=ld nDafO{ gfnL / ;f]Nh/ ;lxt o;sf] s'n rf}8fO{ ^=@% ld= x'g]5 . o;

pkcfof]hgfsf] s'n nfut g]=?= *)&,%%@,@**=$^ / OlGhlgol/ª nfut g]=?=&&&,!!*,^$^=)^ /x]sf] 5 .

of] k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f k|ltj]bg g]kfn ;/sf/sf] sfg"gL cfj:ostf k'/f ug{ cfjZos ;Gbe{

;fdfu|Lx?sf] k"j{ cWoog / k'glg{df0f k|lws/0fsf] sfo{sf/L clws[tåf/f @)&$.)#.@% ut] :jLs[t

sfo{;'rLsf] clwgdf /lx tof/ ul/Psf] 5 . @)&$ ;fn >fj0f @& b]vL efb| @ ut] ;Dd ul/Psf] :ynut

e|d0f tyf ;j]{If0fjf6 lnOPsf tYofÍ tyf cGo pknAw tYofÍx?sf] s]nfP/ k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f

k|ltj]bg tof/ u/L lgisif{ tyf ;'emfjx? lbOPsf 5g\ .

pkcfof]hgfsf] ljBdfg jftfj/0fLo cj:yf

ef}ule{s b[li6sf]0fn] of] If]qdf d'Vo ?kdf kfO{g] r§fgx?df lg;, l;:6, :of08 :6f]g / sªnf]ld/]6 5g eg]

sn'leon, Pn'leon / /];'l8on ;f]on kfO{G5 . lr;fkfgL vf]nf, wgdfg vf]nf, tf? vf]nf, nflGb vf]nf,

l;Dn] vf]nf, a;]/L vf]nf, lnlk vf]nf, l/g vf]nf, dl/g vf]nf, tfdfhf]/ vf]nf o; k|eflat If]qsf] d'Vo

vf]nfx? x'g.

o; pkcfof]hgf If]q ;d'lGb| ;txaf6 %@& ld= b]lv !,!%$ ld6/sf] prfO{df kb{5 . pkcfof]hgf pi0f /

pkf]i0f xfjfkfgL kfOG5 -8f]a|]d]h !(&^_ . lhNnf kfZj{ lrqdf pNn]v eP cg';f/ o; If]qsf] tfkqmd

udL{df #@=#% l8=;]=;Dd k'Ug] / lxpFbdf &=*) l8=;]= ;Dd emg]{ u/]sf] 5 / oxfF jflif{s ;/b/ @,!!$

ld=ld= jiff{ x'g] u/]sf] 5 .

of] pkcfof]hgf v]taf/L, cfjf; If]q, jg If]qaf6 k|j]z ub{5 h;dWo] r]= )±))) b]lv r]= )±$^) / r]=

)±&() b]lv r]= !±*)) ;Dd sflnsf ;fd'bflos ag, r]= !)±@%) b]lv r]= !!±))) ;Dd emNsg]

;fd'bflos ag, r]= !$±&^) b]lv r]= !&±))) ;Dd/ r]= !*±()) b]lv r]= !(±)$) /fgLaf;

;fd'bflos jg, r]= !(±)$) b]lv r]= !(±$^) ;Dd $ j6f sa'lnolt ag -xl/ofnL, k|ultl;n, nfn'kft],

IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli iii

/ nflnu'F/f;_, r]= @!±%*) b]lv r]= @!±($) dfg]eGHofË sa'lnolt ag / r]= @&±!*) b]lv r]=

@(±))) / r]= @(±#)) b]lv r]= #)±^)) ;Dd ;/sf/L ag /x]sf] 5 .

o; ;8sdf ldl>t rf]}8fkft] jg g} al9 dfqfdf kfO{Psf] 5 h;df ;fn tyf lrnfpg] k|hftLsf] afx'Notf

/x]sf] 5 . oxfF ;fn, vf]6] ;Nnf, s6';, lrnfpg], plQ;, s'6ld/f], 6'gL cflb h:tf ?vx? kfOG5g\ eg]

r'qf], ;t'jf, dlh7f] h:tf u}x| sfi7 ag k}bfjf/x? kfOG5. To;}u/L h+unL hgfj/x?df lrt'jf, :ofn,

b'D;L, efn', dn;fk|f] cflb /x]sf 5g\ eg] k+IfLdf sflnh, uf}ynL, n'Or], 9's'/, sf]O{nL / ;/L;[k k|hfltdf

l;l/; ;k{, wfdg, kfgL ;k{ cflb kfO{G5 .

o; ;8s cGtu{t lkkn eGHofË, ef]6]:jf/f, v§f/, lga'jf6f/, /haf;, xfo'6f/, rGbgk'/, ;f]nfeGHofË,

g]qsfnL, cfFk6f/ h:tf d'Vo jl:tx? kb{5g\ . k|efljt If]qdf @,*%( 3/w'/L /x]sf] 5 . o; If]qdf tfdfË

hftLsf dflg;sf] afx'Notf /x]sf] 5 eg] cGo k|d'v hfltdf du/, If]qL, afx'g cflb /x]sf 5g\ . cfof]hgf

If]qsf] ;fIf/tf b/ %(=^)Ü -;fdfGo ;fIf/ ;d]t_ k|ltzt /x]sf] 5 . cfof]hgf If]qsf w]/}h;f] AolQmx?

v]lt nufot s[lif / kz'kfng k]zfdf ;+nUg 5g\ eg] cGo d'Vo k]zfdf ;fgf Aofkf/, Hofnf dhb'/L /

j}b]lzs /f]huf/ dxTjk"0f{ 5g\ . k|eflat If]qdf k|fo h;f] :jf:Yo rf}sLklg /x]sf] kfO{of] . vfg]kfgLsf] nflu

*!=&% k|ltzt 3/w'/Ln] kfOkåf/f ljtl/t kfgLsf] k|of]u ub{5g\ . k|efljt If]qsf ^&=*^Ü 3/w'/Ldf ljB't

;]jf k'u]sf] 5 eg] afls #@=!$Ü n] ;f]nf/ aQLsf] k|of]u u/]sf] kfO{of] .

jftfj/0fLo k|efjx?

;sf/fTds k|efjx?

pkcfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf qmddf tTsfn b]lvPsf ;sf/fTds k|efjx?df o;n] !#$,*&& JoQmLlbg a/fj/sf]

c:yfoL /f]huf/Lsf] cj;/ ;[hgf ug]{ 5 . o;}u/L cfof]hgf ;~rfng kl5 x'g] ;sf/fTds k|efjx?df o;

lhNnfsf] sdnfdfO{ gu/kflnsf j8f gF @ / Wofªn]v ufpFkflnsf j8f gF !, @, # / $ sf] lkkn eGHofË,

ef]6]:jf/f, v§f/, lga'jf6f/, /haf;, xfo'6f/, rGbgk'/, ;f]nfeGHofË, g]qsfnL, cfFk6f/ h:tf d'Vo jl:tx?

nufot o;sf cf;kf;sf hgtfnfO{ aif}e/L oftfoftsf] ;'ljwf tyf kx'Fr, :yfgLo s[lif pkhdf cfwfl/t

s[lif pBf]usf] k|j4{g tyf cfly{s ljsf; /x]sf 5g\ . ;+rfngdf cfPkl5 o; pkcfof]hgfn] k|efljt

If]qsf hgtfx?nfO{ ;fdflhs ;]jf h:t}M :jf:Yo, lzIff, ahf/ tyf cGo ;'lawfdf ;xh / b|"t kxF'r k|bfg

ug{]5 . o;sf ;fy} o; If]qdf b}lgs pkEff]Uo a:t'x?, vfB tyf cGo a:t'x?sf] cfk'lt{ ;xh x'g]5 eg]

o; If]qsf] s[lif pkh cflbn] klg ;xh ahf/ k|fKt ug]{5 h;n] ubf{ hLjg:t/ a[l4 x'g]5 / e"sDk

k|efljt hgtfnfO{ ;fdflhs tyf cfly{s k'g:yf{kgfdf d2t k'Ug]5 .

gsf/fTds k|efjx?

pkcfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf qmddf jftfj/0fsf] ;fdflhs cjojdf b]lvg;Sg] k|d'v gsf/fTds k|efjx?df

pknAw ;]jf ;'ljwfdf bjfj, :yfgLo / cfuGt's sfdbf/x? lar åGb l;h{gf, k]zfut :jf:Yo tyf

;'/Iffdf k|efj, cflb d'Vo ;/f]sf/sf /x]sf 5g . ;8s lj:tf/ ubf{ !=^^% x]= v]lt ug]+ hUuf, !=!@) x]=

a:tL If]q, %=#!@ x]= ;/sf/L, )=!#! x]= afFemf] hUuf, / )=)%) x]= vf]nf / vf]N;L ;8sdf kl/at{g x'g]

ePsf]n] e'kl/jt{gdf c;/ kfg]{ b]lvG5 . of] ;+u} af6f] la:tf/df df * j6f lghL ;+/rgf / ;fd'bflos

wf/fdf ;d]t k|ToIf Iflt k'Ug] b]lvG5 . cGo c;/x?df sfo{ / Hofnf ljt/0fdf n}+lus lje]b, hf]lvdk"0f{

sfo{df gfjfnsfx?sf] k|of]u, c:j:y cfjf;sf sf/0f km}lng] /f]u, zf/Ll/s ;Dks{sf sf/0f ;g]{

of}g /f]u tyf cGo ;?jf /f]ux? x'g ;Sg] b]lvG5g\ . ;fy} cfof]hgf ;+rfng kZrft pknAw ;'ljwfsf

sf/0f ;8s lsgf/df cJojl:yt j;f]jf; a9\g uO{ ;8s If]q cltqmd0f x'g] ;Defjgf klg /xG5 .

;8s lgdf{0f k|s[ofdf k|of]u x'g] pks/0f, ;jf/L;fwg Pj+ /;folgs tTjx?sf] sf/0f Wjlg,

IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli iv

xfjf / kfgL k|b'lift x'g ;S5 . kmf]xf]/sf] plrt Joj:yfkg gePdf hn tyf hldgsf] k|b'if0fn] cGo

gsf/fTds k|efj lgDTofpg] ;Defjgf /xG5 . lgdf{0f ;fdfu|Lx?sf] ;d'lrt e08f/0f tyf ;+rfng gubf{

r'xfj6sf sf/0f ;txL tyf e'ldut hn k|b'lift x'g;Sb5 . h}ljs jftfj/0fdf kg]{ k|efjsf] ;Gbe{df

rf]/Llzsf/Lsf sf/0f jGohGt'df kg]{ k|efjnfO{ dxTjk"0f{ dfGg ;lsG5 . lgdf{0fsf nflu ;8ssf] b'j} tkm{

s6fg ubf{ $& j6f ;f=jaf6, & j6f sa'lnolt jgaf6, *#@ j6f /fli6\|o ag / #&# j6f gLlh agaf6

?vx? x6fpg' kg]{ b]lvG5 .

;sf/fTds k|efj a9fpg] pkfo

7]s]bf/ / sfdbf/sf nflu ljleGg jftfj/0fLo tyf hgr]tgf d"ns tflndx? -cfocfh{g, OlGhlgol/u+

;+/rgfsf] lgdf{0f tyf h}ljs k|ljlwsf sfd ;DaGwL_ lbO{g] 5g\ . ;8s lgdf{0fsf s|ddf sDtLdf @) %

dlxnf ;xeflutf u/fpg k|f]T;fxg ul/G5 .

Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox?

cfof]hgfsf] gsf/fTds c;/x? Go"lgs/0f ug{sf nflu ljleGg Jojxfl/s tyf ldtJooL pkfox? ;'emfj

ul/Psf] 5 . cfof]hgfsf k|:tfjsn] cfof]hgf lgdf{0f tyf ;~rfngsf] cjlwdf o:tf pkfox? cjnDag

ug]{ 5g\ . cfof]hgf lgdf{0f cjlwsf] qmddf k|:tfjsn] lgdf{0f Joj;foL dfkm{t Go'gLs/0fsf pkfox? nfu"

ug]{]5 . cjnDag ul/g] s]xL k|d'v pkfox? lgDgfg';f/ 5g\ .

lghL ;+/rgf nufotsf lghL ;DklQsf] clwu|x0f ubf{ Ifltk'lt{ lbOg]5 .

k]zfut :jf:Yo / ;'/Iffsf] ;/f]sf/sf nflu cfjZos tof/L ul/g] 5 . sfdbf/x?nfO{ x]Nd]6, kGhf,

a'6, ;'/IffTds k]6L, r:df, df:s cflb k|bfg ul/g] 5 . lgdf{0f / e08f/0f:yndf cgflws[t k|j]z /

ultljlw /f]Sg vt/fsf ;+s]tx?, 5]saf/ Pj+ kfn]sf] Joj:yf ul/g] 5 .

SofDk tyf lgdf{0f If]qdf c:yfO{ rkL{sf] Joj:yf kfgLsf] ;|f]tsf] Aoa:yf ul/g] 5 .

pTvgg\af6 lg:s]sf] df6f]nfO{ lgwf{l/t :yfgdf 6f] jfn, l/6]lgË jfn, j[Iff/f]k0f / cfjZostf cg';f/

gfnLx? lgdf{0f u/L ;xL tl/sfn] Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 .

ljBdfg / ;Defljt klx/f]nfO{ pko'Qm h}ljs k|ljlwsf] k|of]u u/L lgoGq0f tyf /f]syfd ul/g]5 .

cfof]hgf lgdf{0fsf] qmddf lg:sg] 3/]n' tyf lgdf{0fhGo kmf]xf]/d}nfnfO{ gbLIf]q af6 k/ pko'Qm

:yfgdf / efF8f]df ;+sng ul/g] 5 / ltgsf] k|sf/ cg'?k Joj:yfkg ul/g]5 .

lgdf{0f ultljlwdf k|of]u x'g] t]n tyf cGo /;folgs kbfy{x?nfO{ pko'Qm :yfgdf Wofgk'j{s e08f/0f

tyf pkof]u ul/g] 5 .

jGohGt'sf] rf]/Ll;sf/L lgoGq0f tyf ltgsf] ;+/If0f ;DaGwL ;r]tgf hufpg] ;Gb]z af]s]sf] xf]l8{Ë

af]8{x? /flvg]5 .

?vx?sf] Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0fsf] nflu ?= #,#&),&**=#% 5'6\ofO{Psf] 5 .

;fj{hlgs k/fdz{ tyf ;"rgf ;fj{hlgs ug]{

k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f ug]{ qmddf k|:tfljt ;8s glhssf j:tLx?df ufpmF:t/Lo k|ltlgwL tyf

cGo :yfgLo AolStx?;Fu k|:tfjLt pkcfof]hgfaf6 kg{ hfg] ;sf/fTds tyf gsf/fTds c;/ jf/]

hfgsf/L u/fpg ;fj{hlgs 5nkmn u/LPsf] lyof] . To;}ul/ d:of}bf k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f

k|ltj]bg tof/L u/L ;/f]sf/jfnf lgsfox?sf] /fo ;'´fa ;+sngsf] nfuL & lbg] ;fj{hlgs ;'rgf

@)&$÷)%÷@$ ut]sf] /fhwfgL, g]kfnL /fli6«o b}lgsdf k|sflzt ul/of] .

IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli v

o;}sf] cfwf/df g]kfnL sfo{sf/L ;f/f+z, ;sf/fTds k|efj a9fpg] pkfox? tyf gs/fTds k|efj

Go'gLs/0f pkfox? / jftfj/0fLo Aoa:yfkg of]hgf ;dfj]z u/L agfOPsf] d:of}bf k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo

k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg ;lxt /fo ;'´fjsf] nfuL ;fj{hlgs e]nfsf] cfof]hgf ldlt @)&$÷)%÷@( df ul/of] .

/fli6«o k'glgdf{0f k|flws/0faf6 cfPsf] /fo ;'´fj ;dfj]z u/L k|fl/Des jftfj/0fLo k/LIf0f k|ltj]bg

:jLs[tLsf] nfuL k7fO{Psf] 5 .

u'gf;f] lgbfg ;+oGq

pkcfof]hgfsf] jftfj/0fLo / ;fdflhs sfo{;Dkfbgsf] ;Gbe{df :yfgLo hgtfsf] hgu'gf;f] ;'Gg /

tLgsf] plrt tyf ;dofg's'n ;Daf]wg ug{ o; k|f=j=k= k|ltj]bgdf $ txsf] u'gf;f] lgbfg ;+oGqsf]

af/]df cf}+NofOPsf] 5 .

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cWofo ( df jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkg of]hgf tof/ kf/LPsf] 5 . o;sf ;fy} Go"lgs/0fsf pkfo sfof{Gjog

/ cg'udgsf] lhDd]jf/ lgsfosf] klxrfg o; jftfj/0fLo Aoj:yfkg of]hgfdf ul/Psf] 5 . k|:tfljt

cfof]hgfsf ef}lts, h}ljs, ;fdflhs tyf ;f+:s[lts jftfj/0f cGtu{tsf ljleGg cg'udgsf ;"rsx?

klg kQf nufOPsf 5g\ . pkcfof]hgf k'glg{df{0fsf] cg'udg /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0f tyf lhNnfsf

cGo lgsfox?n] ug]{5g\ . jftfj/0fLo cg'udgsf] nflu ? #@%,)))=)) ljlgof]hg ul/Psf] 5 . o;

pkcfof]hgfsf] jftfj/0fLo Joj:yfkgsf] nfuL ? !@,)*!,@!!=^* 5'6ofOPsf] 5, h; dWo ?

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lgisif{ tyf ;'emfa

o; :t/sf] pkcfof]hgfsf nflu pkcfof]hgfaf6 x'g] gsf/fTds c;/x? guGo 5g\ . w]/}h;f] c;/x?

:yfgLo :t/d} lgdf{0f r/0fdf dfq l;ldt 5g\ . cfof]hgfaf6 x'g] clwsf+z gsf/fTds c;/x?nfO{ lbOPsf

Go"lgs/0fsf pkfox?af6} sd jf Ifltk"tL{ ug{ ;lsG5 / :yfgLo:t/df / lgdf{0f r/0fd} l;ldt ug{

;lsG5 . To;}n] cfof]hgfsf] k|s[lt, o;sf] cjl:ylt, :yfgLo hg;d'bfox?sf] cfof]of]hgf k|ltsf] ?lr tyf

klxrfg ul/Psf ;Defljt gsf/fTds c;/x?nfO{ dWogh/ ub{} k|f/lDes jftfj/0fLo kl/If0f cWoogn]

lgb]{zg u/] cg'?ksf] Go"lgs/0f tyf clej[l4s/0fsf pkfox? cjnDag u/L pkcfof]hgf ;~rfng ug{

pko'Qm b]lvG5 .

IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli vi

Executive Summary

Background

In order to accelerate economic and social recovery of the communities through

rehabilitation and reconstruction of local infrastructures damaged due to devastating

earthquake of 25 April 2015 and the major aftershock of 12 May 2015, Earthquake

Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) has been implemented under loan assistance of

Asian Development Bank (ADB) and technical support of Swiss Agency for Development

and Cooperation (SDC) in 12 affected district. Through this project, the ADB will support the

Government of Nepal (GoN) in its efforts to put thousands of children back into schools,

return vital government services to desperate communities, and create jobs and income for

families by repairing critical road networks. The project will also repair and improve about

135 km of strategic roads and about 450 km of rural roads damaged by the earthquake and

landslides. The National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) is the executing government

agency. Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP)-District Level Project

Implementation Unit (DLPIU) is the implementing agency.

Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali (37.20 Km) Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-

project is one of the projects under EEAP. This IEE report has been prepared by DLPIU,

Sindhuli under EEAP to address the likely environmental and social impact, both beneficial

and adverse, due to the proposed upgrading of the road.

The proposed rehabilitation and reconstruction of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road

Section will render the existing infrastructure devastated by devastating earthquake of 25

April 2015 and the major aftershock of 12 May 2015 fully operative and reinstate the road

access to Kamalamai Municipality ward 2 and Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality ward 1,2,3 and

4 of Sindhuli district with major settlements along the road alignment such as Pipal

Bhanjyang, Bhoteswara, Khatter, Nibuwatar, Buktikhatar, Rajabas, Haitar, Chandanpur,

Solabhanjyang, Chhaukitar, Aaptar etc. as well as the other rural part of Sindhuli district to

the district headquarter and other parts of the country.

The Proponent

The District Level Project Implementation Unit (DLPIU), Sindhuli is the implementing agency

at the district level under Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) project and the

proponent of the Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study for the rehabilitation and

reconstruction of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Section (37.20 km) of Sindhuli district.

Address of the Proponent

District Level Project Implementation Unit-Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project

Sindhulimadi, Sindhuli District

Telephone No.: 047-520109

Email: [email protected]

Rationale and Objectives of the IEE study

Preparation of IEE for district road is mandatory according to Act Relating to Reconstruction

of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2015, rule relating to reconstruction of the earthquake


IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli vii

affected structures 2016, Working Procedure Relating with Environmental Impact

Assessment for Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures, 2016 (schedule 1) and

second amendment (2017) and ADB safeguard policy statement, 2009 to suggest the

appropriate practical & site specific mitigation and enhancement measures to address the

environmental impact of the proposal.

The main objective of the IEE study is to identify the impacts of physical, biological, socio-

economic and cultural environment of the sub-project area and recommend practical and

site specific environmental mitigation and enhancement measures, prepare and implement

environmental management plan for the sub-project.

Project Description and Study Methodology

The proposed sub-project starts from Pipalbhanjyang of Kamalamai Municipality ward no. 2

(then Bhadrakali VDC-3) and ends at Majhitar of Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality-4 (then

Netrakali VDC-5) of Sindhuli district. DLPIU- Sindhuli has proposed to reconstruct the 37.20

km section of the road under EEAP. It will be rehabilitated and reconstructed into a District

Road Core Network (DRCN) standard road with gravel pavement. The road length is 37.20

km with 6.25 meter formation width including shoulder and drainage. The estimated total

project cost is NRs. 807,552,288.46 and the engineering cost is NRs. 777,118,646.06.

This IEE report has been prepared following necessary desk and field study and defined

procedure and also on the basis of the ToR approved on 2017/07/09 A.D by the National

Reconstruction Authority (NRA) to fulfill the statutory requirement of GoN. The findings and

conclusions of the initial environmental examination report are based on the analysis of the

information collected from the field from 2017/08/11 A.D to 2017/08/18 A.D and secondary

information supplemented by the social and technical teams working on the resettlement

survey and detail survey.

Existing Environmental Condition

The dominant rock types present in the sub-project area include gneiss, schist, sandstone

and conglomerate and the common soil types include colluvial, alluvial and residual soils.

Chisapani Khola, Dhanman Khola, Taru Khola, Landi Khola, Simle Khola, Baseri Khola, Lipi

Khola, Rin Khola, Marin Khola, Tamajor Khola are the major stream of the project area.

The elevation of proposed road varies from 527 m to 1154 m from mean sea level. So, it lies

in upper tropical and sub-tropical climatic zone (Dobremez, 1976) and the temperature is

32.35° C during summer and 7.80° C during winter. The average annual rainfall in the district

is 2114 mm.

The sub-project segment lies among cultivation area, settlement, and forest patches. There

is Kalika Community Forest (CF) in between Ch 0+000 to Ch 0+460 & Ch 0+790 to Ch

1+800, Jhalkane CF at Ch 10+250 to Ch 11+000, Ranibas CF at Ch 14+760 to Ch 17+000

and 18+900 to Ch 19+040, four Leasehold Forest (Hariyali, Pragatisil, Lalupate & Laliguras)

in between the Ch 19+040 to Ch 19+460 and Manebhanjyang Leasehold Forest, between

Ch 21+580 to Ch 21+940 and Government Managed Forest between the Ch 27+180 to Ch

29+000 & Ch 29+300 to Ch 30+600.

IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli viii

Major forest types found in the project area is dominated by tropical mixed broad-leaf forest

dominated by Shorea and Schima species. Major trees include Shorea robusta (Sal), Pinus

roxburghii (Khote Salla), Katus (Castanopsis indica), Schima wallichii (Chilaune), Alnus

nepalensis (Utis), Litsea polyantha (Kutmiro), Toona ciliata (Tuni) etc. Similarly, Berberis

aristata (Chutro), Paris polyphylla (Satuwa), Rubia majith (Majitho) etc. are NTFP reported in

the forests along road alignment. Major wildlife includes Panthera pardus (Chituwa), Canis

aureus (Syal), Hystrix indica (Dumsi), Ursus sp. (Bhalu), Martes flavigula (Malsalpro). Avian

species include Lophura leucomelanos (Kalij), Gallus gallus (Luiche), Streptopelia sp.

(Dhukur), Psittacula sp. (Suga) etc. The extant reptilian species in this forest include

Lycodon aulicus (Siris Sarpa), Ptyas mucosa (Dhaman), Nerodia sipedon (Pani Sarpa) etc.

The major settlements along the alignment include Pipalbhanjyang, Bhoteswara, Khattar,

Nibuwatar, Rajbas, Hayutar, Chandanpur, Solabhanjyang, Netrakali, and Aaptar. 1,365

persons live in 2,859 households in the Directly Impact Area of the sub-project. The

population of the project area is dominated by Tamang. Other main castes include Magar,

Chhetri, Brahmin etc. Total literacy of the project area is 59.60% (including just literate also).

People of the project area are involved in agriculture as their main occupation. Among the

other main occupations, wage labour, foreign employment, and service are important. Health

care service is being delivered by Health Posts and Medicals. Almost 81.75% of the

households use piped water for drinking. 67.86% of the households in the project area have

been supplied with electricity and 32.14% uses solar for the lighting purpose.

Environmental Impacts

Beneficial Impacts

The immediate beneficial impact from the project during construction phase is generation of

temporary employment opportunity of 134,877 person days. The major beneficial impacts

after operation of project includes year round transportation facility and accessibility to the

Kamalamai Municipality-2 and Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality-1, 2, 3 and 4, Pipalbhanjyang,

Bhoteswara, Khattar, Nibuwatar, Rajbas, Hayutar, Chandanpur, Solabhanjyang, Netrakali,

Aaptar and its surrounding settlements of Sindhuli district and promotes the Market

Development, Increase in land Value, Industrial Development, generating employment,

Increase in crop productivity and Increase in sale of local products. Once in operation the

road will offer easy, comfortable and quick access to people of the area to social service

facilities like health, education, market and other facilities. After rehabilitation and

reconstruction of the road, the supply of daily consumables, food and others will be easy and

provide market to local agricultural products which will improve the living standard of and

help the earthquake affected people in social and economic recovery.

Adverse Impacts

Among the adverse impact on the social domain of the environment, pressure on existing

service facilities, possible conflict and clash between local and outside workers, occupational

health and safety are of chief concern. The land acquired for the implementation of the

project can undergo a long-term permanent change in the land use.Changes of land use due

to the construction of road are mainly conversion of 1.665 ha of cultivated land, 1.120 ha

built-up area, 5.312 ha forest and 0.131 ha of barren land, and 0.050 ha of river/ stream

area. Similarly, there will be some change in land use due to expansion of roadside

settlements. Due to the expansion of the road 8 private structure and one community tap will

IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli ix

be directly impact. Other impacts are gender discrimination in task and diseases due to

unhygienic living condition, communicable diseases etc. During operation phase, ribbon

settlement along the project alignment could develop haphazardly and encroachment might

occur along road alignment.

Operation of construction equipment and vehicles and use of chemical substances during

construction activates may produce noise, water and air pollution. Improper management of

waste may cause water and soil pollution leading to other deleterious consequences.

Improper storage and handling of construction materials and equipment’s may cause water

and soil pollution through leakage and seepage. Regarding the impact on biological

environment, impact of hunting and poaching on wild animal is considered important. In total,

47 trees from the community forest, 7 trees from the leasehold forest, 832 trees from the

government managedl forest and 373 trees from the private forest and private land need to

be cut down.

Benefit Augmentation Measures

Life skill training such as income generation activities for affected households, construction

of soft engineering structures and bioengineering works for workers will be conducted.

Awareness rising and environmental awareness trainings will be provided. More emphasis

will be given to women workers as at least 20% workers should be women.

Mitigation Measures

A number of practical and cost effective mitigation measures have been suggested to

prevent, correct and compensate the adverse effects of the project implementation. The

project proponent is bound to implement these measures during the construction and

operation of the project. For construction phase, the proponent will implement the mitigation

measures through contractor. Some of the major measures to be adopted are as follows:

Private properties including private structures and private property will be acquired after

compensation.

To address the issue of occupational health and safety, proper safety arrangements will

be made. Safety equipment such as helmets, boots, gloves, safety belts, safety glasses

and masks will be provided to the workers working in the construction sites. Warning

signs, posts, barriers and guards will be installed to restrict access of unauthorized

persons to storage areas.

Arrangements of temporary latrines will be made for workers in proper site.

Spoil generated from earthwork will be disposed in designated location and managed

properly with toe wall and retaining wall, vegetation cover and necessary drainage

structures.

Existing and possible landslides will be controlled or prevented by appropriate bio-

engineering technique.

All the camp wastes and construction wastes will be placed in the designated waste

collection pits away from the water path.

Oils and other chemicals used in construction activities will be handled carefully and

stored in fallow land away from the river beds by using impervious layers.

Hoarding boards carrying messages to aware people on control of hunting and poaching

of wildlife and their conservation will be placed.

IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli x

NRS. 3,370,788.35 have been allocated for compensatory plantation.

Public Consultation and Information Disclosure

Public consultation was done with the local people living near the proposed road, members

of local organizations and local leaders during the preparation of draft IEE report in order to

aware them of incoming road rehabilitation and reconstruction sub-project and to identify the

possible beneficial and adverse impacts due to this sub-project. After preparation of the draft

IEE report, 7 days public notice was published in 2073/05/24 B.S (2017/09/09 A.D) on

Rajdhani, a national Nepali daily newspaper seeking written opinions from concerned

stakeholders.

Draft IEE report along with executive summary, identified impacts, recommended benefit

augmentation and mitigation measures and EMP was prepared in for public disclosure for

comments and suggestion on the Date 2017/09/14. Likewise, after the incorporation of

comments from NRA, IEE report has been sent for approval.

Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM)

The IEE report has suggested four (4) levels of GRMs to receive and facilitate resolution of

affected people’s concerns and grievances regarding project’s environmental and social

performances and impacts in a timely and satisfactory manner.

Environmental Management Plan

Environmental Management Plan (EMP) has been proposed with present report including

issues identified, possible effects and impacts, measures for their mitigation, monitoring

methods and schedule in Chapter 9. In addition, agencies responsible for executing

environmental mitigation measures and monitoring have been identified in the EMP.

Different monitoring indicators on the physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural

environment have also been identified. The NRA with district bodies will monitor during

reconstruction and operation phase. For the environmental monitoring, NR 325,000 has

been allocated. The total cost allocated for environment management of the sub-project is

NRs. 12,081,211.68 of which NRs. 7,485,423.33 is already included in civil work cost.

Conclusion and Recommendation

Most of the identified and perceived impacts of the project are of low significance compared

to the project of this scale. With the set of mitigation measures, most of the adverse impacts

can be minimised and/or compensated and limited to locality and construction period.

Hence, it is suitable to implement the project addressing the impacts through the mitigation

and enhancement measures suggested by this IEE, considering the nature of the project, its

location, and people’s positive perceptions and identified environmental impacts.

IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli xi

Table of Contents

1. Introduction .................................................................................................................... 1

1.1. Background ................................................................................................................ 1

1.2. Proponent ................................................................................................................... 2

1.3. Consultant .................................................................................................................. 2

1.4. Objectives of ToR ....................................................................................................... 2

1.5. Objectives of IEE Study .............................................................................................. 3

1.6. Rationale for Conducting IEE ..................................................................................... 3

2. Detail on Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Work .......................................................... 4

2.1. Location and Access .................................................................................................. 4

2.2. Salient Feature ........................................................................................................... 7

2.3. Components and Activities of the Sub-project ............................................................ 8

2.3.1 Construction Approach .................................................................................... 8

2.3.2 Construction Materials Required ...................................................................... 9

2.4. Human Resource ..................................................................................................... 10

2.5. Land Requirement .................................................................................................... 10

2.6. Cost .......................................................................................................................... 11

2.7. Implementation Schedule ......................................................................................... 11

3. Methodology ................................................................................................................ 12

3.1. Literature Review ..................................................................................................... 12

3.2. Impact Area Delineation ........................................................................................... 13

3.3. Field Investigation .................................................................................................... 13

3.4. Interaction and Public Consultation .......................................................................... 15

3.5. Database Preparation, Interpretation, Identification, Prediction and Evaluation of

Impact ................................................................................................................................. 16

3.6. Study Team .............................................................................................................. 17

3.7. Information Disclosure .............................................................................................. 17

4. Description of the Existing Environment ....................................................................... 18

4.1. Physical Environment ............................................................................................... 18

4.1.1 Topography and Geomorphology................................................................... 18

4.1.2 Land Use Pattern ........................................................................................... 21

4.1.3 Climate and Hydrology ................................................................................... 22

4.1.4 Landslide and Erosion Prone Area ................................................................. 22

4.1.5 Air, Noise and Water Quality .......................................................................... 23

4.2. Biological Environment ............................................................................................. 23

4.2.1 Vegetation Type ............................................................................................. 23

4.2.2 Wildlife ........................................................................................................... 26

4.2.3 Fish ................................................................................................................ 27

4.2.4 Protected Flora and Fauna in Sub-project area .............................................. 27

4.3. Socio-economic and Cultural Environment ............................................................... 28

4.3.1 District Context .............................................................................................. 28

4.3.2 Indirect Impact Area ....................................................................................... 36

4.3.3 Direct Impact Area ......................................................................................... 39

4.3.4 Project Affected Families ............................................................................... 61

5. Impacts of Reconstruction Plan Implementation on Environment ................................. 63

5.1. Beneficial Impacts .................................................................................................... 63

IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli xii

5.1.1 Construction Phase........................................................................................ 63

5.1.2 Operation Phase ............................................................................................ 64

5.2. Adverse Impacts ....................................................................................................... 65


5.2.2 Operation Phase ............................................................................................ 70

5.3. Climate Change Impacts .......................................................................................... 72

6. Analysis of Alternatives ................................................................................................ 73

6.1. No Action Alternative ................................................................................................ 73

6.2. Project Alternatives .................................................................................................. 73

6.3. Alternative Alignment ................................................................................................ 73

6.4. Alternative Design and Construction Approach ......................................................... 73

6.5. Alternative Schedule and Process ............................................................................ 74

6.6. Alternative Resources .............................................................................................. 74

6.7. No Forest Alternative ................................................................................................ 74

7. Environmental Impact Augmentation, Mitigation and Minimization Measures ............... 75

7.1. Mitigation Measures during Pre-construction Phase ................................................. 75

7.1.1 Detailed Survey and Design ........................................................................... 75

7.2. Beneficial Impacts Augmentation Measures ............................................................. 75


7.2.2 Operation Phase ............................................................................................ 76

7.3. Adverse Impacts Mitigation Measures ...................................................................... 76


7.3.2 Operation Phase ............................................................................................ 82

7.4. Climate Change Impacts .......................................................................................... 83

8. Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements for the Project .................................. 85

9. Environmental Management Plan ................................................................................ 91

9.1. Institutions and Their Roles ...................................................................................... 91

9.2. Implementation of Benefit Augmentation and Mitigation Measures ........................... 93

9.3. Mitigation Cost for Executing the Environmental Management Plan ....................... 105

9.3.1 Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Activities ...................................... 105

9.3.2 Major Costs for Environmental Safeguard Measures ................................... 106

9.4. Matters to be monitored while implementing the Proposal ...................................... 107

9.4.1 Baseline Monitoring ..................................................................................... 107

9.4.2 Compliance Monitoring ................................................................................ 107

9.4.3 Impact Monitoring ........................................................................................ 107

9.5. Monitoring Parameters ........................................................................................... 108

9.5.1 Pre-Construction Phase ............................................................................... 108

9.5.2 Construction Phase...................................................................................... 108

9.5.3 Operation Phase .......................................................................................... 109

9.6. Monitoring Indicators .............................................................................................. 109

9.7. Grievance Redress Mechanism .............................................................................. 116

10. Conclusion and Recommendation ............................................................................. 119

References ....................................................................................................................... 120

IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli xiii

List of Tables

Table 1: Salient Feature of the Proposed Road..................................................................... 7

Table 2: Possible Quarry Sites .............................................................................................. 9

Table 3: Sources of Construction Materials ......................................................................... 10

Table 4: Additional Land Required Area for Upgrading Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali

Road ................................................................................................................................... 11

Table 5: Sub-project Implementation Schedule ................................................................... 11

Table 6: Impact Area Delination of Sub-project ................................................................... 13

Table 7: Lithostratigraphy of the Lesser Himalaya Rock Exposed along the Road .............. 18

Table 8: Geology and Types of Soil along the Road Alignment ........................................... 20

Table 9: Land Use along the Road Alignment ..................................................................... 21

Table 10: Location of Landslides and Bio-Engineering Works ............................................. 22

Table 11: Plant species falling under Right-of-Way and Formation-of-Width of Road .......... 23

Table 12: Forests along Road ............................................................................................. 25

Table 13: Protected Flora and Fauna Recorded in Project Area ......................................... 27

Table 14: Demographic Characteristic of Sindhuli District ................................................... 28

Table 15: Absentee populatio .............................................................................................. 28

Table 16: Religion Followed by People of Sindhuli District .................................................. 29

Table 17: Caste and Ethnicity in the Sindhuli District .......................................................... 29

Table 18: Languages Spoken in Sindhuli District ................................................................ 30

Table 19: Educational Status in Sindhuli District ................................................................. 31

Table 20: Status of Drinking Water in Sindhuli District......................................................... 32

Table 21: Status of Toilet Facilities in Sindhuli District ......................................................... 32

Table 22: Types of Toilets in Sindhuli District ...................................................................... 32

Table 23: Status of Energy Used for Cooking in Sindhuli District ........................................ 33

Table 24: Ownership of House in Sindhuli District ............................................................... 34

Table 25: Type of Foundation of House in Sindhuli District ................................................. 34

Table 26: Type of Outer Wall of House in Sindhuli District .................................................. 34

Table 27: Type of Roof of House in Sindhuli District ........................................................... 35

Table 28: Status of Households regarding Facilities to Accessories in Sindhuli District ....... 35

Table 29: Various Facilities Possessed by Households in Sindhuli District .......................... 35

Table 30: General Population Scenario of the Indirectly Affected Areas .............................. 37

Table 31: Ethnic Composition of the Indirectly Impact Areas ............................................... 38

Table 32: Literacy Status of the Indirectly Affected Areas ................................................... 39

Table 33: General Population Scenario of the Project Affected Area ................................... 40

Table 34: General Population Scenario of the Project Affected Areas (Age Group) ............ 40

Table 35: Major Languages Spoken in the Project Affected Areas ...................................... 41

Table 36: Drinking Water Sources in Project Affected Areas ............................................... 42

Table 37: Fuel Source for Cooking in Project Affected Areas .............................................. 42

Table 38: Energy Source for Lighting in Project Affected Areas .......................................... 43

Table 39: Sanitation Status in Project Affected Areas ......................................................... 43

Table 40: Literacy Status in the Indirectly Affected Areas .................................................... 43

Table 41: Major Settlement Located in the Proposed road alignment .................................. 45

Table 42: Household and Population of PAS(s) .................................................................. 45

Table 43: Caste and Ethnicity in PAS(s).............................................................................. 46

Table 44: Religion Followed in PAS(s) ................................................................................ 47

IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli xiv

Table 45: Migration Trend in PAS ....................................................................................... 47

Table 46: Occupation in Project Affected Settlement........................................................... 48

Table 47: Livelihood Status in PAS ..................................................................................... 49

Table 48: Housing Structure Type in PAS ........................................................................... 49

Table 49: Available Health Service in PAS .......................................................................... 50

Table 50: Major Disease found in PAS ................................................................................ 51

Table 51: Solid Waste Management Techniques ................................................................ 51

Table 52: Educational Status in PAS ................................................................................... 52

Table 53: Availability and Access to Educational Institutions in PAS(s) ............................... 53

Table 54: Status of Drinking Water in PAS .......................................................................... 53

Table 55: Status of Energy Used for Cooking in PAS .......................................................... 54

Table 56: Status of Energy Used for Lighting in PAS .......................................................... 54

Table 57: Status of Sanitation Condition in PAS .................................................................. 55

Table 58: Status of Telecommunication Facility in PAS ....................................................... 55

Table 59: Major Market in PAS ........................................................................................... 56

Table 60: Status of Refreshment and Shops Facility in PAS ............................................... 57

Table 61: Status of Financial Institutions in PAS ................................................................. 58

Table 62: Land Ownership in PAS ...................................................................................... 58

Table 63: Irrigation Status in PAS ....................................................................................... 59

Table 64: Major Crops in PAS ............................................................................................. 59

Table 65: Major Livestock in PAS ....................................................................................... 59

Table 66: Potential Economic activities by Road Upgrading in local level............................ 60

Table 67: Historical, Cultural, Archaeological, Religious and Tourism Sites ........................ 60

Table 68: Social Centres ..................................................................................................... 61

Table 69: Summary of Affected Households by the Sub-project .......................................... 61

Table 70: Average Income of APs ....................................................................................... 62

Table 71: Food Sufficiency of AP ........................................................................................ 62

Table 72: Possible Spoil Disposal site ................................................................................. 65

Table 73: Proposed Camp site along the road .................................................................... 67

Table 74: Trees to be Cut in Formation Width ..................................................................... 67

Table 75: Summary of Affected Private Structure in the Formation Width ........................... 69

Table 76: Summary of Affected Community structure in the formation width ....................... 69

Table 77: Compensatory Plantation against Tree Loss ....................................................... 79

Table 78: Review of Relevant Acts, Rules, Regulations and Guidelines ............................. 85

Table 79: Institutions and Their Roles ................................................................................. 91

Table 80: Likely Beneficial Impacts and Enhancement Measures ....................................... 94

Table 81 : Likely Adverse Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures ............................... 96

Table 82: Environmental Monitoring Cost .......................................................................... 106

Table 83: Estimate for Environmental Enhancement and Mitigation Measures ................. 106

Table 84: Monitoring Indicators Selected for this IEE ........................................................ 109

Table 85: Compliance Monitoring for Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Sub-project

......................................................................................................................................... 111

Table 86: Impact/Effect Monitoring of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Sub-project

......................................................................................................................................... 114

IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli xv

List of Figures

Figure 1: Overall Location in GIS Map .................................................................................. 5

Figure 2: Alignment Map of Sub-project ................................................................................ 6

Figure 3: Population of Sindhuli District by Different Age Group .......................................... 29

Figure 4: Literacy Status of Sindhuli District ........................................................................ 31

Figure 5: Status of Energy Used for Lighting in Sindhuli District .......................................... 33

Figure 6: Ethnic Composition of the Indirectly Affected Areas ............................................. 41

Figure 7: Educational Attainment of People in Project Affected Areas ................................. 44

Figure 8: Environmental Management Organisation Structure ............................................ 93

Figure 9: Flow Diagram for Grievance Redress Mechanism .............................................. 117

Appendixes

Appendix I: Approved ToR for IEE Study .......................................................................... 122

Appendix II: Climate Change Checklist ............................................................................. 137

Appendix III: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist ...................................... 139

Appendix IV: Environmental Checklist ............................................................................... 142

Appendix V: Public Notice ................................................................................................. 147

Appendix VI: Project Cost ................................................................................................. 149

Appendix VII: Meeting Minutes and Public Disclosure ....................................................... 151

Appendix VIII: Deed of Inquiry(Muchulka) ......................................................................... 158

Appendix IX: Recommendation ......................................................................................... 172

Appendix X: Consulted Person ......................................................................................... 177

Appendix XI: Trees to be Cut Down .................................................................................. 178

Appendix XII: Affected Structures...................................................................................... 199

Appendix XIII: Photographs............................................................................................... 204

IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli xvi

ABBREVIATIONS

ADB: Asian Development Bank

AP: Affected Person

CBO: Community Based Organization

CDC: Compensation Determination Committee

CF: Community Forest

CFUG: Community Forest Users Group

Ch: Chainage

CISC: Central Implementation Support Consultants

CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and

Flora

CLPIU Central Level Project Implementation Unit

DFO: District Forest Office/Officer

DIA Direct Impact Area

DISC: District Implementation Support Consultants

DLPIU: District Level Project Implementation Unit

DTMP: District Transport Master Plan

DoLIDAR: Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural Roads

DRCN: District Road Core Network

DRILP-AF Decentralize Rural Infrastructue Livlihood Project-Additional Financing

EA Executing Agency

EARF Environmental Assessment Review Framework

EEAP Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project

EIA: Environmental Impact Assessment

EMP: Environmental Management Plan

EMS: Environmental Management Section

FGD: Focus Group Discussion

GESI: Gender Equality and Social Inclusion

GoN: Government of Nepal

GRC Grievance Redress Committee

Ha: Hectare

Hh: Household

IIA Indirect Impact Area

IEE: Initial Environmental Examination

IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature

Km: Kilometer

LAC Local Area Committee

LC Least Concern

LEP: Labour based, environment friendly and participatory

LR/NT Lower Risk/Near Threatened

MoFAGA: Ministry of Federal Affairs & General Administration

NCB National Competitive Bidding

NF: National Forest

NRA National Reconstruction Authority

NGO: Non-Governmental Organization

NRs: Nepali Rupees

IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli xvii

NTFPs: Non Timber Forest Products

PAS(s): Project Affected Settlements

PF: Private Forest

RM Rural Municipality

RoW Right of Way

SDC: Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation

SSO: Social Safeguard Officer

ToR: Terms of Reference

VDC: Village Development Committee

ZoI: Zone of Influence

IEE of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Sub-project, Sindhuli 1

1. Introduction

1.1. Background

1. Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) is a project being implemented

with the loan financing of ADB, technical assistance from Swiss Agency for Development

and Cooperation (SDC) and counterpart funding from the Government of Nepal (GoN). It

aimed at accelerating economic and social recovery of the communities through

rehabilitation and reconstruction of local infrastructures damaged due to devastating

earthquake of 25 April 2015 and the major aftershock of 12 May 2015. The project will

support the Government of Nepal (GoN) in its efforts to put thousands of children back into

schools, return vital government services to desperate communities, and create jobs and

income for families by repairing critical road networks. The Project covers 12 affected

districts in eastern, middle and western development region of Nepal namely: Kathmandu,

Bhaktapur, Lalitpur, Kavrepalanchowk, Ramechhap, Okhaldhunga, Sindhuli, Solukhumbu,

Ramechhap, Gorkha, Lamjung and Chitwan. The project will repair, retrofit or rebuild at least

700 schools and 300 district-level government buildings damaged by the earthquake to

disaster-resilient standards. The project will also repair and improve about 135 km of

strategic roads and about 450 km of rural roads damaged by the earthquake and landslides.

The road will be rebuilt with improved road safety features and will be designed to withstand

future disasters and the impact of climate change.

2. Total 37.20 km long Pipalbhnajyang-Hayutar-Netrakali road starts at Pipalbhanjyang

of Kamalamai Municipality-2 (then Bhadrakali VDC-3) and ends at Ghyanglekh Rural

Municipality-4 (then Netrakali VDC-5, Majhitar).Then Disitrict Development Committee

(DDC) had opened the track of initial 14 Km road section, from Pipalbhanjyang to Simle

khattar duting 2060 B.S to 2062 B.S and remaining section was constructed during 2066 B.S

– 2067 B.S. This road was reconstructed later by Rural Rehabilitation and Reconstruction

Secto Development Project (RRRSDP) with an average of around 5m.

3. This road was affected by the mega earthquake 2015 in several places. After

completion of this sub-project, the road will connect settlement like Pipalbhanjyang,

Bhoteswara, Khatter, Nibuwatar, Buktikhatar, Rajabas, Hayutar, Chandanpur,

Solabhanjyang, Chhaukitar, Aaptar of KamalamaiMunicipality and Ghyanglekh Rural

Municipality to the BP Highway and to District headquarter Sindhulimadi. Local people will

directly benefit due to transportation facilities, and their economic income will be increase

due to access of local product in the market. In future, the road from Pipalbhanjyang to

Netrakali will meet nearby Nepalthok in BP highway and could be an alternative route for

Kathmandu to Sindhuli. Also, the proposed rehabilitation and upgrading will facilitate the

easy access to the rural people of south-west part of Sindhuli District. Further, the enhanced

road network will provide access to the rural people of these areas to the basic service

facilities like health, education and daily economic activities hence improving their living

standard. Therefore, it has been proposed for rehabilitation and reconstruction and the road

has attracted DTMP priority No-20DR005.

4. The sub-project affected then Bhadrakali VDC is now restructured as ward no. 2 of

Kamalamai Municipality and sub-project affected then VDCs i.e. Amale, Bastipur, Netrakali

and Tamajor is now restructured as ward no. 1, 2, 3 & 4 of Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality

respectively.


1.2. Proponent

5. The proposed sub-project is for the rehabilitation and reconstruction of the Pipal

bhnajyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road in Sindhuli district. The District Level Project

Implementation Unit (DLPIU) Sindhuli district, being responsible for the district roads is the

proponent for conducting Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) for proposed road under

ADB/SDC and GON funded Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP). The

National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) is the concerned authority for the approval of the

IEE study report.

6. Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) under the Ministry of Federal

Affairs and General Administration (MoFAGA) is the implementing agency for the district

road sub-component. EEAP has established Central Level Project Implementation Unit

(CLPIU), headed by Project director in center and District Level Project Implementation Unit

(DLPIU) headed by project manager at district level. DLPIU is supported by District

Implementation Support Consultant (DISC) at district level, Central Implementation Support

Consultant (CISC) and CLPIU at central level.

Address of the Proponent

Earthquake Emergency Assistant Project, District Level Project Implementation Unit,

Sindhuli District

Sindhulimadi

Telephone No.: 047-520149

Fax No.: 047-520544


1.3. Consultant

7. Af-Iteco Ltd., Switzerland acting as Central Implementation Support Consultant of

EEAP has awarded consultancy services to the Joint Venture of Silt

Consultant/TSE/ECN/EC in association with GeoCom International for the consulting service

to prepare Detailed Project Report (DPR) including Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

Report of the above mentioned road project on behalf of the proponent adhering with all the

prevalent policies, acts, rules and guidelines.

Address of the Consultant

Central Implementation Support Consultant (CISC)

Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP)

Ekantakuna, Lalitpur

P.O. Box 113, Kathmandu

Telephone No: 977-1-5543142/43

Fax No: 977-1-5543144

E-mail: [email protected]

Website: www.drilpnepal.org

1.4. Objectives of ToR

8. The main objective of the TOR was to guide the preparation of the comprehensive

and coherent Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) study report as per clause 2 of

http://www.drilpnepal.org/


schedule 1 pertaining to section 3 of Working Procedure Relating with Environmental Impact

Assessment for Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures, (second amendment,

2017). The specific objectives of the study were as listed below.

Identify the data requirement of IEE study and general methods for acquisition of such

information

Identify major impacts that may arise as a result of proposed works on physical,

biological, socio-economic and cultural environment of the project area

Identify relevant legal documents that need to be reviewed during the IEE study

Provide an outline on structure of IEE study report.

1.5. Objectives of IEE Study

9. The main objective of the IEE study is to identify the environmental impact due to

implementation of the sub-project in the area and to suggest a sustainable way out, help

decision makers to balance development and protection of human wellbeing and the

environment. The specific objectives of the study are to:

Provide information on the general environmental setting of the project area as baseline

data

Identify, predict and evaluate the major impacts that may arise as a result of proposed

works on physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environment of the project

area

Recommend practical and site specific environmental mitigation and enhancement

measures

Prepare and recommend environmental management and monitoring plan for the project

1.6. Rationale for Conducting IEE

10. An IEE of the upgrading road is necessary in order to assess the environmental

consequences of the road reconstruction and rehabilitation activities and suggest

appropriate, practical and site specific mitigation and enhancement measures. This is District

Road Core Network (DRCN)2 according to Nepal Rural Road Standard (2055) 1st Revision,

September 2012 of the Department of Local Infrastructure Development and Agricultural

Roads. Preparation of IEE report for district road is mandatory according to act relating to

reconstruction of the earthquake affected structure 2015, rule relating to reconstruction of

the earthquake affected structure 2016, working procedure related with Environmental

Impact Assessment for rehabilitation of earthquake affected structures, second Amendment

2017 (Schedule 1) and safeguard policy statement,2009 of ADB suggest the appropriate

practical & site specific mitigation and enhancement measures to address the environmental

impact of the proposal.

2 A Road within the district joining a VDC headquarter (HQ or a growth centre to the district HQ directly or via other VDC(s), a

neighboring district HQ or the strategic road network is called “district road core network”. Other roads which are not included in this network are village road.


2. Detail on Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Work

2.1. Location and Access

11. The sub-project is located in Kamalamai Municipality ward no. 2 (then Bhadrakali

VDC-3) and Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality 1, 2, 3 & 4 (then Amale VDC, Bastipur VDC,

Netrakali VDC and Tamajor VDC) of Sindhuli district. The proposed road alignment starts at

Pipalbhanjyang of Kamalamai Municipality-2 (then Bhadrakali VDC-3) and ends at

Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality-4 (then Netrakali VDC-5, Majhitar). The major settlements

along the road alignment are Pipalbhanjyang, Bhoteswara, Khatter, Nibuwatar, Buktikhatar,

Rajabas, Hayutar, Chandanpur, Solabhanjyang, Chhaukitar, Aaptar, etc. The main

caste/ethnic groups settled in the project area are Brahmin, Chhetri, Tamang, Magar, Newar,

Sunwar etc.

12. The land use of the sub-project area is mainly covered by cultivated land, forest,

Bagar and built-up area. The elevation of proposed road varies from 527 m to 1154 m from

mean sea level. The project area is located in upper tropical and sub-tropical climatic zone.

The road does not pass through any protected areas, historically and archaeologically

sensitive areas. This road has been proposed for upgrading as gravel and cobble. The road

passes through forests, cultivated land, barren land and settlement area crossing streams

(Kholo/kholsi) such as: Chisapanu Khola, Dhanman Khola, Taru Khola, Landi Khola, Simle

Khola, Baseri Khola, Lipe Khola, Rin Khola, Marin Khola, Tamajor Khola are the major

streams of the project area.

13. Length of this road is 37.20 km and formation width is 6.25 m. Total sub-project cost

is NRs. 807,552,288.46 and civil work cost is NRs. 777,118,646.06 as shown in Appendix

VI. The location of road is given in Figure 1 and 2.

14. In the initial phase, the first 14 Km road section, from Pipalbhanjyang to Simle khattar

was constructed in 2060 to 2062 and remaining section was constructed in 2066 - 2067.

Initially the road was constructed through financial support from DDC and later by RRRSDP.

The average width of the road was around 5m. Road was affected by the mega earthquake

2015 in several places. After completion of this sub-project the road connects several

settlements of KamalamaiMunicipality and Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality to the BP Highway

and to district headquarter Sindhulimadi. Local people will directly benefit due to

transportation facilities, and their economic income will be increase due to access of local

product in the market. In future, the road from Pipalbhanjyang to Netrakali meets nearby

Nepalthok in BP highway and could be an alternative route for Kathmandu to Sindhuli.


Figure 1: Overall Location in GIS Map


Figure 2: Alignment Map of Sub-project


2.2. Salient Feature

15. The salient features of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road, including the

features described in the preceding sections, are summarized in Table 1.

Table 1: Salient Feature of the Proposed Road

S.N Particular Description

1 Name of the Sub-project Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road rehabilitation and

reconstruction sub-project

2 Geographical Location Sindhuli District

3 Starting Point Pipalbhanjyang of Kamalamai Municipality-2 (then

Bhadrakali VDC-3), Sindhuli District

4 End Point Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality-4 (then Netrakali VDC-5,

Majhitar), Sindhuli District

5 Terrain Siwalik and Hilly

6 Municipality/Rural

Municipality along road

corridor

Kamalamai Municipality (then Bhadrakali VDC) and

Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality (then Amale VDC, Bastipur

VDC, Tamajor VDC and Netrakali VDC) of Sindhuli

district.

7 Household Number (DIA) 2,859

8 Major Settlements Pipalbhanjyang, Bhoteswara, Khattar, Nibuwatar, Rajbas,

Hayutar, Chandanpur, Solabhanjyang, Netrakali, Aaptar

9 Geological Feature Basically characterized by gneiss, schist, sandstone and

conglomerate and the common soil types include

colluvial, alluvial and residual soils

10 Climate Upper tropical and Sub-tropical

11 Alignment Existing

12 Classification of Road District Road Core Network (DTMP code: 20DR005)

13 Road Status Earthen

14 Road Length 37.20 km

15 Road Standard NRRS 2055 (second rev 2071)

16 Proposed Pavement Gravel and cobble

17 Right of Way 10 m either side of center line

18 Roadway Width

(Formation)(m)

6.25 with drain

19 Carriage Way Width (m) 3.75

20 Shoulder Width, either

side (m)

0.75


S.N Particular Description

21 Maximum Gradient (%) 12

22 Minimum Gradient (%) 0.5

23 Retaining structures 29,545.96 m3

24 Stone Masonry Wall 14,038.76 m3

25 Cutting 1,88,385.21 m3

26 Filling 40,820.17 m3

27 Total civil cost (NRs.) 777,118,646.06

28 Bioengineering Works

(NRs.)

5,827,259.86

29 Mitigation Cost (NRs.) 4,270,788.35

30 Monitoring Cost (NRs.) 325,000.00

31 Total EMP Cost (NRs.) 12,081,211.68 ( of which NRs. 7,485,423.33 is included in

civil work cost)

32 Resettlement Cost (NRs.) 25,637,854.05

33 Gender Equality & Social

Inclusion Cost (NRs.)

200,000.00

34 Total Project Cost (NRs.) 807,552,288.46

Employment Generation (Total Person Days)

35 Skilled 31,134

36 Unskilled 103,743

2.3. Components and Activities of the Sub-project

16. Total length of the road is 37.20 km with 6.25 m formation width. Project components

are: construction of structures like toe wall, retaining wall, breast wall as well as earthwork

like site clearance, gravel and cobble works etc. bioengineering, spoil disposal management,

compensatory plantation are the activities during the construction of this road sub-project.

2.3.1 Construction Approach

17. Implementation of road sub-project works shall be carried out by the contractor,

selected through NCB with following features:

Use of heavy machinery for construction.

Balancing cut and fills and reuse of excavated materials as construction materials, and

thus not generating excess spoils as far as possible.

Use of bio-engineering techniques with integrated use of vegetation, simple civil

engineering structures and proper water management systems for slope protection.


2.3.2 Construction Materials Required

18. Construction material investigation was carried out around vicinity of the project sites

along the road alignment. The investigation focused on locating prospective borrows areas

of non-cohesive materials (colluvial and alluvial deposits). The prospective borrow sites were

identified as sources of coarse aggregates.

19. The construction material survey was carried out for the following purposes:

Identification of location, estimation of quantity of sand, boulder, gravel and other

possible construction material in and around the construction site.

Site identification and determination of relevant materials available along river beds that

can be used as concrete aggregates.

20. Based on the construction material survey, different quarry sites are observed along

the road as well as at river bank, possible quarry sites are shown below in Table 2.

Table 2: Possible Quarry Sites

Material Site Average

Distance

Location (Municiplaity /

RM-Ward)

Sand (i) Baseri khola, lipe khola, rin khola,

tamajor khola outside of road alignment

(ii) Dhanman khola, tar khola, langdi

khola along the road alignment (iii)

Alternative source (marin khola, kamala

mai khola etc.)

10 km Kamalamai Municipality-2

and Ghuanglekh Rural

Municipality-1

Stone (i) Baseri khola, lipe khola, rin khola,


(ii)Dhanman khola, tar khola, langdi

khola, Ch. 20+410-20+620 and Ch.

20+800-21+160 along the road



Municipality-1,2

Gravel (i) Baseri khola, lipe khola, rin khola,


(ii) Dhanman khola, tar khola, langdi

khola along the road alignment (iii)

Alternative source (marin khola, kamala

mai khola etc)



Municipality-1

Crushed

Aggregate

(i) Kamalamai khola 10 km up to

Ch 0+000

Kamalamai Municipality-2

Source: Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project (DPR 2017)

21. The main source of construction materials is the Dhanman Khola, Tar Khola, Landi

Khola, Baseri Khola, Lipe Khola, Rin Khola, and Tamajor Khola. The materials from quarry

side are also possible along the road but the quantities are less. The river bed materials from

the Dhanman Khola, Tar Khola, Landi Khola, Baseri Khola, Lipe Khola, Rin Khola, and

Tamajor Khola can be used. The volume of the construction materials is more than sufficient

in quantity for the road construction. The possible areas are given below in Table 3.


Table 3: Sources of Construction Materials

S.N Source Distance from

Road

Composition

Type of Extraction Current

Land

Use

Borrow

Area

Hydrology

Geological

Instability

1 Dhanman

Khola,

Riverbed B-25%;

C+P 60%; S-15%

Gneiss-70%;

Quartzite and schist-

30%

Barren 200x3x2

m3

Stable

2 Tar

Khola,

Riverbed B-35%;

C+P 50%; S-15%

Gneiss-80%;


20%

Barren 110x4x2

m3

Stable

3 Landi

Khola,

Riverbed B-45%;

C+P 50%; S-5%

Gneiss-20%;


70%

Barren 200x2x2

m3

Stable

4 Baseri

Khola,

10 km far from

road alignment

riverbed

Gneiss-20%;


70%

Barren 200x2x2

m3

Stable

5 Lipe

Khola,

10 km far from

road alignment

riverbed

Gneiss-

20%;Quartzite and

schist- 70%

Barren 200x2x2

m3

Stable

6 Rin

Khola,

10 km far from

road alignment

riverbed

Gneiss-20%;


70%

Barren 200x2x2

m3

Stable

7 Tamajor

Khola

10 km far from

road alignment

riverbed

Gneiss-20%;


70%

Barren 200x2x2

m3

Stable

Source: Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction Project (DPR 2017)

2.4. Human Resource

22. The project requires both skilled and unskilled human resource. Total 134,877

person days human resource (31,134 person days skill and 103,743 person days unskilled)

will require carrying out civil work activities.

2.5. Land Requirement

23. The land acquired for the implementation of the project can undergo a long-term

permanent change in the land use. The formation width of the road is 6.25 m, but the road

width that has been cleared is, on an average, 5.25 m. An additional 1 m (in average) has to

be cleared in order to achieve the desired width. Changes of land use due to the

construction of road are mainly conversion of additional 1.665 ha of cultivated land, 1.120 ha

built-up area, 0.754 ha forest and 0.131 ha of barren land, and 0.050 ha of river/ stream

area. Detail is given in Table 4 below.The existing road has auquired 3.741 ha of forest land,

and with additional 0.754 ha of additional land; the road sub-project requires total 4.495 ha

of forest land (CF/NF/LHF) upto Ch 29+290. Further 0.812 ha of forest land will be lossed

from Ch 29+290 to Ch 37+200.


Table 4: Additional Land Required Area for Upgrading Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-

Netrakali Road

S.N Land Use Area

Ha %

1 Cultivated Land 1.665 44.40

Khet 0.915

Bari 0.750

2 Forest (Government) 0.314 8.37

3 Forest (Community) 0.189 5.04

4 Forest (Leasehold) 0.085 2.27

5 Forest (Private) 0.193 5.23

6 Built-up Area (settlement area) 1.120 29.87

7 Barren Land 0.131 3.49

8 River/Stream 0.050 1.33

Total 3.720 100.00

Source: GIS Map prepared for the road Alignment Field Survey; 2017

2.6. Cost

24. Length of this road is 37.20 km and formation width is 6.25 m. Total sub-project cost

of the road is estimated to be NRs 807,552,288.46 and the total civil work cost is NRs.

777,118,646.06 as shown in Appendix VI.

2.7. Implementation Schedule

25. Following Table 5 shows the proposed implementation schedule for the sub-project.

Table 5: Sub-project Implementation Schedule

S.N Activities 2016 2017 2018

I II III IV I II III IV I II III IV

1 Detailed survey, design and

estimate

2 Preparation of resettlement plan

2.1 Life skill and income generation

training

3 Environmental assessment and

implementation

3.1 ToR preparation and approval from

NRA

3.2 Field study

3.3 Draft IEE preparation and notice

publication

3.3 IEE report finalization and approval

from NRA and ADB

3.4 Implementation of EMP

3.5 Environmental monitoring

4 Work implementation

4.1 Civil construction work by contractor

Note:

I - January, February, March II - April, May, June

III - July, August, September IV- October, November, December


3. Methodology

26. ToR was approved on 2074/03/25 B.S (09/07/2017 A.D) by the CEO level decision of

National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) which is given in Appendix I as per Act Relating to

Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2015, Rules Relating to

Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2016, Working Procedure Relating

with Environmental Impact Assessment for Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected

Structures, (second amendment, 2017).Total road length in ToR was 37.20 km and IEE

report has been prepared accordingly. Climate change checklist as given in Appendix II and

Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist as given in Appendix III and

environmental checklist of affected settlement area (Appendix IV) were also considered

during IEE report preparation. Necessary information was collected through literature review

and field study to accommodate all issues as included in the approved ToR to analyze

environmental impacts on physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural issues.

27. The IEE approach, methodology and procedure were followed according to the

provisions of the Act Relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2015,

Rules Relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2016, Working

Procedure Relating with Environmental Impact Assessment for Reconstruction of

Earthquake Affected Structures, (second amendment, 2017). It followed methodology

suggested in the approved ToR for IEE Study (review of literature, sample

survey/inspections/observations making simple measurements, discussion with communities

and other stakeholders, and IEE team judgment).

28. Based on the analysis of information the impacts have been identified, mitigation

measures prepared and monitoring plan has been developed.

3.1. Literature Review

29. IEE study team collected and reviewed the available secondary sources related to

physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural environmental resources of the sub-project

area. After the literature review, sub-project specific checklist was prepared.

a. Physical Environment

30. From various available sources of secondary information (e.g. Topographical Map,

Regional Geological Map, DHM, MoPE, and District Transport Management Plan (DTMP) of

Sindhui and information on topography, geology and precipitations, temperatures were

reviewed and collected.

b. Biological Environment

31. The important secondary sources of information were reviewed from relevant

literatures including other projects IEE/EIA reports, then VDC Profiles, and websites of

MoPE, DoF, then MoFSC, and DNPWC.

c. Socio-economic and Cultural Environment

32. During desk study necessary secondary data and information were gathered from

related organizations/institutions, like cadastral survey maps, National Population and

Housing Census, CBS 2011 A.D (including VDC/Municipality level).Similarly, resettlement


plan and GESI report for this road sub-project was also reviewed. These documents were

reviewed and relevant information for the study was assembled.

3.2. Impact Area Delineation

33. The project will have direct impact on Kamalamai Municipality ward no 2 (then

Bhadrakali VDC) and Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality 1, 2, 3 & 4 (then Amale VDC, Bastipur

VDC, Netrakali VDC and Tamajor VDC) of Sindhuli district. Detail on delineation of impact

area is given in Table 6.

Table 6: Impact Area Delination of Sub-project

Category Description

Direct Impact Area (Ward

level)

Construction areas which include road alignment & right of

way along with project facilities such as construction camp,

quarry site, spoil disposal sites, material storage, etc.

Considering administrative boundary: Kamalamai Municipality-2 (then

Bhadrakali VDC) and Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality 1, 2, 3 & 4 (then

Amale VDC, Bastipur VDC, Netrakali VDC and Tamajor VDC ) of

Sindhuli district

Indirect Impact Area

(Municipality/Rural

Municipality level)

Immediate areas of construction with moderate and low

impacts. Such area covers area beyond the DIA and within

100 meters each side from the centerline of road including a

buffer area of about 100 meters from the ancillary structure

sites.

(Considering administrative boundary: Kamalamai Municipality and

Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality of Sindhuli district)

3.3. Field Investigation

34. Afte the collection and review of literature, preparation of checklist, IEE study team

was mobilized to field. Data collection was done from 11/08/2017 to 18/08/2017 A.D

(2074/4/27 B.S to 2074/5/2 B.S) with the help of the staff of DISC (Sub-Engineer, Assistant

Sub-Engineer) and DLPIU (Engineer). Field survey comprised of walk through survey,

consultation with community, site inspection and observation. IEE study team also collected

muchulka, recommendation letters after the publication of notice. The following tools were

used for the collection of primary data.

Consultation meeting and focus group discussion (FGD) - To conduct consultation with

the local communities at different settlements, 2 consultation meeting and one FGD was

organized with Leasehold forest group to collect the opinion and suggestion and feed

back towards project.

Key informants survey: It was conducted with knowledgeable persons at different

settlement. It was done to collect biological, socio-economic and cultural environment

related information using a checklist

Walk through survey: Total enumeration was done for the listing of agricultural land,

forest land, affected trees, houses and other infrastructure affected properties within the

formation width of the road alignment.


Stripe map - It was used during walkthrough survey to document environmental features

according to the chainage.

Topographical map - It was used to show environmental features on the map during

walkthrough survey.


35. Physical environment survey was carried out by delineating the impact area, which

might be affected by the proposal activities during construction and operation of the road

main components and support facilities. Field survey was carried out for the land use,

topography, geomorphology, geology, soil, land stability, drainage characteristics, rainfall,

meteorological conditions, noise level, water quality, air quality etc. Site specific information

on the above sectors was collected by direct observations and consultations with the local

communities for the identification of physically critical areas particularly flood prone areas/

landslide/erosion prone areas etc.


36. Total enumeration was done for tree loss assessment within the formation width and

Right of way in the road alignment. The detail vegetation survey was carried out by

walkthrough survey throughout the road alignment. Type of vegetation and forest type (NF,

CF, LHF and PF), floristic composition (Direct Impact Area & Indirect Impact Area), Ethno-

botany (NTFP/MAP) was identified based on the species composition.

37. The protected vegetation (rare, endangered, indigenous etc.) of the influence area as

per IUCN Red Book, CITES Appendices, and GoN list species was enumerated based on

consultation with the local people in the indirect impact areas of the project. The trees to be

felled down from forest for the proposed road was recorded and documented.

38. Wildlife (mammals, birds, reptiles) bio-diversity in the indirect impact areas was

studied through consultation with the local communities, FUGs in the field (Community and

Leasehold Forest Groups). The indicator wildlife and threatened or endangered species (as

per IUCN Red Book, CITES Appendices, and GoN list) in the area was identified through

consultation with different secondary sources.


39. Information on general socio-economic conditions of the people of the project

affected wards of Municipality/ Rural Municipality was collected through Key Informant

Interview (Appendix X) or Focused Group discussions, Appendix VII. The information was

collected through pre-designed checklists, which include key socio-economic characteristics

of the people of all class, caste and economic categories. The information include

demographic features of the settlement, migration pattern, employment, landholding size,

agricultural production, food sufficiency, other productive resources, livestock raising,access

to different social infrastructures such as drinking water, education, health-posts, general

health, hygiene and sanitation condition, etc.

40. Inventory of loss was done by keeping record of affected land, structure through

direct observation within COI. A census of socio-economic and loss assessment survey of

sub-project affected household was carried out to document complete socio-economic and


loss assessment. Socio-economic and loss assessment survey was carried for 133; out of

242 HHs (others were absentee households).

41. Information on social infrastructures such as schools, health posts, drinking water

etc. was collected from the Ward offices of municipality, consultation with village elites and

through focus group discussions at Ward levels to assess the current situation of these

facilities and the general sanitation status of the project area community. Information was

also collected on the conditions of these facilities, their adequacy and beneficiary population.

42. All sites of religious, cultural and historical importance on the direct project affected

area was visited and observed in the area. The social, cultural and religious values and

significance of these sites was noted through consultation with the communities. Possibilities

of protecting, conserving or relocating such sites were also examined thoroughly in

consultation with local people, priests and village elite.

43. The socio-economic, cultural and religious information was cross checked and

analyzed using Microsoft Excel 2010.

3.4. Interaction and Public Consultation

44. During the IEE report preparation, district project team met, discussed and interacted

with concerned staff of the Government of Nepal, municipality, RM in the district head

quarter and teachers, community based organization member and knowledgeable key

persons of surrounding areas within the direct impact area (please refer Appendix VII).In

order to ensure public involvement, the following procedures were followed during IEE report

preparation.

Publication of Notice and Draft IEE Disclosure

45. According to working procedure relating with environmental impact assessment for

reconstruction of the earthquake affected structures 2016, 7 days public notice was

published in 2074/05/24 B.S (09/09/2017 A.D), Rajdhani, a national level daily newspaper

(Appendix\ V) seeking written opinion from concerned RM, DFO, municipality, schools,

health posts and related local organizations; immediately after approval of ToR as per Act

Relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2015, Rules Relating to

Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2016, Working Procedure Relating

with Environmental Impact Assessment for Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected

Structures, (second amendment, 2017).A copy of the public notice was also affixed in the

above mentioned organizations and a deed of enquiry (muchulka) was collected (see

Appendix VIII for deed of inquiry).

46. The IEE team carried out interactions with local communities and related

stakeholders during the field survey to collect public concerns and suggestions. Moreover,

focus group discussions were conducted to collect and solicit information regarding the

biological, physical, socio-economic and cultural aspects of Pipalbhanjyang- Hayutar-

Netrakali road sub-project. The meeting minutes with local are in Appendix VIIa. Also, draft

IEE was disclosed to local people and concerned stakeholder on 2074/05/29 (2017/09/14) at

Rajabas, Sindhuli. The issues, queries, concerns raised during the Public meeting are in

Appendix VIIb. The findings of public consultation are summarized in Appendix VIIc.


3.5. Database Preparation, Interpretation, Identification, Prediction

and Evaluation of Impact

Data Analysis and Interpretation

47. The required data for the study was collected through primary and secondary source

as mentioned above and database was prepared. The collected data was analyzed

qualitatively and quantitatively to establish existing baseline information on physical,

biological, socio-economic and cultural environment. Data and information from the

questionnaires/checklists were entered on processing data entry layout. Data analysis and

interpretation of physical, biological and socio-economic and cultural environments were

carried out by the respective domain specialists. Then interpretation was made based on the

results obtained. In brief these are presented here under.


48. The collected existing baseline condition information and data on such as topography

(i.e. elevation, aspect, and slope), geology and soil type were analyzed. Similarly, qualitative

data on air, water and noise pollution status were analyzed. For instances, measure

discontinuities data were used for slope stability assessment. Likewise, slope stability in

rocks was analyzed with the help of dip version 5.1. The output of analyzed information and

data were interpreted in logical, sequential and consistent order.


49. The biological environmental information (e.g. tree and wildlife species, and bird

species) collected from primary and secondary sources were tabulated. The biological

information were primarily collected with the use of specified checklist during the formal and

informal meetings with the local people. In addition biological experts identified the different

species of wildlife and plants with their expert judgement, identification keys and with the

help of local people. The local name, photographs and information from the expert

judgement thus collected were analysed during report preparation. Forest type with

management ownership was mentioned. Then the recorded species were compared and

verified to the list prepared by IUCN Red Data Book, CITES and List of Endangered, Rare

and Threatened Plant and Wildlife Species published by GoN.


50. The collected socio-economic data were entered in MS Excel 2010 and processed as

required. Similarly, qualitative data related to socio-economic and cultural environment was

analyzed to create the existing baseline. Suggestions made by the local people and

stakeholders' during public consultation were also considered for benefit augmentation

measures and mitigation measures for adverse impacts are proposed.

Impact Identification, Prediction and Evaluation Method

a. Impact Identification

51. Based on field visit observation and consultation meeting with local, issues that may

trigger due to project intervention were identified and prioritized. From the exercise both

types of beneficial and adverse impacts were identified for IEE study. The impacts were


categorized as per environmental domain (i.e. physical, biological, and socio-economic and

cultural environments). Likewise; an impact that may trigger under different phases of project

implementation (i.e. construction and operation) was also taken into account for the

assessment.

b. Impact Prediction

52. Extrapolative (i.e. predictions on the basis of past and present data, and trend

analysis), and experts` experience and judgment (applying past experience and knowledge

of the experts) methods were applied for impact prediction on the basis of identified impacts.

c. Impact Evaluation

53. The assessment of environmental impacts was derived exclusively from the baseline

environmental conditions of the affected environment with the project activities in relation to

spatial and temporal aspects in terms of magnitude, extent and duration of impacts. The

impacts have been predicted in terms of their magnitude (minor, moderate and high), extent

(site specific, local and regional) and duration (short, medium and long term). Evaluation of

the level of significance of impacts was made based on prevailing legislative setup,

numerical values with scoring (National EIA Guideline, 1993), consultation with stakeholders,

expert’s past experience and other criteria.

3.6. Study Team

54. Field survey comprised of walkthrough survey, consultation with community, site

inspection and observation. Data collection was done from 11/08/2017 to 18/08/2017 A.D

(2074/4/27 B.S to 2074/5/2 B.S). The study team members are listed below:

Team Member

Mr. Abhishek B.C- Team Leader/Environment and Social Expert

Mr. Jivan Koirala- Civil Engineer

Mr. Kumar Prasad Aryal- Environmental Anthropologist /Forester

Mr. Phurba Sherpa- Ecologist

Mr. Shashwat Sharma- Environmental Engineer

Mr. Subash Acharya- Geologist

Mr. Dikra Prasad Bajagai-Environmentalist

3.7. Information Disclosure

55. A draft IEE report along with the executive summary, identified impacts,

recommended mitigation measures and the EMP in Nepali language has been prepared and

distributed to the stakeholders and the concerned RM/Municipality for public disclosure. The

draft IEE report was also be kept in information centre of DLPIU, Sindhuli for public

disclosure. Information was also disseminated through person to person contacts, interviews

and group discussions. The approved IEE report will be accessible to interested parties and

the general public through the information centre of DLPIU, Sindhuli and websites of EEAP-

CLPIU, NRA, CISC and ADB.


4. Description of the Existing Environment

56. The baseline information on the existing physical, biological as well as socio-

economic and cultural environment of the proposed sub-project are described as follows:

4.1. Physical Environment

57. The section describes the physical condition of the area that comes under the ZoI of

the road section along its entire length and surrounding area.

4.1.1 Topography and Geomorphology

Topography

58. Nepal Himalayas is located in the seismic risk zone hence it belongs to seismic

active area and has experienced mega earthquakes that have resulted in major destruction,

loss of life and property. Sindhuli is also one of the earthquake affected district in the 2015

earthquake of the Nepal.

59. The road alignment lies in the Himalaya range. The road alignment starts from

Pipalbhanjyang (1154 m amsl) and ends at Simle khola of Netrakali (527 m amsl). The

elevation of proposed road varies from 527 m to 1154 m from mean sea level. The project

area is located in upper tropical and sub-tropical climatic zone. The proposed project site

falls under sivalik and middle mountain physiographic region of Nepal (Topographic Survey

Branch, Department of Survey, HMG, Nepal, 1983). The dominant rock types present in the

sub-project area include of gneiss, schist, sandstone and conglomerate and the common soil

types include colluvial, alluvial and residual soils.

Geomorphology, Geology and Soil Type

60. Initially, the road alignment follows the fragile geological area of the Siwalik range

and also passes through the rocky terrain of the Lesser Himalaya as well as residual soil and

colluvial deposits. The road alignment passes through wet and dry cultivated land,

grassland, forest.

61. The road alignment follows on the rocks of the Middle and Upper Siwaliks of the

Siwalik Group and Benighat Slate, Kalitar Formation, Chisapani Quartzite and Kulikhani

Formation. This road alignment passes through the regional thrust like Main Boundary

Thrust (MBT) and Mahabharat Thrust (MT). The MBT separates the rocks of the Siwalik

Group in south and Lesser Himalayan rocks in north whereas the MT separates the rocks of

the Nawakot Complex in south and Kathmandu Complex in north. Detail is given in Table 7

below.

Table 7: Lithostratigraphy of the Lesser Himalaya Rock Exposed along the Road

Group Formation Lithology Thickness (m) Age

Siwalik

Upper Conglomertae 1500‖

Neogene Middle Sandstone>>mudstone 3000

Lower Siwalik Mudstone>>sandstone 2000+

Main Boundary Thrust (MBT)

Tistung Granite/ quarzite 1000


Group Formation Lithology Thickness (m) Age

Kathmandu Markhu Marble/schist 500

Pre-

Cambrian

Kulikhani Quartzite 2000

Chisapani Quartzite Quartzite 400

Kalitar Quartzite/schist 1000

Bhaisedovan Marble 2000

Raduwa Schist 1000

MAHABHARAT THRUST(MT)

Upper

Nawakot

Robang Quartzite/schist 800

Pre-

Cambrian

Malekhu Limestone Quartzite, dolomite 1000

Benighat Slate Slate/limestone 3000

62. Engineering Geological study is done based on distribution of failures, soil and rock

along the alignment. Information covers depth of soil, rock and soil type, geological

structures, weathering grade. The road alignment passes through weathered rock and

alluvial, colluvial, residual soil deposits. Thickness of alluvial, colluvial and residual soil

deposits are excess of 5 m.

Pipalbhanjyang to Hayutar Sector

63. The road is about 22.20 km in length and passes gentle slope area along the river

valley area. The road alignment runs on thick residual soil and alluvial deposits and very few

locations covers the bedrock of conglomerate and sandstone of the Middle and Upper

Siwaliks. Thicknesses of residual soil deposits and colluvial deposits as well as alluvial

deposits are about 5 m. The hydrological condition of the road alignment is dry to wet. The

land use pattern along the road alignment is cultivated land, forest and settlement but most

of the alignment follows the cultivated land. The bedrocks of conglomerate and sandstone of

the Middle and Upper Siwaliks are exposed along the road alignment but very few location

bedrocks are exposed and covered by residual soil. The main cause of covering the residual

soil deposits due to presence of the soft rocks in the valley side. The failures occurred along

the road can be mitigated by, applying bioengineering as well as surface drainage,

management and arrangement of the wall. The slope stability condition is more or less

stable even the alignment runs on the residual soil deposits. Between the chainages road

alignment has the low height cut slope on hill side so stability condition seems to be good

but there is high possibility to occur the bank erosion due to bank undercutting along the

river bank. High possibility to see the differential weathering pattern in the sandstone and

mudstone of the Middle Siwalik as well as loose gravel bed and layers of sands and muds.

Hayutar to Majitar Sector:

64. This complete section of the road is about 15 km and is passing 80% on residual

soil/colluvial deposits and 20% only in the rocks of the Lesser Himalaya (quartzite, gneiss,

slate) of the Kalitar, Kulikhani Formation and loose gravel bed of the Upper Siwalik. The road

crosses MBT several times. The road follows gently topography and climbs down to

Majhitar. Some cut slope failures are found along road alignment in hill side. These failures

are developed due to weathering of rocks as well as presence of loose material deposits,

undercutting slope by road cutting. Thickness of the residual soil deposits along the road is

more than 5 m at places. At some places of the road alignment slate, gneiss and quartzite

are exposed. These rocks are slightly to highly weathered. Two to three sets of the joints are


well observed in rocks exposed along the road alignment. The stereographic projection of

the discontinuities of the rock mass shows more or less stable condition. The persistency of

the rocks mass is moderate to low. The hydrological condition is wet to dry. The land use

pattern is dry cultivated land and forest and settlement. Detail is given in Table 8 below.

Table 8: Geology and Types of Soil along the Road Alignment

Chainage Geology Types of Soil

0+000 - 0+400 Friable pebbly sandstone

and mudstone

Friable pebbly sandstone and mudstone /

colluvial deposits


and mudstone

Colluvial deposits / residual soil


and mudstone

Friable pebbly sandstone and mudstone /

colluvial deposits


and mudstone

Residual soil and alluvial deposits


and mudstone

Residual soil and alluvial deposits

3+000 - 3+600 Loose conglomerate Alluvial and residual soil deposits

3+600 - 4+000 Loose conglomerate Loose conglomerate and Residual soil


5+400 - 7+400 Loose conglomerate Loose conglomerate / alluvial and residual

soil deposits



soil deposits



soil deposits

11+800 - 13+700 Loose sandstone and

mudstone

Alluvial and residual soil deposits


mudstone

Loose sandstone and pebbly sandstone/

alluvial and residual soil deposits


mudstone

Alluvial and residual soil deposits


soil deposits



soil deposits



soil deposits



Chainage Geology Types of Soil

25+800 - 29+200 Loose conglomerate/

slate/ quartzite

Loose conglomerate / alluvial and residual

soil deposits

29+200 - 32+200 Gneiss and schist Gneiss/schist

32+200 - 37+200 Loose conglomerate and

quartzite and marble/

schist

Gneiss/schist

Source: Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road (DPR 2017)

4.1.2 Land Use Pattern

65. The project road traverses from Pipalbhanjyang to Netrakali through the settlement

area, forest, barren land, cultivated land etc. Detail is given in the Table 9 below.

Table 9: Land Use along the Road Alignment

Chainage Land Use Pattern

0+000-0+400 Forest

0+400-0+600 Cultivated land and settlements

0+600-1+200 Cultivated land/Forest

1+200-1+400 Forest/Cultivated land and settlements

1+400-3+000 Forest / cultivated land and settlements

3+000-3+600 Cultivated land and settlements

3+600-8+600 Cultivated land

8+600-11+200 Forest / cultivated land


11+800-13+700 Cultivated land and settlement


14+400-17+400 Forest/Cultivated land and settlement






29+300-30+600 Forest

30+600-37+200 Cultivated land and settlement

Source: Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road (DPR 2017)


4.1.3 Climate and Hydrology

66. Climate is dominated by topographical variations. The sub-project has upper-tropical

and sub-tropical climatic condition with average maximum temperature of 32.35°C and

average minimum of 7.8°C. Average annual rainfall in the project area has been recorded to

be approximately 2,114 mm in the year 2015 (District Climate and Energy Plan, 2017). This

may not be truly representative of the project area because of the location and elevation

difference.

67. The road alignment gently climbs down from Pipalbhanjyang and passes just below

the ridge area and river valley. The road crosses Chhisapani Khola, Dhanman Khola, Taru

Khola, Landi Khola, Simle Khola, Baseri Khola, Lipe Khola, Marin Khola, Rin Khola, Tamajor

Khola etc. Culvert has been recommended in Simle Khola and Causeways have been

recommended for other these major streams based on the condition of the khola. No

wetlands are found within the vicinity of the road

4.1.4 Landslide and Erosion Prone Area

68. During field visit, few minor slides / erosions were observed. The location requires

special consideration during construction period. Gabion walls and toe walls have been

proposed in the design as noted essential during the site visit. Also, bioengineering works

has been proposed in other locations where landslides have occurred though small in scale.

In many locations, where erosion has been witnessed, gabion breast walls have been

proposed. Detail is given in the Table 10 below.

Table 10: Location of Landslides and Bio-Engineering Works

S. No Chainage Length (m) Slope Height (m) Quantity (m2)

From To

1 3+990 4+300 310.00 15.00 4,650.00

2 6+630 6+790 160.00 12.00 1,920.00

3 6+870 6+900 30.00 10.00 300.00

4 7+040 7+115 75.00 10.00 750.00

5 9+980 10+025 45.00 15.00 675.00

6 10+310 10+320 10.00 15.00 150.00

7 11+940 11+980 40.00 10.00 400.00

8 12+000 12+080 80.00 15.00 1,200.00

9 12+285 12+520 235.00 15.00 3,525.00

10 12+565 12+580 15.00 10.00 150.00

11 19+870 19+890 20.00 10.00 200.00

12 30+750 30+780 30.00 10.00 300.00

13 30+970 31+000 30.00 11.00 330.00

Total 1080.00 158.00 14,550.00

Source: Field Survey, 2017


4.1.5 Air, Noise and Water Quality

Ambient Air Quality

69. This road alignment passed through less traffic influence area; therefore air quality

observed is normal.

Noise

70. The proposed area does not have any sources of noise nuisance.

Water Quality

71. There is no defecation problem observed near and around the drinking water

sources. However, during the monsoon season the quality of water may be polluted due to

the accumulation of silt.

4.2. Biological Environment

72. The project area does not include any sensitive sites such as national parks, buffer

zones etc. Land use includes arable land, forests, and built-up area. The elevation of the

proposed road ranges from 527 m to 1154 m, which falls under the upper tropical and sub-

tropical climatic zone (Dobremez, 1976).

4.2.1 Vegetation Type

73. The major forest type found in the project area is tropical mixed broad-leaf forest

dominated by Shorea and Schima species. Major trees include Shorea robusta (Sal),

Schima wallichii (Chilaune), Pinus roxburghii (Khote Salla), Alnus nepalensis (Utis), Litsea

polyantha (Kutmiro), Toona ciliata (Tuni) etc. Similarly Berberis aristata (Chutro), Paris

polyphylla (Satuwa), Rubia majith (Majitho) etc. are NTFP reported in the forests along road

alignment.

74. The plant species recorded along the road alignment are listed in Table 11 below.

Table 11: Plant species falling under Right-of-Way and Formation-of-Width of Road

S.N. Local Name Scientific Name

1 Aanp Mangifera indica

2 Amala Emblica officinalis

4 Amba Psidium guava

5 Angeri Lyonia ovalifolia

6 Aru Prunus persica

8 Bakaino Melia azedarach

9 Banjh Quercus lanata

11 Barro Terminalia bellerica

13 Berulo Ficus clavata

14 Bhakkamilo Rhus javanica

15 Bhalayo Semecarpus anacardium

16 Chilaune Schima wallichii

19 Dabdabe Garuga pinnata


S.N. Local Name Scientific Name

20 Chutro Berberis aristata

21 Katus Castanopsis indica

22 Dudhilo Ficus nemoralis

24 Satuwa Paris polyphylla

27 Harro Terminalia chebula

29 Jhigane Eurya cerasifolia

30 Majhitho Rubia majith

31 Khanayo Ficus semicordata

32 Khasre Quercus semecarpifolia

34 Kimbu Morus alba

35 Koiralo Bauhinia variegate

37 Kutmiro Litsea polyantha

38 Malato Macaranga pustulata

40 Nimaro Ficus roxburghii

41 Okhar Juglans regia

42 Khote Salla Pinus roxburghii

43 Pipal Ficus religiosa

44 Saj Terminalia alata

45 Sal Shorea robusta

46 Sami Ficus benjamina

47 Setikath Myrsine capitellata

48 Sisau Dalbergia sisoo

50 Tuni Toona ciliate

51 Utis Alnus nepalensis

Source: Field Survey; August, 2017

Forest Type

75. The road passes through private forest and national forest (leasehold forest,

government managed forest, and community forest). There are six leasehold forests, three

community forests, namely Kalika Community Forest, Jhalkane Community Forest, and

Ranibas Community Forest and government managed forest. Detail is given in Table 12.

76. Kalika Community Forest: This community forest was handed over to the CFUG in

2047 B.S, and includes 192 households that avail resources from it. The forest user groups

are from wards number 1, 4, 8, and of then Bhadrakali VDC. Among the households in the

CFUG, 50% are Tamang, 25% are Newar, 15% belong to the Dalit community, and the

remaining 10% incorporate Brahmin and Chhetri families. Major tree species include Schima

wallichii (Chilaune), Shorea robusta (Sal), Katus (Castanopsis indica), Toona ciliata (Tuni),

Myrsine semiserrata (Kalikath), Eurya cerasifolia (Jhigane), Bombax ceiba (Simal) etc.

Wildlife in the area incorporates Macaca mulatta (Rato Badar), Hystrix indica (Dumsi),

Martes flavigula (Malsapro) etc. Major avian species include Lophura leucomelanos (Kalij),

Streptopelia sp. (Dhukur) and Terpsiphone paradise (Lampuchhre). Reptilian species found

in the area are species of snakes such as Trimeresurus septentrionalis (Hareu), Ptyas

mucosa (Dhaman), Python molurus (Ajingar) etc.


77. Jhalkane Community Forest: This forest was handed over to the CFUGs in 2053

B.S and it has an area of 425 ha. The CFUG comprise of 160-165 households, with majority

of the ethnic composition being that of the Tamang population. Rest includes Brahmin,

Chhetri, and Dalit families. The user groups are from then VDCs of Amale-2, 3, 4 and

Bhadrakali-5. There are only a few user groups from then VDC of Amale-4. Major tree

species include Schima wallichii (Chilaune), Shorea robusta (Sal), Katus (Castanopsis

indica), Toona ciliata (Tuni), Eurya cerasifolia (Jhigane), Bombax ceiba (Simal) etc. Wildlife

in the area incorporates Macaca mulatta (Rato Badar), Hystrix indica (Dumsi), Martes

flavigula (Malsapro) etc. Major avian species include Lophura leucomelanos (Kalij),

Streptopelia sp. (Dhukur) and Terpsiphone paradise (Lampuchhre). Reptilian species found

in the area are species of snakes, such as Trimeresurus septentrionalis (Hareu), Ptyas

mucosa (Dhaman), Python molurus (Ajingar) etc.

78. Ranibas Community Forest: This community forest was handed over to the CFUG

in 2059 B.S, with all households hailing from Ranibas, Ghyanglekh-2. Major tree species

include Schima wallichii (Chilaune), Shorea robusta (Sal), Eurya cerasifolia (Jhigane) and

Myrsine semiserrata (Kalikath) etc. Wildlife in the area incorporates (Rato Badar), Hystrix

indica (Dumsi), Martes flavigula (Malsapro) etc. Major avian species include Lophura

leucomelanos (Kalij) and Terpsiphone paradise (Lampuchhre). Reptilian species found in the

area are species of snakes such as Trimeresurus septentrionalis (Hareu), Ptyas mucosa

(Dhaman) etc.

79. Leasehold Forest: 6 Leasehold Forest have been found along the road alignment.

Among them 4 leasehold forest (ie. Laliguras, Lalupate, Pragatisil, Hariyali) lies in

Ghyanglekh-1(then Amale-6) and rest 2 [(Manebhanjyang (a) & Manebhanjyang (b)] lies

Ghyanglekh-2 (then Bastipur-8 VDC).

Table 12: Forests along Road

Name of Forest Chainage Length

(m)

Total Area

(ha)

Main Species

From To

Kalika CF 0+000 0+460 1470 0.918 Schima wallichii (Chilaune),

Shorea robusta (Sal), Katus

(Castanopsis indica) 0+790 1+800

Jhalkane CF 10+250 11+000 750 0.468 Schima wallichii (Chilaune),


(Castanopsis indica)

Ranibas CF 14+760 17+000 2380 1.487 Schima wallichii (Chilaune),


(Castanopsis indica) 18+900 19+040

Total(a) 4600 2.875

Hariyali LHF 19+040 19+270 230 0.143

Schima wallichii (Chilaune),




Name of Forest Chainage Length

(m)

Total Area

(ha)

Main Species

From To

Pragatisil LHF 19+270 19+340 70 0.043




Lalupate LHF 19+340 19+400 60 0.037




Laliguras LHF 19+400 19+460 60 0.037




Mane

bhanjyang LHF

21+580 21+940 360 0.225




Total (b) 780 0.487

Government

Managed Forest

27+180 29+000 1820 1.137 Schima wallichii (Chilaune),


(Castanopsis indica) 29+300 30+600 1300 0.812

Total (c ) 3120 1.950

Grand Total (a+b+c) 8500 5.312

Source: Field survey, 2017

4.2.2 Wildlife

80. The forests located along the road alignment are mostly CF, LHF and NF and area is

a habitat for wildlife (mammals, birds and reptiles). Some wild animals are occasionally

observed nearby the forests traversed by road alignment

Mammal

81. The main wildlife species reported in project area Panthera pardus (Chituwa), Canis

aureus (Syal), Hystrix indica (Dumsi), Ursus sp. (Bhalu), Macaca mulatta (Rato Badar),

Martes flavigula (Malsapro), Herpestes auropunctatus (Nyauri Musa), Ratufa bicolor

(Lokharke), Vulpus Montana (Fyauro) etc.

Avifauna

82. The bird reported as well as recorded in the project area are Lophura leucomelanos

(Kalij), Hirundo daurica (Gauthali), Gallus gallus (Luiche), Chalcophaps indica (Dhukur),

Eudynamys scolopacea (Koili), Columba livia (Parewa) Psittacula sp. (Suga), Centropus

sinensis (Kokale), Terpsiphone paradise (Lampuchhre), Corvus splendens (Kaag), Milvus

migrans (Chil), Passer domesticus (Sparrow) etc.


Reptile

83. The reptiles reported in the project area are Ophiophagus harna (Ghurbe Sarpa),

Lycodon aulicus (Siris Sarpa), Ptyas mucosa (Dhaman), Nerodia sipedon (Pani Sarpa),

Varanus bengalensis (Gohoro), Rana Tigerina (Bhyaggutto) etc.

4.2.3 Fish

84. The fish reported in the streams of the project area are Schizothorax richardsonii

(Asala), Tortor hamilton (Katle), Garra annandalei (Buduna), Psilorhynchus pseudechenis

(Tite) etc.

4.2.4 Protected Flora and Fauna in Sub-project area

85. The protected Flora along the road is Saal (Shorea robusta) and fauna found in the

forest along road corridor area given in Table 13.

Table 13: Protected Flora and Fauna Recorded in Project Area

SN Local Name Scientific Name Remarks

IUCN 2008 CITES Code GoN

1 Monkey Macaca mulatta LC Appendix II3

2 Syal Canis aureus LC Appendix III4

3 Dumsi Hystrix indica LC

4 Kalij Lophura leucomelanos LC

5 Chitwa Panthera pardus NT Appendix I5

6 Bhalu Ursus sp. Appendix I

7 Malsapro Martes Flavigula LC

8 Dhukur Streptopelia sp. LC

10 Kalij Lophura leucomelanos LC

11 Lampuchhre Terpsiphone paradise LC

12 Luiche Gallus gallus LC

13 Parewa Columba livia LC

14 Suga Psittacula sp. LC

15 Chil Milvus migrans Appendix II

16 Sal Shorea robusta Banned for

felling,

transporatation

and export for

commercial

purpose

Note: NT= Near Threatened, LC = Least Concern Source: Field survey, 2017

3Species not yet threatened, but which could become endangered if trade is not controlled

4 Species that are protected by individual countries within their borders, and for which co-operation of other convention signatories is sought. 5 Species threatened with extinction.


4.3. Socio-economic and Cultural Environment

86. The socio-economic level of the proposed project is presented at district level,

Municipality/Rural Municipality level and settlement level of the people living close to the

project premises. The socio-economic information at the three levels is envisaged to give a

fair knowledge of the directly impacted people in relation to the district, Municipality/Rural

Municipality.

4.3.1 District Context

87. The project road is located in Sindhuli district so it is termed as Project Affected

District. It is located in Province no. 3 of Nepal. The socio-economic information of this

district is presented in the following sub-sections.

Household and Population

88. The total population of Sindhuli district is 296,192 with male population (47.98%)

slightly lower than female population (52.02%) at the ratio of 1:1.24. The total household of

the district is 57,544 with average household size 5.14. Detail is given in Table 14 below.

Similarly, 12,355 households were absentee households with 91.60 % of male population

absent amongst, please refer Table 15.

Table 14: Demographic Characteristic of Sindhuli District

S.N Description No. %

1 Total Population 296,192

2 Total Male Population 142,123 47.98

3 Total Female Population 154,069 52.02

4 Male Female Ratio 1:1.24

5 Total Nos. of Household 57,544

6 Average Household Size 5.14

Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS

Table 15: Absentee populatio

S.N Households/population No. Percent

1 Absentee Households 12,355

2 Absentee Male Population 14,003 91.60

3 Absentee Female Population 1,284 8.40


Population by Age Group

89. The age group range between 15-44 years is the dominating number (41.96%)

among the age groups. Younger age group (0-14) year represents 39.18% of the total

population, which shows the distinguished representation of younger age group, indicating

the increasing trend of population. The economic active population i.e. age group (15 to 59)

represents 52.86% of the total population. Detail is given in Figure 3 below.



Figure 3: Population of Sindhuli District by Different Age Group

Religion

90. Hindu (64.47%), Buddhism (30.43%) and Prakriti (3.29%) are the major religion

followed by the population of Sindhuli district. Detail is given in Table 16 below.

Table 16: Religion Followed by People of Sindhuli District

S.N. Religion Male Female Total

No. % No. % No. %

1 Hindu 91954 31.05 98,998 33.42 190,952 64.47

2 Buddhism 42893 14.48 47,243 15.95 90,136 30.43

3 Christianity 1358 0.46 1,539 0.52 2,897 0.98

4 Islam 113 0.04 66 0.02 179 0.06

5 Kirat 484 0.16 540 0.18 1,024 0.35

6 Prakriti 4584 1.55 5,152 1.74 9,736 3.29

7 Other 737 0.25 531 0.18 1,268 0.43

Total 142,123 47.98 154,069 52.02 296,192 100.00


Caste/Ethnic Composition

91. In Sindhuli district, Tamang (26.87%) is the predominant caste among the population

followed by Magar (14.90%), Chhetri (13.66%), Brahmin-Hill (7.79%), Newar (6.28%),

Danuwar (5.82%), Kami (4.58%), Sarki (3.55%), Majhi (3.47%), Damai/Dholi (3.09%), and

Others (9.99%). Detail is given in Table 17 below.

Table 17: Caste and Ethnicity in the Sindhuli District

S.N. Caste/Ethnic

Group

Male Female Total

No. % No. % No. %

1 Tamang 37936 12.81 41654 14.06 79590 26.87

2 Magar 21327 7.20 22819 7.70 44146 14.90

Up to 4 years 5-14 years 15-44 years 45-59 years60 years and

above

Male 15803 42783 55638 16322 11577

Female 15124 42330 68630 15963 12022

Total 30,927 85,113 124,268 32,285 23,599

0

20000

40000

60000

80000

100000

120000

140000

Male

Female

Total


S.N. Caste/Ethnic

Group

Male Female Total

No. % No. % No. %

3 Chhetree 19409 6.55 21050 7.11 40459 13.66

4 Brahmin-Hill 11035 3.73 12042 4.07 23077 7.79

5 Newar 8990 3.04 9612 3.25 18602 6.28

6 Danuwar 7951 2.68 9285 3.13 17236 5.82

7 Kami 6504 2.20 7047 2.38 13551 4.58

8 Sarki 5063 1.71 5456 1.84 10519 3.55

9 Majhi 4910 1.66 5369 1.81 10279 3.47

10 Damai/Dholi 4358 1.47 4797 1.62 9155 3.09

11 Other 14640 4.94 14938 5.04 29578 9.99

Total 142123 47.98 154069 52.02 296192 100.00


Mother Tongue

92. Majority of the population (48.18%) of Sindhuli district speaks national language

Nepali. Other languages of the district are Tamang (26.02%), Magar (10.84%), Danuwar

(5.72%), Newari (2.35%), etc, refer Table 18.

Table 18: Languages Spoken in Sindhuli District

S.N

.

Mother Tongue Male Female Total

No. % No. % No. %

1 Nepali 68542 23.14 74170 25.04 142712 48.18

2 Tamang 36670 12.38 40393 13.64 77063 26.02

3 Magar 15398 5.20 16702 5.64 32100 10.84

4 Danuwar 7818 2.64 9123 3.08 16941 5.72

5 Newari 3418 1.15 3543 1.20 6961 2.35

6 Maithili 2647 0.89 2240 0.76 4887 1.65

7 Majhi 2351 0.79 2489 0.84 4840 1.63

8 Sunuwar 2248 0.76 2465 0.83 4713 1.59

9 Rai 808 0.27 796 0.27 1604 0.54

12 Other 2223 0.75 2148 0.73 4371 1.48

Total 142123 47.98 154069 52.02 296192 100.00


Literacy

93. Majority of the population (60.53%) can read and write which indicate good literacy in

this district. However, the illiterate population (that can’t read and write) is also notable

(36.26%) with female number (23.47%) significantly higher than male number (12.79%).

Detail is given in Figure 4 below.



Figure 4: Literacy Status of Sindhuli District

Education Status

94. Among the population attending various level of education, majority (66.45%) have

obtained only basic level of education. The population with secondary education level is

remarkable low with 21.64%. Likewise, the lower number of population (1.47 %) has

obtained education of graduate and post graduate levels. Detail is given in Table 19 below.

Table 19: Educational Status in Sindhuli District

S.N Description Population that have completed the educational

level of

Male Female Total

No % No % No %

1 Beginner 4315 2.61 3755 2.27 8,070 4.88

2 Basic level (Upto 8) 59,384 35.91 50,520 30.55 109,904 66.45

3 Secondary Level (Upto 12) 20,791 12.57 15,007 9.07 35,798 21.64

4 Graduate and above 1810 1.09 627 0.38 2,437 1.47

5 Others 4421 2.67 4,759 2.88 9,180 5.55

Total 90,721 54.85 74,668 45.15 16,5389 100.00


Drinking Water

95. Majority of households (58.08%) depend on Tap/Piped water for drinking water

supply, followed by uncovered Well/Kuwa (24.24%), Tubewell/Hand Pump (6.40%) etc.

Detail is given in Table 20 below.

0

20,000

40,000

60,000

80,000

100,000

120,000

140,000

160,000

180,000

Can read andwrite

Can read only Can't read andwrite

Literacy notstated

88,173

4148

33,918

81

72,385

4196

62,258

106

160,558

8344

96,176

187

Male

Female

Total


Table 20: Status of Drinking Water in Sindhuli District


1 Tap/Piped 33,424 58.08

2 Spout water 2144 3.73

3 Uncovered well/Kuwa 13,946 24.24

4 Covered Well/Kuwa 1535 2.67

5 River/Stream 2,418 4.20

6 Tubewell/Hand pump 3,681 6.40

7 Other 396 0.69

Total 57,544 100.00


Sanitation

96. A huge portion of Households (66.45%) in Sindhuli district do not have toilet and only

33.15% of the total households have toilet. This clearly shows that open defecation can be

one of the major sanitation issues of the district. Detail is given in Table 21 below.

Table 21: Status of Toilet Facilities in Sindhuli District


1 With-toilet 19,075 33.15

2 Without toilet 38,237 66.45

3 Not stated 232 0.40

Total 57,544 100.00


97. Among the households having toilet facility, majority of households (67.21%) have

flush toilet with septic tank and 32.79% of household have ordinary toilets. Detail is given in

Table 22 below.

Table 22: Types of Toilets in Sindhuli District


1 Flush toilet (Septic Tank) 12,820 67.21

2 Ordinary 6,255 32.79

Total 19,075 100.00


Energy Used for Lighting

98. Electricity is one of the major sources of energy (37.87%) for lighting purpose in

Sindhuli district. While Solar (26.85%) and Kerosene (22.26%) are also some other major

sources of lighting. Detail is given in Figure 5 below.



Figure 5: Status of Energy Used for Lighting in Sindhuli District

Energy Used for Cooking

99. Majority of households (90.96%) use firewood for cooking by collecting them from

community and other forest. 5.00% using LP gas and 2.76% households use bio-gas for

cooking purpose. Detail is given in Table 23 below.

Table 23: Status of Energy Used for Cooking in Sindhuli District


1 Wood/firewood 52,342 90.96

2 LP Gas 2,877 5.00

3 Bio-gas 1,588 2.76

4 Kerosene 275 0.48

5 Electricity 12 0.02

6 Cow dung 156 0.27

7 Other 294 0.51

Total 57,544 100.00


House Ownership

100. Majority of households (94.31%) has their own house to live in. Moreover, some

households (4.89%) live in rented house too. Detail is given in Table 24 below.

21,791, 37.87%

12,810, 22.26%

15,449, 26.85%

92, 0.16% 7,402, 12.86%

Electricity

Kerosene

Solar

Bio-gas

Other


Table 24: Ownership of House in Sindhuli District


1 Owned 54,269 94.31

2 Rented 2,815 4.89

3 Institutional 100 0.17

4 Others 360 0.63

Total 57,544 100.00


House Type

a. House with Foundation Type

101. Most of the households comprise foundation of houses constructed with wooden

Pillar (57.89%). While significant numbers of household are constructed with mud bonded

bricks/stone (36.14%). Some households (2.12%) comprises of foundation of houses

constructed using RCC with Pillar. There are 3.13% of households built with cement bonded

bricks/stones. Detail is given in Table 25 below.

Table 25: Type of Foundation of House in Sindhuli District


1 Mud bonded bricks/stone 20,798 36.14

2 RCC with pillar 1,222 2.12

3 Cement bonded bricks/stone 1,804 3.13

4 Wooden pillar 33,310 57.89

5 others 67 0.12


Total 57,544 100.00


b. House with Outer Wall Type

102. In Sindhuli district, significant households (51.21%) have constructed their outer wall

of Mud bonded bricks/stone. Significant households (21.53%) are constructed with bamboo

on their outer wall and 16.81% of the houses with the wood/planks as their outer wall.

Houses built with cement bonded bricks/stone are also significant in number (8.84%). Detail

is given in Table 26 below.

Table 26: Type of Outer Wall of House in Sindhuli District


1 Mud bonded bricks/stone 29,469 51.21

2 Cement bonded bricks/stone 5,087 8.84

3 Wood/Planks 9,671 16.81

4 Bamboo 12,389 21.53

5 Unbaked brick 55 0.10

6 Others 494 0.86


Total 57,544 100.00



c. House with Roof Type

103. Majority of households (53.38%) has constructed their roof of house with Tile/slate

followed by Thatch/straw (32.94%) and Galvanized iron (9.76%). Few households (2.53%)

have RCC roof. Detail is given in Table 27 below.

Table 27: Type of Roof of House in Sindhuli District


1 Galvanized iron 5,614 9.76

2 Tile/slate 30,719 53.38

3 Thatch/Straw 18,955 32.94

4 RCC 1,455 2.53

5 Wood/Planks 197 0.34

6 Mud 16 0.03

7 Others 150 0.26


Total 57,544 100.00


Facilities to Accessories

104. Majority of households in this district possess at least one facility (72.20%). However

significant population (25.19%) possesses no facilities. Detail is given in Table 28 below.

Table 28: Status of Households regarding Facilities to Accessories in Sindhuli District


1 Without Facility 14,493 25.19

2 At least one facility 41,548 72.20

3 Not stated 1,503 2.61

Total 57,544 100.00


105. The common facilities possessed by the households consist of Radio (53.76%),

Mobile phone (45.19%), and Television (18.20%). Detail is given in Table 29 below.

Table 29: Various Facilities Possessed by Households in Sindhuli District

S.N Facilities Type No. of HH % of Total HH

1 Radio 30,933 53.76

2 Telivision 10,472 18.20

3 Cable Telivision 5,163 8.97

4 Computer 9,42 1.64

5 Internet 236 0.41

6 Telephone 2,921 5.08

7 Mobile Phone 26,007 45.19

8 Motor 166 0.29

9 Motorcycle 1,180 2.05

10 Cycle 2,143 3.72

11 Other Vehicle 96 0.17

12 Refrigerator 640 1.11



4.3.2 Indirect Impact Area

General Information of the Indirectly Affected Areas

106. Kamalamai Municipality and Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality fall under the project

affected area, which includes not all, but some then VDCs within it that face direct impact

due to project implementation. The demographic, ethnic, and educational parameters of the

Municipality and RM are discussed below.

Population

107. The respective population of Kamalamai Municipality and Ghyanglekh Rural

Municipality is 64,386 and 13,761. The male to female population ratio in each area is

0.898:1 and 0.888:1 respectively. The average household size in Kamalamai Municipality is

4.50, while Ghyanglekh RM has an average household size of 5.60. Detail is given in Table

30 below.


Table 30: General Population Scenario of the Indirectly Affected Areas

S.

N.

Municipality/ Rural

Municipality

Then Municipality

/ then VDCs

No. of

Household

Average

Household

Size

Population

Male Female Total

No. % No. % No. %

1 Kamalamai

Municipality

Kamalamai 9304 4.24 18788 47.67 20625 52.33 39413 100.00

2 Dadiguranse 973 4.94 2262 47.09 2542 52.91 4804 100.00

3 Bhadrakali 848 5.21 2074 46.98 2341 53.02 4415 100.00

4 Jalkanya 395 4.57 822 45.51 984 54.49 1806 100.00

5 Ranichuri 1685 5.27 4189 47.17 4692 52.83 8881 100.00

6 Ranibas 1110 4.56 2327 45.92 2740 54.08 5067 100.00

Sub Total (A) 14315 4.50 30462 47.31 33924 52.69 64386 100.00

1 Ghyanglekh Rural

Municipality

Amale 415 5.45 1047 2.66 1214 3.08 2261 5.74

2 Bastipur 545 5.56 1366 45.10 1663 54.90 3029 100.00

3 Tamajor 445 5.27 1102 24.96 1244 28.18 2346 53.14

4 Netrakali 606 5.61 1612 47.41 1788 52.59 3400 100.00

5 Shanteshwori 446 6.11 1344 49.32 1381 50.68 2725 100.00

Sub Total (B) 2457 5.60 6471 47.02 7290 52.98 13761 100.00

Grand Total (A+B) 16772 4.66 36933 47.26 41214 52.74 78147 100.00

Source: Population and Housing Census, 2011, CBS & GoN, 2017


Caste/Ethnicity and Religion

108. In the two projects affected areas, Tamang (31.05%) was the dominant caste group,

followed by Chhetree (16.89%), Magar (10.68%), and Newar (9.51%). Other minor castes

made up 15.91% of the total population of these two areas. Detail is given in Table 31

below. Siilarly, the Hinduism and Budhism are major religion in IIA.

Table 31: Ethnic Composition of the Indirectly Impact Areas

S.N

.

Mu

nic

ipality

/

Ru

ral

Mu

nic

ipality

Th

en

VD

Cs/

Mu

nic

ipality

Households Population with Caste/Ethnic Group

To

tal

Ch

hetr

ee

Bra

hm

in

Kam

i

Mag

ar

New

ar

Sark

i

Tam

an

g

Oth

er

1 Kamalamai

Municipality

Kamalamai 9,320 4,343 1,677 3,712 4,941 1,622 7,598 6,200 39,413

2 Dadiguranse 422 526 343 411 110 120 1,503 1,369 4,804

3 Bhadrakali 371 231 212 843 516 59 1878 305 4,415

4 Jalkanya 303 649 72 70 152 112 0 448 1,806

5 Ranichuri 1,330 158 372 1,923 837 394 2,960 907 8,881

6 Ranibas 1,040 570 359 414 77 112 155 2,340 5,067

Sub Total (A) 12,786 6,477 3,035 7,373 6,633 2,419 14,094 11,569 64,386

% 19.86 10.06 4.71 11.45 10.30 3.76 21.89 17.97 100.00

1 Ghyanglekh

Rural

Municipality

Amale 82 39 122 0 0 0 1,921 97 2,261

2 Bastipur 286 0 77 343 0 0 1,726 597 3,029

3 Tamajor 30 0 114 33 177 0 1,937 55 2,346

4 Netrakali 17 31 0 0 336 20 2,931 65 3,400

5 Shanteshwori 0 0 141 595 280 0 1,659 50 2,725

Sub Total (B) 415 70 454 971 793 20 10,174 864 13,761

% 3.02 0.51 3.30 7.06 5.76 0.15 73.93 6.28 100.00

Grand Total (A+B) 13201 6,547 3,489 8,344 7,426 2,439 24,268 12,433 78,147

% 16.89 8.38 4.46 10.68 9.50 3.12 31.05 15.91 100.00


Literacy

109. Among the population of the two areas that is over the age of 5, 65.16% have the

ability to read and write. 2.58% of the population can only read, whereas 32.23% are

illiterate. A paltry 0.03% of the entire population did not state their literacy status. Detail is

given in Table 32 below.


Table 32: Literacy Status of the Indirectly Affected Areas

S.

N

Municipality

/ Rural

Municipality

Merging

VDCs

Population Above 5 years Total

Can

read

and

write

Can

read

only

Can't

read and

write

Literacy

not

stated

1 Kamalamai

Municipality

Kamalamai 26,679 672 8,740 7 36098

2 Dadiguranse 2,642 139 1,572 0 4353

3 Bhadrakali 2,651 20 1,377 0 4048

4 Jalkanya 1,114 17 497 2 1630

5 Ranichuri 4,445 189 3,327 6 7967

6 Ranibas 2,642 123 1,797 1 4563

Sub Total (A) 40173 1,160 17,310 16 58659

% 68.49 1.98 29.51 0.03 100.00

1 Ghyanglekh

Rural

Municipality

Amale 1,219 159 626 0 2004

2 Bastipur 1,532 58 1,109 0 2699

3 Tamajor 1,073 157 804 0 2034

4 Netrakali 1,174 148 1,653 1 2976

5 Shanteshwori 955 143 1,315 2 2415

Sub Total (B) 5,953 665 5,507 3 12128

% 49.08 5.48 45.41 0.02 100.00

Grand Total (A+B) 46,126 1,825 22,817 19 70787

% 65.16 2.58 32.23 0.03 100.00


4.3.3 Direct Impact Area

110. The project road is aligned along ward no. 2 of Kamalamai municipality (then

Bhadrakali VDC) and ward no. 1, 2, 3 & 4 Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality (then Amale,

Bastipur, Tamajor, Netrakali VDCs) which are fall under the direct impact area of the project.

The demographic, ethnic, and educational parameters of these affected wards are discussed

below.

Population

111. The total population of the affected areas is 15,451, with 2,859 households and an

average household size of 5.40. The male to female population ratio is 0.873:1. Detail is



Table 33: General Population Scenario of the Project Affected Area

S.N Municipality/

RM

Former

VDC

No. of

HH

Average

HH Size

Population

Male Female Total

No. % No. % No. %

1 Kamalamai-2 Bhadrakali 848 5.21 2,074 46.98 2,341 53.02 4,415 100.00

2 Ghyanglekh-1 Amale 415 5.45 1,047 46.31 1,214 53.69 2,261 100.00

3 Ghyanglekh-2 Bastipur 545 5.56 1,366 45.10 1,663 54.90 3,029 100.00

4 Ghyanglekh-3 Tamajor 445 5.27 1,102 46.97 1,244 53.03 2,346 100.00

5 Ghyanglekh-4 Netrakali 606 5.61 1,612 47.41 1,788 52.59 3,400 100.00

Total 2,859 5.40 7,201 46.61 8,250 53.39 15,451 100.00


Population by Age Group

112. The active working group between 15 and 59 years of age make up 49.90%of the

population in the affected wards. 10.94% and 8.34% of the population is up to 4 years old

and above 60 years old respectively. People between the ages of 5 and 14, which mainly

incorporates school going children, make up 30.83% of the affected population. Detail is


Table 34: General Population Scenario of the Project Affected Areas (Age Group)

S.N Municipality

/RM

Former

VDC

Age Group Total

Up to 4

years

5-14

years

15-44

years

45-59

years

60 years

and

above

1 Kamalamai-2 Bhadrakali 367 1,301 1,789 530 428 4,415

2 Ghyanglekh-1 Amale 257 712 817 276 199 2,261

3 Ghyanglekh-2 Bastipur 330 938 1,160 372 229 3,029

4 Ghyanglekh-3 Tamajor 312 713 878 247 196 2,346

5 Ghyanglekh-4 Netrakali 424 1,099 1,290 350 237 3,400

Total 1,690 4,763 5,934 1,775 1,289 15,451

% 10.94 30.82 38.41 11.49 8.34 100.00


Caste/Ethnic Composition

113. In the project affected areas, Tamang (67.26%) was the dominant caste group,

followed by Magar (7.89%), Newar (6.66%), and Chhetree (5.09%). Other minor castes

made up 7.24% of the total population of the affected areas. Detail is given in Figure 6

below.



Figure 6: Ethnic Composition of the Indirectly Affected Areas

Mother Tongue

114. 66.96% of the total affected population has Tamang as their mother tongue, followed

by Nepali (17.6%), and Magar (6.00%). 9.28% of people speak other minor languages.

Detail is given in Table 35 below.

Table 35: Major Languages Spoken in the Project Affected Areas

S.N Municipality

/RM

Former

VDC

Household with Mother Tongue Total

Nepali Maithili Tamang Magar Other

1 Kamalamai-2 Bhadrakali 1,793 0 1,836 563 223 4,415

2 Ghyanglekh-1 Amale 270 0 1,918 0 73 2,261

3 Ghyanglekh-2 Bastipur 419 0 1,724 331 555 3,029

4 Ghyanglekh-3 Tamajor 161 0 1,937 33 215 2,346

5 Ghyanglekh-4 Netrakali 101 0 2,931 0 368 3,400

Total 2,744 0 10,346 927 1,434 15,451

% 17.76 0.00 66.96 6.00 9.28 100.00


Drinking Water

115. 85.59% of households rely on tap/pipe water. 12.35% of households avail water from

uncovered wells. The remaining households use covered wells, spouts, rivers, tube-wells

etc. Detail is given in Table 36 below.

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

100%

Other

Tamang

Sarki

Newar

Magar

Kami

Brahmin

Chhetree


Table 36: Drinking Water Sources in Project Affected Areas

S.N Municipality/

RM

Former

VDC

Households Utilizing Drinking Water Sources Total

Tap/

Piped

Spout

Water

Uncovered

well /Kuwa

Covered

well

/Kuwa

River/

Stream

Tube

well

Other

1 Kamalamai-2 Bhadrakali 733 0 100 1 12 2 0 848

2 Ghyanglekh-1 Amale 328 0 65 0 19 0 3 415

3 Ghyanglekh-2 Bastipur 379 0 149 0 13 0 4 545

4 Ghyanglekh-3 Tamajor 427 1 15 1 1 0 0 445

5 Ghyanglekh-4 Netrakali 580 0 24 0 0 0 2 606

Total 2,447 1 353 2 45 2 9 2,859

% 85.59 0.03 12.35 0.08 1.57 0.07 0.31 100


Fuel Source for Cooking

116. Firewood is the main fuel source (97.97%) for cooking, followed by bio-gas (0.92%),

kerosene (0.45%), and LPG (0.28%). 0.38% of households use other sources for cooking

food. Detail is given in Table 37 below.

Table 37: Fuel Source for Cooking in Project Affected Areas

S.N Municipality

/RM

Former

VDC

Households Utilizing Cooking Fuel Total

Wood/

Firewood

Bio

Gas

LP

Gas

Kerosene Electricity Other

1 Kamalamai-2 Bhadrakali 811 26 8 3 0 0 848

2 Ghyanglekh-1 Amale 411 0 0 0 0 4 415

3 Ghyanglekh-2 Bastipur 539 0 0 1 0 5 545

4 Ghyanglekh-3 Tamajor 444 0 0 1 0 0 445

5 Ghyanglekh-4 Netrakali 596 0 0 8 0 2 606

Total 2801 26 8 13 0 11 2859

% 97.97 0.92 0.28 0.45 0.00 0.38 100.00


Energy Source for Lighting

117. 35.29% of affected households rely on kerosene to fulfil their lighting needs. 28.40%

of households have access to electricity while 23.22% rely on solar energy to light up their

homes. Detail is given in Table 38 below.


Table 38: Energy Source for Lighting in Project Affected Areas

S.N. Municipality/RM Former VDC Electricity Kerosene Bio gas Solar Other Total

1 Kamalamai-2 Bhadrakali 594 183 3 53 15 848

2 Ghyanglekh-1 Amale 13 126 1 147 128 415

3 Ghyanglekh-2 Bastipur 8 170 1 155 211 545

4 Ghyanglekh-3 Tamajor 66 262 1 110 6 445

5 Ghyanglekh-4 Netrakali 131 268 0 199 8 606

Total 812 1009 6 664 368 2859

% 28.40 35.29 0.22 23.22 12.87 100.00


Sanitation

118. 86.99% of the affected households do not have access to toilets. Among the

households that do possess latrines, 6.40% have flush toilets, while 6.32% have ordinary

toilets. Detail is given in Table 39 below.

Table 39: Sanitation Status in Project Affected Areas

S.N. Municipality /

RM

Former

VDC

HHs without

Toilet

HHs with Toilet Total

Flush Ordinary Others Total

1 Kamalamai-2 Bhadrakali 599 123 126 0 249 848

2 Ghyanglekh-1 Amale 371 26 15 3 44 415

3 Ghyanglekh-2 Bastipur 511 12 19 3 34 545

4 Ghyanglekh-3 Tamajor 434 6 5 0 11 445

5 Ghyanglekh-4 Netrakali 572 16 16 2 34 606

Total 2,487 183 181 8 372 2,859

% 86.99 6.40 6.32 0.28 13.01 100.00


Literacy

119. Among the population of the project affected areas that is over the age of 5, 55.58%

have the ability to read and write. 3.94% of the population can only read, whereas 40.47%

are illiterate. A partly 0.01% of the entire population did not state their literacy status. Detail

is given in Table 40 below.

Table 40: Literacy Status in the Indirectly Affected Areas

S.N Municipality

/RM

Former

VDC

Can read

and write

Can read

only

Can't read

and write

Literacy

not stated

Total

1 Kamalamai-2 Bhadrakali 2651 20 1377 0 4048

2 Ghyanglekh-1 Amale 1219 159 626 0 2004

3 Ghyanglekh-2 Bastipur 1532 58 1109 0 2699

4 Ghyanglekh-3 Tamajor 1073 157 804 0 2034

5 Ghyanglekh-4 Netrakali 1174 148 1653 1 2976

Total 7649 542 5569 1 13761

% 55.57 3.94 40.47 0.01 100.00



Educational Attainment

120. 48.77% of the affected populations have had primary level education, while 20.63%

have attained lower secondary level education. 8.20% of populations have secondary level

education, 6.32% are SLC graduates, and 2.53% have studied up to intermediate level.

7.26% of people have had some form of non-formal education. Detail is given in Figure 7

below.


Figure 7: Educational Attainment of People in Project Affected Areas

4.3.3.1 Project Affected Settlements of DIA

121. The major settlements located along the road alignment i.e. project affected

settlements (PAS) are mostly rural, non-uniform and dispersed. Most section of road

completely lack settlements.

122. The major settlements located along the road alignment of PAS(s) in Sindhuli District

are presented in the Table 41 below:

0

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

3500

4000

4500 Beginner

Primary

LowerSecondary

Secondary

SLC & Equiv.

Intermediate &Equivalent

Graduate

PostGraduate

Other


Table 41: Major Settlement Located in the Proposed road alignment

S.N. Name of Settlement District Name of VDC/Municipality and Ward Number

1 Hayutar Sindhuli Ghyanglekh RM-2

2 Koltar Sindhuli Ghyanglekh RM-3

3 Apdanda Sindhuli Ghyanglekh RM-4

4 Bhotesanghara Sindhuli Kamalamai Municipality-2

5 Khattar Sindhuli Kamalamai Municipality-2

6 Chandanpur Sindhuli Ghyanglekh RM-2

Source: Socioeconomic Field Survey; August, 2017

Household and Population

123. The total households and population of PAS(s) of Sindhuli district is 252 and 1365

respectively. The representations of male and female population are 50.18% male and

49.82% female. The average household size of PAS(s) is 5.42.

Table 42: Household and Population of PAS(s)

S.N Settlement

Name

No. of

HHs

Population Average HH

Size Total Male Female

No. % No. %

1 Hayutar 50 250 150 60.00 100 40.00 5.00

2 Koltar 20 150 70 46.67 80 53.33 7.50

3 Apdanda 12 75 40 53.33 35 46.67 6.25

4 Bhotesanghara 30 130 70 53.85 60 46.15 4.33

5 Khattar 80 400 180 45.00 220 55.00 5.00

6 Chandanpur 60 360 170 47.22 190 52.78 6.00

Total 252 1365 680 49.82 685 50.18 5.42



Caste/Ethnicity

124. In PAS(s) of Sindhuli district, the major ethnic/caste groups are Tamang (75.40%), Newar (7.94%) and Brahmin (2.38%).

Please refer Table 43 for detail.

Table 43: Caste and Ethnicity in PAS(s)

S.N Settlement

Name

Major Castes (Household) Total

Ma

ga

r

Bra

hm

in

Ne

wa

r

Tam

an

g

Ch

he

tri

Da

ma

i

Ka

mi

Su

nu

wa

r

Ma

dh

es

i

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

1 Hayutar 0 0.00 2 4.00 0 0.00 45 90.00 2 4.00 1 2.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 50 100.00

2 Koltar 0 0.00 0 0.00 4 20.00 13 65.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 3 15.00 0 0.00 20 100.00

3 Apdanda 0 0.00 1 8.33 11 91.67 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 12 100.00

4 Bhotesanghara 0 0.00 3 10.00 5 16.67 16 53.33 3 10.00 0 0.00 2 6.67 0 0.00 1 3.33 30 100.00

5 Khattar 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 80 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 80 100.00

6 Chandanpur 9 15.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 36 60.00 12 20.00 1 1.67 2 3.33 0 0.00 0 0.00 60 100.00

Total 9 3.57 6 2.38 20 7.94 190 75.40 17 6.75 2 0.79 4 1.59 3 1.19 1 0.40 252 100.00



Religion

125. In Sindhuli district, majority of households of PAS(s) follow Buddhism (82.14%).

Moreover, the households following Hinduism religion is also significant (14.29%). Few people

(3.57%) follow Christian religion. Detail is given in Table 44 below.

Table 44: Religion Followed in PAS(s)

S.N Settlement

Name

Religion Total

Hindu Buddhist Christian

HH No. % HH No. % HH No. % HH No. %

1 Hayutar 5 10.00 45 90.00 0 0.00 50 100.00

2 Koltar 7 35.00 13 65.00 0 0.00 20 100.00

3 Apdanda 1 8.33 11 91.67 0 0.00 12 100.00

4 Bhotesanghara 11 36.67 16 53.33 3 10.00 30 100.00

5 Khattar 0 0.00 77 96.25 3 3.75 80 100.00

6 Chandanpur 12 20.00 45 75.00 3 5.00 60 100.00

Total 36 14.29 207 82.14 9 3.57 252 100.00


Migration

126. In Sindhuli district, majority of households (75.79%) of PAS(s) are living since generation

and remaining (16.27%) households are living from last 20-30 years, please refer Table 45.

Table 45: Migration Trend in PAS

S.N Settlement

Name

Living Since Total

Households

A g

en

era

tio

n a

go

20-3

0 y

ea

rs a

go

1-2

0 y

ea

rs a

go

Fam

ilie

s w

ho

hav

e

em

igra

ted

in

th

e

pas

t fe

w y

ea

rs

HH

No.

% HH

No.

% HH

No.

% HH

No.

% HH

No.

%

1 Hayutar 50 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 50 100.00

2 Koltar 20 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 20 100.00

3 Apdanda 12 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 12 100.00

4 Bhotesanghara 0 0.00 30 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 30 100.00

5 Khattar 69 86.25 6 7.50 4 5.00 1 1.25 80 100.00

6 Chandanpur 40 66.67 5 8.33 15 25.00 0 0.00 60 100.00

Total 191 75.79 41 16.27 19 7.54 1 0.40 252 100.00



Occupation

127. The major occupation of PAS(s) in Sindhuli district is agriculture (38.90%). However, majority of (36.70%) of them are also

student. The other occupations are wage labor (10.04%), foreign employment (7.33%), service (4.25%), and business (2.78%),

please refer Table 46

Table 46: Occupation in Project Affected Settlement

S.N Settlement

Name

Occupation Total

Population Agriculture Business Service Wage Labor Foreign

Employment

Student

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

1 Hayutar 80 32.00 10 4.00 10 4.00 25 10.00 25 10.00 100 40.00 250 100.00

2 Koltar 75 50.00 4 2.67 3 2.00 10 6.67 8 5.33 50 33.33 150 100.00

3 Apdanda 53 70.67 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 2.67 20 26.67 75 100.00

4 Bhotesanghara 45 34.62 12 9.23 13 10.00 26 20.00 5 3.85 29 22.31 130 100.00

5 Khattar 140 35.00 5 1.25 15 3.75 40 10.00 50 12.50 150 37.50 400 100.00

6 Chandanpur 138 38.33 7 1.94 17 4.72 36 10.00 10 2.78 152 42.22 360 100.00

Total 531 38.90 38 2.78 58 4.25 137 10.04 100 7.33 501 36.70 1365 100.00


Note: Infant (Age 0 to 5 years) are not considered for occupation


Livelihood

128. In Sindhuli district, majority of households (80.95%) in PAS(s) have sufficient earning

without surplus to fulfill their livelihood. While, few households (11.90%) have sufficient earning

with surplus. There are also few households (7.14%) which do not have sufficient earning to

fulfill their livelihood, refer Table 47.

Table 47: Livelihood Status in PAS

S.N. Settlement Name Earnings Total Households

Sufficient

with

surplus

Sufficient

without

surplus

Inadequate

to meet

livelihood

No. % No. % No. % No. %

1 Hayutar 4 8.00 36 72.00 10 20.00 50 100.00

2 Koltar 7 35.00 10 50.00 3 15.00 20 100.00

3 Apdanda 0 0.00 10 83.33 2 16.67 12 100.00

4 Bhotesanghara 0 0.00 30 100.00 0 0.00 30 100.00

5 Khattar 12 15.00 68 85.00 0 0.00 80 100.00

6 Chandanpur 7 11.67 50 83.33 3 5.00 60 100.00

Total 30 11.90 204 80.95 18 7.14 252 100.00


Housing Structure Types

129. Majority of the affected households (98.02%) have temporary structures while 1.98% of

households have permanent housing structures, refer Table 48.

Table 48: Housing Structure Type in PAS

S.N. Settlement Name Structure Type Total

Permanent Temporary

HH No. % HH No. % HH No. %

1 Hayutar 4 8.00 46 92.00 50 100.00

2 Koltar 0 0.00 20 100.00 20 100.00

3 Apdanda 0 0.00 12 100.00 12 100.00

4 Bhotesanghara 1 3.33 29 96.67 30 100.00

5 Khattar 0 0.00 80 100.00 80 100.00

6 Chandanpur 0 0.00 60 100.00 60 100.00

Total 5 1.98 247 98.02 252 100.00



Health

130. In Sindhuli district, people of PAS(s) visit health post located in their then VDC for general health treatment. However, in

major health treatment, they visit the district hospital as well as clinic of Sindhuli district. Majority of them walk for 50-1000 meters to

reach the health institutions, please refer Table 49.

Table 49: Available Health Service in PAS

S.N

.

Se

ttle

me

nt

Na

me

Na

me

of

Ne

are

st

He

alt

h

Insti

tuti

on

Lo

cati

on

Dis

tan

ce

or

Du

rati

on

No

. o

f S

taff

Me

mb

ers

Av

ail

ab

le

Se

rvic

es

Inco

min

g

Pa

tie

nts

per

day

Ma

jor

Dis

ea

se

s/

Illn

es

se

s

1 Hayutar Bastipur Ilaka Health Post Ghyanglekh-2 50 m 5 Primary Level

Treatment

30 Cough, cold, dysentery

2 Koltar - - - - - - Fever, cough, cold,

dysentery, pneumonia

3 Apdanda - - - - - - Fever, diarrhoea,

pneumonia, cough, cold

4 Bhotesanghara Bhotesanghara Health Post Bhotesanghara 500 m 4 Primary Level

Treatment

Fever, diarrhoea,


Bhotesanghara Medical Bhotesanghara 1 km 2 Primary Level

Treatment

Fever, cough, cold,

dysentery, pneumonia

5 Khattar - - - - - - Fever, diarrhoea,


6 Chandanpur - - - - - - Fever, diarrhoea,




131. In Sindhuli district, the major diseases reported are fever, common cold, dysentery,

pneumonia, and cough, please refer Table 50.

Table 50: Major Disease found in PAS

S.N. Settlement Name Major Diseases/ Illnesses

1 Hayutar Cough, cold, dysentery

2 Koltar Fever, cough, cold, dysentery, pneumonia

3 Apdanda Fever, diarrhoea, pneumonia, cough, cold

4 Bhotesanghara Fever, diarrhoea, pneumonia, cough, cold

5 Khattar Fever, diarrhoea, pneumonia, cough, cold

6 Chandanpur Fever, cough, cold, dysentery, pneumonia


Solid Waste Management Techniques

132. All the households in the PAS(s) practice composting to the organic waste generated

from their day to day activities. All of the inorganic wastes are burned or done open

dumping, refer Table 51.

Table 51: Solid Waste Management Techniques

S.N

Sett

lem

en

t N

am

e

Solid Waste Management Techniques

Organic Waste Inorganic Waste

Co

mp

osti

ng

Oth

er

To

tal

Incin

era

tio

n

Op

en

Du

mp

ing

Mu

nic

ipal

Co

llecti

on

To

tal

HH

No.

% HH

No.

% HH

No.

% HH

No.

% HH

No.

% HH

No.

% HH

No.

%

1 Hayutar 46 92.00 4 8.00 50 100 20 40.00 30 60.00 0 0.00 50 100.00

2 Koltar 18 90.00 2 10.00 20 100 19 95.00 1 5.00 0 0.00 20 100.00

3 Apdanda 11 91.67 1 8.33 12 100 11 91.67 1 8.33 0 0.00 12 100.00

4 Bhotesanghara 27 90.00 3 10.00 30 100 27 90.00 3 10.00 0 0.00 30 100.00

5 Khattar 64 80.00 16 20.00 80 100 20 25.00 60 75.00 0 0.00 80 100.00

6 Chandanpur 57 95.00 3 5.00 60 100 16 26.67 44 73.33 0 0.00 60 100.00

Total 223 88.49 29 11.51 252 100 113 44.84 139 55.16 0 0.00 252 100.00



Education

133. In Sindhuli district, the educational standing in PAS(s) comprises of illiterate (40.4%),

primary (36.97%), Secondary (19.30%) and graduate and above (3.60%), refer Table 52.

Table 52: Educational Status in PAS

S.N Settlement

Name

No. of Education Level Total

Illite

rate

Pri

mary

Level

Seco

nd

a

ry L

evel

Gra

du

ate

an

d

hig

her

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % ale and

Female

1 Hayutar Males 20 18.2 50 45.45 35 31.82 5 4.55 110 100 230

Females 20 16.7 60 50.00 40 33.33 0 0.00 120 100

2 Koltar Males 3 5.4 50 89.29 3 5.36 0 0.00 56 100 102

Females 4 8.7 40 86.96 2 4.35 0 0.00 46 100

3 Apdanda Males 4 12.5 18 56.25 10 31.25 0 0.00 32 100 70

Females 3 7.9 16 42.11 15 39.47 4 10.53 38 100

4 Bhotesanghara Males 20 33.3 20 33.33 20 33.33 0 0.00 60 100 122

Females 30 48.4 17 27.42 15 24.19 0 0.00 62 100

5 Khattar Males 100 54.1 50 27.03 20 10.81 15 8.11 185 100 359

Females 100 57.5 40 22.99 21 12.07 13 7.47 174 100

6 Chandanpur

Males 99 55.3 48 26.82 27 15.08 5 2.79 179 100 310

Females 79 60.3 32 24.43 19 14.50 1 0.76 131 100

Total 482 40.4 441 36.97 227 19.03 43 3.60 1193 100 1193


Note: Infant (Age 0 to 5 years) are not considered for educational status

134. In Sindhuli district, the available educational institutions of PAS(s) are from primary

Level to higher secondary level. Students need to walk from 10 to 30 minutes to reach their

school, please refer Table 53.


Table 53: Availability and Access to Educational Institutions in PAS(s)

S.N Settlement

Name

Name of School Level Type Student

No.

Distance or

Duration to

get to

school

Address

1 Hayutar Shree Secondary

School

Seconda

ry

Governmental 580 10 minutes Ghyanglekh-2

Shree Nawadip

Academy

Primary Private 80 10 minutes Ghyanglekh-2

2 Koltar Koltar Primary

School

Primary Governmental 125 20 minutes Koltar

3 Apdanda - - - - - -

4 Bhotesanghara Nibuatar Higher

Secondary

School

Seconda

ry

Governmental 300 15 minutes Nibuatar-9

5 Khattar Shree

Bambeshwari

Lower Secondary

School

Primary Governmental 150 20 minutes Khattar

6 Chandanpur - - - - - -


Drinking Water

135. In PAS(s) of Sindhuli district, Pipe water supply (81.75%) is the main source of

drinking water. However, majority of households (17.06%) also rely on river water for the

purpose of drinking water, please refer Table 54.

Table 54: Status of Drinking Water in PAS

S.

N

Settlement

Name

HH Consumption of Water Done Through Total

Communal

Tap

River

Water

Well/

Spring

Pipeline

HH

No.

% HH

No.

% HH

No.

% HH

No.

% HH

No.

%

1 Hayutar 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 50 100.00 50 100.00

2 Koltar 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 20 100.00 20 100.00

3 Apdanda 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 12 100.00 12 100.00

4 Bhotesanghara 0 0.00 28 93.33 0 0.00 2 6.67 30 100.00

5 Khattar 0 0.00 7 8.75 1 1.25 72 90.00 80 100.00

6 Chandanpur 0 0.00 8 13.33 2 3.33 50 83.33 60 100.00

Total 0 0.00 43 17.06 3 1.19 206 81.75 252 100.00



Energy Used for Cooking

136. In Sindhuli district, majority of households of PAS(s) use firewood (76.59%) for

cooking purpose. Households using LPG for cooking purpose is also significant (23.41%),

refer Table 55.

Table 55: Status of Energy Used for Cooking in PAS

S.N. Settlement

Name

Fuel for cooking (HH Using) Total

Wood LPG

HH No. % HH No. % HH No. %

1 Hayutar 30 60.00 20 40.00 50 100.00

2 Koltar 18 90.00 2 10.00 20 100.00

3 Apdanda 9 75.00 3 25.00 12 100.00

4 Bhotesanghara 1 3.33 29 96.67 30 100.00

5 Khattar 78 97.50 2 2.50 80 100.00

6 Chandanpur 57 95.00 3 5.00 60 100.00

Total 193 76.59 59 23.41 252 100.00


Energy Used for Lighting

137. In Sindhuli district, most of the households (67.86%) of PAS(s) use Electricity for the

lighting purpose while 32.14% use solar, refer Table 56.

Table 56: Status of Energy Used for Lighting in PAS

S.N Settlement Name HH Using Total

Kerosene Electricity Solar


1 Hayutar 0 0.00 50 100.00 0 0.00 50 100.00

2 Koltar 0 0.00 19 95.00 1 5.00 20 100.00

3 Apdanda 0 0.00 12 100.00 0 0.00 12 100.00

4 Bhotesanghara 0 0.00 30 100.00 0 0.00 30 100.00

5 Khattar 0 0.00 0 0.00 80 100.00 80 100.00

6 Chandanpur 0 0.00 60 100.00 0 0.00 60 100.00

Total 0 0.00 171 67.86 81 32.14 252 100.00


Toilets

138. In Sindhuli district, almost all households of PAS(s) possess toilet outside their

houses (99.60%) except one in Bhotesanghar, refer Table 57.


Table 57: Status of Sanitation Condition in PAS

S.

N

Settlement

Name

Toilets Total

No

Toilet

No. of Houses with Toilet

Inside the

house

Outside the

house

Pit Latrine

HH

No.

% HH

No.

% HH

No.

% HH No. %

1 Hayutar 0 0 0.00 50 100.00 0 0.00 50 100.00

2 Koltar 0 0 0.00 20 100.00 0 0.00 20 100.00

3 Apdanda 0 0 0.00 12 100.00 0 0.00 12 100.00

4 Bhotesanghara 0 1 3.33 29 96.67 0 0.00 30 100.00

5 Khattar 0 0 0.00 80 100.00 0 0.00 80 100.00

6 Chandanpur 0 0 0.00 60 100.00 0 0.00 60 100.00

Total 0 1 0.40 251 99.60 0 0.00 252 100.00


Telecommunication

139. In PAS(s) NTC is the major telecom facility (44.44%) along with Ncell (43.25%), and

smart cell (12.30%), please refer Table 58.

Table 58: Status of Telecommunication Facility in PAS

S.N. Settlement Name Telecommunications

NTC Ncell Smart Cell Total


1 Hayutar 45 90.00 0 0.00 5 10.00 50 100.00

2 Koltar 10 50.00 0 0.00 10 50.00 20 100.00

3 Apdanda 1 8.33 0 0.00 11 91.67 12 100.00

4 Bhotesanghara 0 0.00 29 96.67 1 3.33 30 100.00

5 Khattar 40 50.00 40 50.00 0 0.00 80 100.00

6 Chandanpur 16 26.67 40 66.67 4 6.67 60 100.00

Total 112 44.44 109 43.25 31 12.30 252 100.00


Economic Activities

Market

140. There are various markets in PAS(s) of Sindhuli district. They are temporary and

permanent in type. Most of the small markets are 5 to 30 kilometers from the settlement

center, please refer Table 59.


Table 59: Major Market in PAS

S.

N

.

Settlement

Name

Number of

Bazaars

Name Type of

Bazaar

Distance or Duration

from Settlement Centre

1 Hayutar 1 Hayutar Permanent

2 Koltar 2 Madi Bazar Permanent 38 km

Koldap Temporary 15 minutes

3 Apdanda 1 Simle Bazar Permanent 5 km

4 Bhotesanghara 2 Madi Bazar Temporary 15 km

Bhotesanghara Temporary 15 minutes

5 Khattar 2 Khattar Temporary 5 minutes

Madi Bazar Permanent 45 km

6 Chandanpur 1 Chandanpur Temporary 10 minutes


Industry

141. In PAS(s) of Sindhuli district, there are no industries.

Refreshment and shops

142. There are 8 hotel and lodges, 18 teashops and 26 ration stores in PAS(s) of Sindhuli

district. Other shops include 2 stationeries and 1 clothing store, please refer Table 60.


Table 60: Status of Refreshment and Shops Facility in PAS

S.N Settlement Name Amenities

Ho

tels

an

d

Lo

dg

es

Resta

ura

nts

Tea S

ho

ps

Rati

on

Sto

re

Sta

tio

nery

Co

sm

eti

cs

Ph

arm

acy

Clo

thin

g

Sto

re

Hard

ware

Meat

Sh

op

s

Tailo

r

To

tal

No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. % No. %

1 Hayutar 1 7.69 0 0.00 4 30.77 7 53.85 1 7.69 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 13 100.00

2 Koltar 0 0.00 0 0.00 2 66.67 1 33.33 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 3 100.00

3 Apdanda 0 0.00 0 0.00 3 100.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 3 100.00

4 Bhotesanghara 2 11.76 0 0.00 3 17.65 10 58.82 1 5.88 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 5.88 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 17 100.00

5 Khattar 4 30.77 0 0.00 4 30.77 5 38.46 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 13 100.00

6 Chandanpur 1 16.67 0 0.00 2 33.33 3 50.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 6 100.00

Total 8 14.55 0 0.00 18 32.73 26 47.27 2 3.64 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 1.82 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 55 100.00



Financial Institutions

143. There is 1 bank, 5 microfinances and 4 co-operatives in the PAS(s) of Sindhuli

district, please refer Table 61.

Table 61: Status of Financial Institutions in PAS

S.N. Settlement Name Financial Institutions

Banks Micro-finance Co-operative Total

No. % No. % No. % No. %

1 Hayutar 0 0.00 1 100.00 0 0.00 1 100.00

2 Koltar 0 0.00 1 100.00 0 0.00 1 100.00

3 Apdanda 0 0.00 0 0.00 1 100.00 1 100.00

4 Bhotesanghara 1 25.00 1 25.00 2 50.00 4 100.00

5 Khattar 0 0.00 2 66.67 1 33.33 3 100.00

6 Chandanpur 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00 0 0.00

Total 1 10.00 5 50.00 4 40.00 10 100.00


Land Ownership

144. Majority of the households (88.89%) in PAS(s) owe less than 5 ropanis of land.

9.13% HH have 5-10 ropanis of land, while very few (1.98%) of them are landless, refer

Table 62 for detail.

Table 62: Land Ownership in PAS

S.N Settlement

Name

Land Ownership Total

5-10

Ropanis

Upto 5

Ropanis

No Land

(Sukumbasi)

HH

No.

% HH

No.

% HH

No.

% HH

No.

%

1 Hayutar 1 2.00 49 98.00 0 0.00 50 100.00

2 Koltar 4 20.00 16 80.00 0 0.00 20 100.00

3 Apdanda 5 41.67 7 58.33 0 0.00 12 100.00

4 Bhotesanghara 11 36.67 18 60.00 1 3.33 30 100.00

5 Khattar 0 0.00 77 96.25 3 3.75 80 100.00

6 Chandanpur 2 2.50 57 71.25 1 1.25 60 75.00

Total 23 9.13 224 88.89 5 1.98 252 100.00


Irrigation

145. Majority of the of the agriculture areas of PAS(s) has been linked to the irrigation

systems. Whole of the irrigation land in Hayutar are linked with the irrigation system while

Bhotesanghara have 95% of the linkage of irrigation system with the agricultural land.90 %

of Chandanpur, 60% of Koltar, 25% of Apdanda, and 60% of Khattar are also linked with the

irrigation system, refer Table 63 for detail.


Table 63: Irrigation Status in PAS

S.

N

Settlement

Name

Irrigation Status

Land with Access to

Irrigation

Land without Access to

Irrigation

% %

1 Hayutar 100 0

2 Koltar 60 40

3 Apdanda 25 75

4 Bhotesanghara 95 5

5 Khattar 60 40

6 Chandanpur 90 10


Crops

146. Major Crop species in the PAS(s) are paddy, millet and maize. Wheat, Buckwheat

and mustard are also cultivated in Bhotesanghara village, refer Table 64 for detail

Table 64: Major Crops in PAS

S.N. Settlement Name Major Crops

1 Hayutar Paddy, Maize, Mustard, Millet

2 Koltar Paddy, Maize, Millet

3 Apdanda Paddy, Maize, Millet

4 Bhotesanghara Paddy, Maize, Wheat, Mustard, Buckwheat

5 Khattar Paddy, Maize, Millet, Wheat

6 Chandanpur Paddy, Maize, Millet


Livestock

147. Major livestock in the PAS(s) are cow, goat and buffalo. Chicken and Ox are also

some of the minor livestock of the PAS(s) refer Table 65 for detail

Table 65: Major Livestock in PAS

S.N. Settlement Name Major Livestock

1 Hayutar Cow, Buffalo, Goat

2 Koltar Cow, Ox, Buffalo, Goat, Chicken

3 Apdanda Goat, Buffalo, Ox

4 Bhotesanghara Goat, Buffalo, Cow

5 Khattar Cow, Goat, Buffalo, Chicken

6 Chandanpur Cow, Goat, Buffalo, Chicken



Economic Activities

148. Majority of people of PAS(s) of Sindhuli district believe that the proposed road project

will enhance local business, commercial farming and livestock rearing in the district through

the export of local agricultural production and increment of business activities, please refer

Table 66 for detail.

Table 66: Potential Economic activities by Road Upgrading in local level

S.

N

Settlement

Name

Areas of Economic Prosperity

1 Hayutar Industries and mills, businesses.

Large areas of cultivable land; prospect of commercial farming and

livestock rearing.

2 Koltar Commercial farming and animal husbandry.

3 Apdanda Local businesses, livestock rearing.

4 Bhotesanghara Commercial farming, religious sites as potential tourist attractions.

5 Khattar Converting Gumbas into tourist attractions.

6 Chandanpur Local businesses, livestock rearing.


Sites of Historical, Cultural, Archaeological, Religious and Tourism Importance

149. The various sites of historical, cultural, archaeological, religious and tourism

importance in PAS(s) of Sindhuli district is presented in Table 67.

Table 67: Historical, Cultural, Archaeological, Religious and Tourism Sites

S.N. Settlement Name Temples and Religious Sites

1 Hayutar -

2 Koltar Gumba (Pema Sangling)

3 Apdanda Madisthan, Gupteshwari, Kaling

4 Bhotesanghara Ganeshthan

5 Khattar Riyopotala Gumba, Mane Mandir

6 Chandanpur -


Social Centers

150. During the road rehabilitation except for the Local School in Sanitar none of the other

social centers were recorded to be affected in the PAS(s), pleaserefer Table 68 for detail


Table 68: Social Centres

S.

N.

Settlement

Name

No. of

Social

Centers

Name of Social

Centre

Physical

Status

Affected due to Road

Rehabilitation (Y/N)

1 Hayutar 1 Hayutar Ilaka

Health Post

Good N

2 Koltar 0 - - -

3 Apdanda 0 - - -

4 Bhotesanghara 2 Sahakari Building Good N

Vegetables and

Fruits Centre

Good N

5 Khattar 0 - - -

6 Chandanpur 0 - - -


4.3.4 Project Affected Families

151. This section presents the socio-economic profile of the study area and project

affected households due to the road upgrading works.

Demography

152. A detailed socio-economic survey was conducted to investigate affected households

income, food sufficiency, livelihood options, loss of land, structures, trees and other assets.

Of the total 242 affected households, socio-economic survey was carried for 133 households

consisting of 868 populations. Total 106 Janajati households are affected by sub-project

and, m=among them Tamang are of highest proportion (18.87%). The Table 69 provides

summary of the affected households.

Table 69: Summary of Affected Households by the Sub-project

SN Variable Count

1 Total Affected HHs 242

2 Absentee HHs 109

3 Interviewed HHs 133

4 Interviewed Population 868

4.1 Male 450

4.2 Female 418

4.3 Average HHs Size 6.5

4.4 Dalit HHs 9

4.5 Janjati HHs 106

4.6 Brahmin/Chettri HHs 18

4.7 Women Headed HHs 11

Source: Household Survey, 2016

153. Agriculture is the main occupation of the population residing along the road alignment

but it does not contribute much to their total income and food sufficiency. People in the area

grow mostly paddy, potato, millet, barley, wheat and buckwheat.


154. The average agricultural income of the affected households NRs. 48,433.11 in a year

and that of non – agricultural income is NRs. 234,143.61. Please refer Table 70 for detail.

Table 70: Average Income of APs

Annual

Income

(NRs.)

HHs

(No.)

Average

Annual

Agriculture

Income (NRs.)

HHs

(No.)

Average

Annual Non-

agriculture

Income (NRs.)

HHs

(No.)

Average

Annual

Income

(NRs.)

<=12,000 12 48,433.11 11 234,143.61 1 245,410.56

12,000-

25,000

16 0 1

>25,000 85 123 131

Total 133 133

Source: Household survey, 2016

155. The average food sufficiency month of the APs is 10.18 months per year and the

average land holding of affected households is 0.43 ha, please refer Table 71 for detail.

Table 71: Food Sufficiency of AP

S.N Food Sufficiency Months HHs (No.) Remarks

1 < 3 months 1

2 3-6 months 9

3 6-9 months 21

4 9-12 months 102

5 >12 months 0

Average (months) 10.18

Source: Household survey, 2016


5. Impacts of Reconstruction Plan Implementation on

Environment

156. The identification and assessment of impacts has been carried out by considering the

proposed proposal activities examined in terms of the construction and operation stage.

Several such impacts have been identified based on site observation, field survey and

information obtained from the stakeholders, with a few being identified on value judgment.

The impact of the activities will be on physical, biological, socio-economic and cultural

resources within the ZoI. Impacts from the proposed road sub project can be both beneficial

as well as adverse. Most of the identified impacts have been quantified as far as possible.

The impacts have been predicted in terms of their magnitude (minor, moderate and high),

extent (site specific, local and regional) and duration (short, medium and long term) and

appropriate benefit enhancement and mitigation measures are given in Chapter 7.

5.1. Beneficial Impacts

5.1.1 Construction Phase

Employment Generation

157. One of the major direct beneficial impacts of the road during the construction stage is

the creation of employment opportunities. The road construction will create of 103,743

unskilled and 31,134 skilled person day’s work. There will be positive impacts in other

economic activities in a chained manner creating other income generating activities. The

impact is direct, high, short-term and local in nature.

Economic Increment of Local People

158. The amount of money that is injected in the rural economy in the form of various

commercial & economic activities will directly enhance the economic increment in the project

area. The local people of the project area will have opportunity to sell their agro products

(such as milk, eggs, meat, vegetables, fruits, etc) on better price to the contractors,

construction workforce as well as the personnel of project office. Besides to meet the daily

demands of the contractors and construction workforce, there are possibilities of opening of

new tea stalls, restaurants, and consumer good shops. The local community can get

maximum benefits of these new commercial and economic activities. This impact is direct,

high, local and short-term in nature

Skill Enhancement

159. The construction of road is likely to enhance their skills in construction, and large

number of people will get practical hands on training. Furthermore, the project will also

organize training on road construction and maintenance that will enhance the technical skills

of local people. The skill and knowledge acquired from the project during construction will

enhance employment opportunities. Such trained manpower can earn livelihoods from

similar project in future. This impact is indirect, low, local and long-term in nature.


5.1.2 Operation Phase

Improved access

160. The construction of Road will offer easy, comfortable and quick access to the people

of the project areas to markets and social services. Travelling time will be reduced and the

cost of transportation will be cheaper than present. This is the direct, high, regional impacts

and will have long-term benefits.

Possible Market Development and Business Promotion

161. New market areas and settlements will develop resulting urbanization and

industrialization of the project area, which will lead to the regional development of the area.

There are increased economic opportunities and significant growth and extension of the

minor local markets along the road. There will be many non-farm employment opportunities

for the growing rural population especially for occupational caste groups due to extension of

market centre and development of small towns. The project will have indirect, long term,

local and high benefits.

Increase in Land Value

162. Upgrading of the road leads to appreciation of land values, particularly near the

market and settlement areas. People from the different village will migrate near the road

because of facilities and commercial purpose which increase the demand of plot land near

the road alignment. Increase in the demand will increase the land value. The impact is

indirect, high, local and long term in nature.

Development of Cottage Industries

163. Majority of the people depend upon agriculture and horticulture. During the time of

the field visit it is observed that there is the practice of cultivating commercial farming like

tomato & cabbage. But because of the lack of the market they have not got sufficient benefit

from their product. After completion of upgrading, their economic standard will also grow due

to increase in the commercial farming of these two products because of enhanced

transportation and market facilities. Similarly, there are also chances to develop forest based

industries such as saw mill industries with facilities of transportation. The project will have

indirect, long term, local and high benefits.

Increase in Crop Productivity

164. Once the road is in operation, people should have cheaper and improved access to

many inputs such as seeds, chemical fertilizer and technology, leading to increased

agricultural production and diversification. The farmers will be more interested to increase

agricultural production due to market accessibility. Similarly, there will be diversification in

occupational pattern of local people, who are till now mainly dependent on subsistence

farming. The transportation cost is expected to come down heavily for many of the inputs

that are used by farmers in farm and other goods. This is the direct, moderate, regional and

will have long term benefits.


Increase in Sale of Local Products

165. The local product like vegetable, fruits, cash crops and livestock products will be

increased in almost all the settlement along the road corridor. Due to market accessibility the

local product also take place in local market in reasonable price which preserve time and

money is the motivational factor to the local people. The increase in the product increases in

the sale. This is the indirect, moderate, local and will have long term benefits.

5.2. Adverse Impacts


5.2.1.1 Physical Aspects

Change in Land Use

166. The land acquired for the implementation of the project can undergo a long-term

permanent change in the land use. Changes of land use due to the construction of road are

mainly conversion of 1.665 ha of cultivated land & 1.120 ha built-up land, 1.950 ha of

Government Managed Forest area, 2.875 ha of CF, 0.166 ha of private forest area, 0.487 ha

leasehold forest, 0.131 ha of barren land, and 0.050 ha of river/ stream area. Similarly, there

will be some change in land use due to expansion of roadside settlements. The impact from

changes in land use will be high, direct, local and long term in nature.

Hazards due to Spoil Disposal

167. There is the possibility of landslides and erosion from cutting the road during the

upgrading process, particularly during monsoon. The common likely problems from

inappropriate disposal of spoils are: gullying and erosion of spoil tips especially when

combined with unmanaged surface water runoff, damage to farm lands, and destruction of

vegetation, crops and property at downhill. The possible spoil disposal sites have proposed

below (Table 72). The impact from spoil disposal will be direct, moderate, site specific and

long term in nature.

Table 72: Possible Spoil Disposal site

S. No. Chainage Location

1 9+000 Bugdi , Khaltar,Kamalamai-2

2 18+900 Rajbas Hill Side, Ghyanglekh-1

3 29+000 Shola Bhanjyang,Ghyanglekh-3

4 33+400 Near Belbot,Ghyanglekh-4

5 35+950 Aapdanda, Ghyanglekh-4

Slope Instability

168. The construction of road on hill slope and terraces will open the new surface may

create land instability and increase the soil erosion. Similarly, the road cut through the

unstable area may lead to the landslide. The baseline study under this study has identified

the problematic areas from the geological point (Refer Table 10). The stability of slopes

along the road corridor depends upon slope angle, the material constituting the slope, rock


discontinuities and hydrological conditions. The likely impact of slope instability and soil

erosion is indirect, moderate, site specific and long term in nature.

Disruption of Natural Water Flow due to Drainage and Cross Drainage Works

169. Roads usually generate large volumes of concentrated surface runoff. The

concentrated water from the road outlet causes erosion and landslide eventually affecting

the stability of the road. The impact will be indirect, moderate, site specific and medium term.

Air and Dust Pollution

170. Although the air quality of the project area is not measured, the air does not appear

to be polluted. However, during construction of road, there is a strong possibility of dust

pollution. The dust emission is likely to be intense along the construction site. This may

affect the local people and workers, as well as agricultural crops. Dust may create nuisance

to markets, schools and health posts. Impact on air quality will be direct, low, local and short

term in nature.

Noise Pollution

171. The project area at present does not experience high level of noise. However, use of

bull dozer, excavator and rollers may cause air dust and noise pollution to the workers and

people living in nearby areas. The impact of noise will be direct, low, local and short term in

nature.

Water Pollution

172. The water quality within the project area is not tested. Nevertheless, quality of water

in the water bodies within the project area appears to be fairly good as they are widely used

by households for drinking purpose. The haphazard disposal of various types of waste

generated from construction activities might degrade the water sources. If the proper

sanitary condition is not maintained in the labour camps and work camps, water may be

contaminated resulting in the occurrence of water borne diseases may increase. The impact

will be direct, low, local, short term in nature.

Impact due to Quarrying

173. Construction of the road requires boulders and other types of construction materials.

Potential quarry sites have been identified (refer Table 2 &3). The extraction of materials

from inappropriate places or in excessive amounts can damage the local environment. The

potential adverse impacts of quarrying are accelerated erosion, landslides, disturbance in

natural drainage patterns, water logging and water pollution. Quarry site are proposed at the

chainage 20+410-20+620 and 20+800-21+160. The likely impact from the operation of

quarry sites will be direct, low in magnitude, local nature and short term duration.

Impact due to Camp Sites

174. Domestic wastes (both solid and liquid) will be generated from the construction

camps. The haphazard disposal of such domestic waste in the open land will contaminate

the land, generate foul smell and reduce aesthetic attractiveness of the locality. Moreover,

such haphazard disposal of waste can contaminate water sources. Siting of camp may

cause encroachment of forest, agriculture land, and alteration of drainage and waste water


problems. Appropriate camp sites have been identified and listed below in Table 73. Impact

will be direct, moderate significance, site specific and for short-term.

Table 73: Proposed Camp site along the road

S. No. Chainage Location

1 3+700 Bhoteswara, Kamalamai -2

2 8+900 Khaltar, Kamalamai -2

3 13+600 Simle Khaltar, Ghyanglekh-1

4 17+200 Rajbas, Ghyanglekh-1

5 22+500 Hayutar, Ghyanglekh-2

6 29+000 Shola Bhanjyang, Ghyanglekh-3

7 31+900 Chaukitar, Ghyanglekh-3

8 34+950 Belbot, Ghyanglekh-4


5.2.1.2 Biological Aspects

Loss or Degradation of Forest and Vegetation

175. 1.950 ha of Government Managed Forest(1.137 upto Solbhanjyang and 0.812

beyound Solbhanjyang) , 0.189 ha community forest, 0.166 ha of private forest area, 0.085

ha leasehold forest will be affected due to this sub-project. 1259 no. of trees from National

forest (47 from community forest, 7 from Leasehold forest & 832 from Government Managed

forest) and 373 no. of trees from private forest and private land will be necessary to be cut

down to clear the formation of the road (Table 74 & Appendix XI). Total forest area loss

from Ch 0+000 to Ch 29+290 is 4.495 ha. Similarly, 0.812 of NF will be lossed from Ch The

impact on vegetation/forest resources have been considered to be direct, High in magnitude,

site specific in extent and short term in duration.

Table 74: Trees to be Cut in Formation Width

S.N. Chainage Type of Land No. of Trees Lost From To

1 0+000

0+790

0+460

1+800

Kalika Community Forest 3

2 10+250 11+000 Jhalkane Community Forest 41

3 14+760

18+900

17+000

19+040

Ranias Community Forest 3

4 21+580 21+940 Manebhanjyang Leasehold Forest 7

5 27+180 29+000 Government Forest (Up to Sola Bhanjyang)

709

29+300 30+600 Government Forest (After Sola Bhanjyang)

123

6 0+190 37+200 Private Forest 107

7 5+060 35+950 Cultivated Land 266

Total 1259



Pressure in Forest Product

176. Local people and labors might be involved in collecting, using and selling the forest

products particularly the timber and firewood to meet the cooking demand of construction

camp. As the economic activities increases, the number of tea stall, restaurants, and lodges

will also increase to provide the services to the construction workers and project staffs.

These may require additional quantity of fuel wood and timber. Moreover, large and small

sized timber may be needed for establishment of temporary huts such that the construction

workers might utilize the forest nearby the construction site (Kalika CF, Jhalkane CF,

Ranibas CF, Hariyali LHF, Pragatisil LHF, Lalupate LHF, Laliguras LHF, Manebhanjyang

LHF and Government Managed Forest) for such purpose resulting in the loss of natural

forest and vegetation resources. The impact will be indirect, low, local and long term in

nature.

Habitat Fragmentation

177. The forest resources of project area have already been in a degraded state and

disturbed condition due to track way opening, settlement development/expansion and

human intervention. However, the construction of the road may disturb wildlife and bird

species present along the road corridor. The movement of labor, use of construction

equipment, and noise during construction may affect the home range of the fauna. The

impact will be indirect, low, local and long term in nature.

Impacts on Flora and Fauna (as listed in CITES and IUCN Red Data Book and

Protected by GoN)

178. The construction of road may disturb wildlife and bird species present along the road

corridor due to increased noise level. Some protected wild fauna (Table 14) of project are in

IUCN list. Similarly, Sal (Shorea robusta), banned for felling, transportation and export for

commercial purpose, is found in project area. The impact will be indirect, low, local and short

term in nature.

5.2.1.3 Socio-economic Aspects

Loss of Land and Productivity

179. In total 1.665 ha of cultivated land will be affected due to the sub-project. The

average land holding of Aps will decrease from 0.43 ha to 0.41 ha. The food sufficiency of

AP from their own land will decrease from an average 10.18 months to 8.76 months. Total

295 plots of lands will be affected during the road reconstruction and rehabilitation activities.

Moreover, spoil on farm land will also affect the production of agricultural crops. It is clear

that the loss of crops from the land acquired by the project will have adverse impact on the

financial stability of the affected households who are dependent on the agricultural

productivity of their land. The impact is expected to be direct, high in magnitude, local in

extent and of long term in duration.

Impact on Private Properties

180. Eight private residences (4 houses and 4 Goth), belonging to eight households, along

the road corridor will be affected as given in Appendix XII and Table 75 in detail. The


impact is expected to be direct, high in magnitude, site specific in extent and of long term in

duration.

Table 75: Summary of Affected Private Structure in the Formation Width

Ch

ain

ag

e

Str

uc

ture

Typ

e

Na

me

of

Ow

ner

Lo

cati

on

Sto

rey

Re

ma

rks

(Wa

ll/R

oo

f)

Are

a o

f

Str

uc

ture

( S

q M

)

22+900 House Padam Bahadur Bloar Ghyanglekh -2 2 Mud

Stone/CGI

97.25

23+540 House Krishna Bahadur

Syangtan

Ghyanglekh -2 2 Bamboo/Khar 23.24

24+070 Goth Ek Bahadur Khadka Ghyanglekh -2 1 bamboo/CGI 11

24+830 Goth Jas Karna Magar Ghyanglekh -2 2 bamboo/CGI 30.4

24+870 Goth Bir Bahadur Khadka Ghyanglekh -2 2 Mud

Stone/CGI

20.1

26+440 House Tulku Lama Ghyanglekh -2 2 Stone/Bamboo

/CGI

36.49

31+895 House Bishnu Syangten Ghyanglekh -3 1 Stone/CGI 50.4

31+900 Goth Bishnu Syangten Ghyanglekh -3 2 Bamboo/CGI 19.2


Impact on Community Infrastructure

181. There is only one community tap and around 25 m polythene pipe of water that will

be affected due to this project along the road, refer Table 76. The impact is expected to be

direct, high in magnitude, site specific in extent and of long term in duration.

Table 76: Summary of Affected Community structure in the formation width

Chainage Structure Type Location Dimension

24+080 Tap Ghyanglekh -2 2.1 Sq m

19+200 Water pipe Ghyanglekh -1 25 m.


Impacts on Cultural, Religious and Archeological Sites

182. There is no any Cultural, Religious and Archeological Sites within the formation

width.

Impacts on Occupational Health and Safety

183. During construction phase, the work personnel will be exposed to various health risks

and hazards. The hazards will be notable due to injuries to workers while working in the

Project without adequate safety measures and equipment. Typical health hazards can be

encountered during rock cutting, slope cutting, equipment handling, side casting, slope


stabilization etc. Other potential impacts to health are respiratory disease and eye disease

due to exposure to dust.

184. Unsafe water sources and unhygienic conditions (lack of latrines and washing

facilities) bear the risk of additional and often endemic diseases, such as dysentery, diarrhea

and cholera. . The impacts are direct, low, short term and local.

Impact on Public Health and Safety

185. For the project construction works, people from various parts of the project affected

municipalities/Rural Municipalities as well as country will temporarily migrate in the project

area. Moreover, other people looking for business opportunity will also migrate in project

area in various settlements of the road. Both work force and migrating people might be

suffering from several communicable diseases such that their disease could be transmitted

to local people arising threat to community health.

186. The sanitation condition of project area is good with entire households of project

affected settlements possess toilets. However, the environmental degradation in and around

the project site can occur due to poor sanitation practice of construction camp. The impacts

are direct, low, short term and local.



Road Slope Stability and Management

187. The road follows hilly terrain such that the road construction is executed by making

the cut slopes on hillside. The hill slope along the Road alignment and nearby areas may be

destabilized due to inadequate road cutting, inadequate drainage works, and faulty

construction, re-vegetation of the area and monsoon effect. The destabilization of slope may

also be expedited due to human activities in the road neighborhood such as quarrying

stones or soil and irrigated cultivation. The impact will be direct, moderate, local and long

term in nature.

Impact due to Air, Noise and Water Pollution

188. During operation period, a number of vehicles will carry out along the road and will

produce air pollutants. This will increase the pollution level of ambient air, increase in noise

level due to vehicles and blowing of horns along the road corridor. Washing of vehicles in

natural streams may cause contamination in drinking water sources. The vehicular

movement is not expected to be very high; the overall impact will be direct, low, local and

long term.


Pressure in Forest Resource

189. Due to easy access, forest areas on the roadside may suffer from human

interference such as trampling; grazing of domestic animals and collection of NTFPs may

hinder natural regeneration and growth of plants. Moreover, there is a possibility of


smuggling of forest products due to easy access and easy transportation facilities. The

impact will be indirect, moderate, local and long term in nature.

Forest Fire

190. With increase human influence in forest area there is the chances of increase forest

fire intentionally and unknowingly. The impact will be indirect, low, local and long term in

nature.

Disturbance to Wildlife

191. Although the wildlife population is reported low, they may be disturbed due to the

frequent movement of the vehicles. Vehicular flow, horn blowing in the forest area will have

impact on the wildlife and bird species. The impact will be indirect, low, local and long term in

nature.

Illegal Hunting

192. There may occur illegal hunting during operation period by the people from market

areas due to easy accessibility. The impact will be indirect, low, local and long term in

nature.

Impact on Protected Species

193. Some protected fauna and flora are reported (refer section Table 14) in project area.

There will be possibilities of impact on these species due to increase in human influence.

The impact will be indirect, low, local and long term in nature.


Encroachment of Public Land and Ribbon Settlement Development

194. Ribbon like settlement growth is common along the highway in Nepal. The tendency

of encroaching RoW (right of way) is a common scenario in other roads of Nepal. Such sorts

of tendency cannot be neglected for this road as well. If so, this will not only limit the

possibility for future expansion but also increase possibility encroachment of public land,

forest area and also increase the chances of road accident. In addition, the settlement

growth along the roadside is also likely to increase the volume of household wastes as well

as wastes water on the road. The roadside surface water may turn into wastewater drain.

This may block the drain, which may damage and/or degrade the road condition thereby

demanding high cost for the maintenance and repair. The impact will be direct, moderate,

local and medium term in nature.

Increased Traffic Congestion

195. After the upgrading of road to all weather gravel standard road, there will be increase

in vehicular movements. The local community will lose their working concentration and can

get disturbed by the high vehicular transportation and traffic jam. Moreover, the community

will get disturbed by the air pollution through vehicular emission as well as by noise pollution

due to vehicular movement and blowing of pressure horns. The impact will be direct,

moderate, local and long term in nature.


Road Safety

196. Inadequate provisions of road safety measures like road signals, lack of

enforcement of traffic rules, houses built adjoining road within the RoW etc. may invite road

accident, particularly involving children. The impact will be direct, moderate, local and long

term in nature.

5.3. Climate Change Impacts

197. Climate change is an inevitable fact which needs to be considered for future

planning, construction and maintenance of roads located in hilly and mountainous areas.

The need to limit deterioration effects from adverse weather conditions (e.g. prolonged

precipitation, heat stress, freeze-thaw cycle) and damages consequences in case of extreme

events (e.g. embankment failure) is a key factor influencing construction designs Weather

contribution to the ordinary wear & tear of infrastructure and weather disaster risks are

indeed intrinsic parameters for transport system design. Transport conditions are also highly

affected by extreme weather events such as winter storms, ice, and heavy rainfalls.

198. In general, transport can be vulnerable to many different types of weather conditions,

of which, some of them could be exacerbated with climate change. Many of them relate to

extreme weather conditions (e.g. storms, extreme precipitations, and extreme temperatures)

which on their turn may result in severe consequences for the physical environment (e.g.

Floods, landslides, soil erosion) and represent risks for transport infrastructures and

operations.

199. Based on field survey, the study started with an exhaustive list of potential future

impacts for transport (infrastructures/activities), linked to key weather stressors. All modes

and components of the transport system (infrastructures, transport fleet, transportation

operation and transport users) will, to a certain degree, be affected by extreme weather

events. Some of such extreme weather conditions could be exacerbated under future

climate change, thus increasing risks for transport and negatively affecting transport

performance (safety, reliability, cost efficiency). Only few of the potential consequences

could reveal positive (e.g. higher winter temperatures).Please refer Appendix II for detail.


6. Analysis of Alternatives

200. Alternative analysis has been considered as an integral part of IEE study, which

involves an examination of alternative ways of achieving objectives of the proposed sub-

project. The aim of alternative analysis is to reach at a development option, which maximizes

the benefits while minimizing the adverse impacts. The various alternatives to achieve the

sub-project objectives with minimum environmental degradation are discussed in following

sub-sections:

6.1. No Action Alternative

201. This alternative does not allow for the implementation of the proposal. This

alternative has both beneficial and adverse impacts on the environment. If the proposal is

not implemented, the transportation time and cost for the local people to the district

headquarter and markets and vice versa will continue to remain at present rate and hardship

of people will continue. The no action option will conserve some of the environmental

adverse impacts at the cost of poverty and in accessibility of the people.

6.2. Project Alternatives

202. DLPIU has selected Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali road sub-project as it provides

access to South-West part of district. It will be upgrade road constructed by EEAP and

through this road it will connect south-west part of Sindhuli to district headquarter and BP

Koirala national highway. Other means of transport like constructing a rope way is not

feasible in the project area and there is no airport in this district.

6.3. Alternative Alignment

203. The existing road alignment was finalized and road was opened from a long time with

vehicular operation. Various factors related to geology, hydrology, topography and other

socioeconomic conditions were considered while selecting the existing route in the past.

Thus, considering environmental impact, survey, design and construction cost, serviceability,

etc, the analysis of alternative route only for upgrading purposes is not relevant at the

current context.

6.4. Alternative Design and Construction Approach

204. There are two types of road design approach-conventional and green road approach.

In conventional method, heavy machineries and equipment, explosives, heavy concrete

structures with the application of bituminous surfacing, side drains, bridges and culverts etc.

are extensively involved. On the other hand, labour based, environment friendly and

participatory (LEP) approach or the green road approach focuses to conserve the delicate

mountain ecology through the protection of vegetation cover as means of soil conservation.

205. The road sub-project is proposed for construction through NCB approach by using

local labour as far as possible and spoil disposal is balanced with cutting and filling as far as

possible. There will be minimum use of excavator, rock breaker, compacter, roller and truck

for road construction. Simple dry stone walls, gabion walls and stone causeways are used to

the maximum extent possible.


6.5. Alternative Schedule and Process

206. The schedule for construction works will be arranged such that the rainy season as

well as agricultural seasons will be avoided. Working during the agricultural off-season would

be most appropriate, as the local people be involved as construction workers. The

construction schedule could also be sensitive to the period of utilization of natural drainages

and waterways during irrigation period.

6.6. Alternative Resources

207. The construction materials to be used for the project are boulder for gabion & dry

walls, coarse aggregates of different sizes and fine aggregates for sub-base, base course

and concreting. These materials will be sourced from nearby streams and local hill slopes. In

addition, the reinforcement bars and cement will be used. There are no cost effective

alternatives for the above materials in road construction work. The pavement construction is

intended to be carried out by conventional method, whereas earthwork, construction of

simple structure such as drains, gabion walls etc will be carried out manually. Alternatives of

the selected material will not be carried out manually.

6.7. No Forest Alternative

208. This is an existing road and proposed for rehabilitation and reconstruction passing

through 3 Community Forest, five Leasehold forest and patches of National forest also. The

6.25 m Formation width of the road is needed, only some land is necessary for upgrading

and vegetation to be clear. The additional forest area to be affected by project is only 0.754

ha. The alignment of road to avoid forest area is expected to affect larger parcel of private

land that increase compensation and resettlement cost. Therefore, no forest alternative has

been considered for this road sub-project and compensatory plantation will be done against

tree loss.


7. Environmental Impact Augmentation, Mitigation and

Minimization Measures

209. Mitigation refers to the measures that are designed to cope with adverse

consequences and to enhance the positive impacts on the environment as a result of the

sub-project implementation. An effective implementation of benefit maximization measures

and adverse impacts mitigation measures would optimize the benefits expected from the

sub-project and avoid/minimize the adverse impact. The impacts that have been identified,

predicted and evaluated in Chapter 5 have following benefit enhancement and mitigation

measures.

7.1. Mitigation Measures during Pre-construction Phase

210. The mitigation measures adopted during design or pre-construction phases are

preventive in nature and have two basic objectives.

a. Avoiding costly mitigation measures, and

b. Increasing awareness amongst the stakeholders for environmental management of road

construction and operation.

7.1.1 Detailed Survey and Design

211. The road design has followed the rural road standards developed by DoLIDAR. The

works will be executed through National Competitive Bidding (NCB) package by the

contractors. Bio-engineering techniques will be applied for stabilization of slopes, which is

sustainable, environmental friendly and can be done by using local resources and

manpower. To improve the transport services for the people living along the road and link

local areas with the main market, acquisition of land would be required.

212. Relevant issues raised during public consultation have been addressed under

respective mitigation measures. Therefore, no separate mitigation measures are warranted

for the concerns raised by the local people.

7.2. Beneficial Impacts Augmentation Measures


Employment Generation

213. Following benefit augmentation measures will be implemented.

Uplifting the socio-economic condition of the affected people through the life skill training

Economic Increment of local people

214. Following benefit augmentation measures will be implemented.

Awareness raising**6 to local entrepreneurs for promoting linkage with cooperatives and

other financial institutions.

Awareness raising** refers one or two awareness program with budget of 350,000.oo in total and will cover all the topic proposed of awareness as mentioned in mitigation or augmentation activities.


Increase in market demand and opportunity.

Skill Enhancement

215. Following benefit augmentation measures will be implemented:

Providing skill training in construction techniques, small engineering structures (masonry

wall construction, netting wires and construction of gabion wall, slope cutting etc.) and

bio-engineering works.


Improve Access

216. No benefit augmentation measures are planned for this.

Possible Market Development and Business Promotion


Increase in Land Value


Development of Cottage Industries


Increase in Crop Productivity


Increase in Sale of Local Products


7.3. Adverse Impacts Mitigation Measures



Change in Land Use

222. There will be no mitigation measures for the permanent loss of agricultural, forest

land. However, following mitigation measures will be adopted to compensate the loss of land

into built up area.

Applying additional protective measures (like bio-engineering, toe-wall) that the

remaining land will not be lost due to erosion.

NRs. 450,000.00 has been allocated for roadside plantation along the COI and to reduce

encroachment


Hazards due to Spoil Disposal

223. The following mitigation measures will be adopted.

Adopting cut and fill balance.

Wherever possible, surplus spoil will be used to fill eroded gullies, quarries and

depressed areas etc.

Top soil will be stored and utilized in farm land

Remaining excess spoils will be disposed in specified tipping sites in a controlled manner

and the tipping sites will be covered by vegetation through bio-engineering techniques

after surplus material is tipped.

Spoils will not be disposed on fragile slopes, farm land, marshy land, natural drainage

path, canals and other infrastructures.

After the disposal, the site will be provided with proper drainage, vegetation and

adequate protection against erosion.

Necessary toe walls and retaining walls will be provided to protect the disposal of soil.

Preparation spoils disposal management plan and its implementation.

Seeking written permission from concerned CFUG/LHFUG before spoil disposal at forest

area

224. Retaining walls are designed to restrain soil to unnatural slopes. They are used to

bound soils between two different elevations often in areas of terrain possessing undesirable

slopes or in areas where the landscape needs to be shaped severely and engineered for

more specific purposes like hillside farming or roadway overpasses. Adopted guidelines for

retaining structures are as per DOR. In this project, the types of retaining structures are

Gabion retaining wall, stone masonry retaining wall, Stone masonry Breast Wall and Stone

Masonry Revetment Wall.

225. Spoil disposal at the chainage 9+000, 18+900, 21+400, 29+000, 33+400 and 35+950

are proposed for proper disposal of spoils. Suitable materials obtained from excavation will

be used for embankment filling, and backfilling of structures. Despite this, the surplus

excavated materials obtained will be disposed at construction site as required. Wherever

possible, the surplus spoil will be used to fill eroded gullies, quarries and depressed areas.

Slope Instability

226. Retaining wall will be built to protect slopes from landslide and bioengineering will be

adopted for stabilizing them. Following mitigation measures will be adopted during the

construction of the proposed road and the cost has been included in the sub-project cost.

Ensuring minimum cut slope

Selecting cut and fill slope at the correct angle, depending upon the soil type

Re-vegetation of cut and fill slope or exposed areas as soon as possible, by using native

plant species

Adoption of bio-engineering techniques

Ensuring minimum damage of vegetation during construction

No construction work during rainy season

Mass balancing in cut and fill volume

Use of check dams and toe walls before disposing spoils on hill slopes


Disruption of Natural Water Flow due to Drainage and Cross Drainage Work

227. In order to address this, following mitigation measures will be under taken.

Provide adequate and appropriate numbers of drainage structures in order to have

minimum interference with and impact on natural drainage pattern of the area,

Avoid surface water discharge into farmland or risky locations,

Avoid blockage or diversion of natural channels due to construction of road and disposal

of spoils.

Adopt outward road slope as per green road standard to minimize water accumulation.

Air and Dust Pollution


Use of face masks by workers to minimize impact from dust generation, covering of dust

source.

Plantation of tree along the roadside to act as dust barrier

Noise Pollution


Use of ear muffles to lessen noise pollution during rock breaking

Restrict horn near school, hospital and settlement

Water Pollution


Avoiding the disposal of excavated materials in or near water bodies

Construction of toilets in camp sites.

Impact due to Quarrying


Quarry operation plan will be prepared.

Quarry sites should be legally recognized by the government.

After the extraction is completed, the quarry site will be rehabilitated to suit the local

landscape, plantation will be done and drainage will be provided.

Impact due to Camp Sites

234. The mitigation measures will be use of local labors; rent local house instead of camp

to keep labors; sitting camp away from productive lands and forest areas (Table 73); pay

compensation for using private farm or lands for storage or camp. Toilet, water and other

basic facilities will be provided to workers. Waste water and solid waste will be properly

managed. Construction material will be properly stored.



Loss or Degradation of Forest and Vegetation

235. The following mitigation is proposed to cut the trees from the Kalika CF, Jhalkane

CF, Ranibas CF, Hariyali LHF, Pragatisil LHF, Lalupate LHF, Laliguras LHF,

Manebhanjyang LHF and Government Managed Forest area during the road construction.

Forest clearance approval will be obtained from the DFO and MoFE.

Government procedures such as counting the number of trees to be felled, marking and

measuring wood quantity etc. will be followed.

After approval of tree cutting plan, trees will be felled by LHFUG, CFUG or DFO (for NF)

Forest site clearance for construction will be limited to minimum width of road.

236. According to the working procedure to use national forest area for national

priority projects, 2074 B.S (2017 A.D), the sub-project has to carry out plantation (with

protection for five years) or pay for the plantation and protection cost to the District Forest

Office, refer Table 77 for detail. Total 47 trees need to be cut down from community forest.

So, in total 1,175 seedlings have to be planted for compensatory plantation with estimated

cost of NRs. 177,566.00 as given in Appendix XIa. Total 7 trees need to be cut down from

Leasehold forest. So, in total 175 seedlings have to be planted for compensatory plantation

with estimated cost of NRs. 26,446.00 as given in Appendix XIb. 832 trees need to be cut

down from governemnt manage forest as given in Appendix XIc So, in total 20,800

seedlings have to be planted for compensatory plantation with estimated cost of NRs.

3,143,296.00 and 439 trees need to be cut down from the private forest and private land .

So, plantation of 373 seedlings with compensation of NRs. 11,897.55 will be given. Detail is

given in Appendix XId.

Table 77: Compensatory Plantation against Tree Loss

Name of the Forest No. of Trees Compensatory

Plantation (1:25)

Total Cost

(NRs)

Kalika CF 3 75 11,334.00

Jhalkane CF 41 1,025 154,898.00

Ranibas CF 3 75 11,334.00

Mane Bhanjang LHF 7 175 26,446.00

Government Managed Forest 832 20,800 3,143,296.00

Sub-total (National Forest) 886 22,150 3,347,308.00

Private Forest 107 107 6,735.65

Private Land 266 266 5,161.90

Sub-total (Private), 373 373 11,897.55

Total 1,259 22,523 3,359,205.55

237. This cost will be provided to DFO. In case of CFUGs and Leasehold forest user

groups cost will be provided through DFO. Location and type of species for the plantation will

be selected by the UGs/DFO. However, emphasis will be given to local, multiple use, rare,

endangered and protected species. The forests products from the forest will be used by UGs


and in case of community forest and leasehold forest. Calculation of per plant plantation cost

in community forest, leasehold forest and government managed forest is goven in Appendix

XIe. For the compensatory plantation in forest, compensatory plantation cost, sample

agreement between DFO/concerned UGs/DLPIU has been attached in Appendix XIf and

plantation plan in Appendix XIg.

Pressure in Forest Product

238. The following mitigation measures will be adopted to reduce the pressure in Kalika

CF, Jhalkane CF, Ranibas CF, Hariyali LHF, Pragatisil LHF, Lalupate LHF, Laliguras LHF,

Manebhanjyang LHF and Government Managed Forest

Use of kerosene instead of firewood for cooking

Restriction in collection of forest product.

Awareness raising** programme (NRs. 350,000.00) for the construction workers before

the implementation of sub-project.

Habitat Fragmentation


Construction activities near the Kalika CF, Jhalkane CF, Ranibas CF, Hariyali LHF,

Pragatisil LHF, Lalupate LHF, Laliguras LHF, Manebhanjyang LHF and Government

Managed Forest areas will be done only in day time.

Prohibit to wildlife harassment and poaching by the workers.

Coordination with DFO to control activities like poaching of wild lives by enforcing acts

and regulations strictly.

Awareness raising** programme (NRS 350,000.00) for the construction workers before

the implementation of sub-project.

Impacts on Flora and Fauna (as listed in CITES and IUCN Red Data Book and

Protected by GoN)

240. Following mitigation measures will be adopted.

Workers will be actively prohibited from hunting of birds or animals.

Coordination with DFO to control the activities like illegal hunting and poaching by

enforcing acts and regulations strictly.

Emphasis will be given to plant protected species during compensatory plantation.


Loss of Land and Productivity

241. Mitigation measures will be as follows.

Minimize productive land acquisition through selection, compensation to affected people

as per the resettlement plan.

Compensation for loss of land equivalent to NRs. 11,552,405.89 will be provided to AP.


Impact on Private Properties


Compensation will be provided as per the resettlement plan and IEE report to the

affected person for the displacement of houses.

Compensation equivalent to NRs. 6,061,520.24 will be provided to AP.

Impact on Community Infrastructure

243. Compensation will be provided as per the resettlement plan and IEE report to the

affected community.

Compensation equivalent to NRs. 60,000.00 will be paid.

Impact on Cultural, Religious and Archeological Sites

244. There is no impact on cultural, religious and archeological sites and therefore no

mitigation measures are required.

Occupational Health and Safety


The workers will be provided with helmets, masks, muffles and boots depending on the

nature of the construction work.

Drinking water facility and temporary pit latrine will be established to control open

defecation and pollution of water bodies by the workers

First aid box will be kept at work sites.

Group accidental insurance will be done for the workers.

First aid training will be provided to field staff.

Labor camp will have room with proper ventilation and natural light, safe drinkable water,

mosquito net, sanitary facility, and solid waste management.

Kerosene or gas stoves will be supplied to labor camps and use of firewood will be

strictly prohibited.

Impact on Public Healthy safety


First aid facility will be provided.

NRs. 350,000.00 is allocted for awareness raising** training on public health and safety.

Provision of information of signboards, cautionary ribbons and barricades.




Road Slope Stability and Management


Rill and gully formations will be regularly monitored and immediately fixed at critical

areas.

Repair and maintenance of the slope protection measures and drainage works.

Minor landslide and mass wasting will be immediately cleared and slope restored with

appropriate technology (bioengineering).

Impact due to Air, Noise and Water Pollution

248. Following mitigation measures will be adopted.

Community and road user awareness raising** programmes (NRS 350,000.00) will be

organized

Signboards restricting the use of horns will be erected near health posts, schools and

settlements.

Plantation will be done near the settlement around school and health post to act as dust

and noise barrier.

Vehicle washing in natural streams will be discouraged.


Pressure in Forest Resource

249. The mitigation measures recommended are awareness raising** programmes (NRS

350,000.00) to educate local people and providing support to locals for the conservation of

forests.

Forest Fire

NRs. 350,000.00 allocated for promotion of awareness raising** programmes.

Disturbance to Wildlife

250. Following mitigation measures will be adopted to minimize the above-mentioned

impacts.

Appropriate sign boards will be erected informing drivers

Prohibition of blowing horns in the dense forest areas

Potential areas for wildlife crossing

Maintenance workers will be briefed regularly about the importance of rules and

regulation of DFO in order to make them comply with.

Awareness raising** programmes (NRS 350,000.00) about importance of biodiversity to

the local people, students, and vehicle operators will be conducted to limit the speed and

horn.


Illegal Hunting


impacts.

Strictly implemented rules and regulation to control Illegal Hunting.

Awareness raising** programmes (NRS 350,000.00) about importance of biodiversity to

the local people, student, and Forest user groups.

Impact on Protected Species


impacts.

Awareness raising** programmes (NRS 350,000.00) about importance of biodiversity

and protected species to the local people, students and vehicle operators will be

conducted.


Encroachment of Public Land and Ribbon Settlement Development

253. The mitigation measures to be adopted include.

Awareness raising** programs (NRS 350,000.00) to regulate settlements

Signboards will be erected notifying about legal prosecution for encroachment within

RoW.

NRs. 450,000.00 is allocated for plantations of trees will be done in the RoW so that it is

not encroached.

Increased Traffic Congestion

254. The mitigation measures adopted will be

Required traffic signs will be used along the road.

Applying appropriate traffic rules.

Road Safety Measures

255. The mitigation measures adopted will be

Applying appropriate road safety measures with the help of 3-Es i.e. Engineering,

Enforcement and Education.

Required safety signs will be used along the road such as schools, wildlife crossing area.

Awareness raising** on road safety will be organized for school student

7.4. Climate Change Impacts

256. Following climate change adaptation measures will be considered during the

construction and operation of the road.


Likely local effects of climate change will be assessed through observation and

regular monitoring of drainage system, erosion etc.

Adequate and timely maintenance and early warning system will be done.

Awareness raising** activities will be conducted about climate change issues and

adaptation and mitigation measures.

Compensatory plantation will be done to reduce the loss of vegetation Necessary to

reduce deforestation and compensatory plantation will be done to cut carbon per capita

emissions


8. Legal Framework and Regulatory Requirements for the

Project

257. GoN has adopted various policies, acts, rules, regulations and guidelines to ensure

the integration of the development and conservation of environment. The policies and

legislative provisions of Nepal that have a direct relevance to proposed project are given in

Table 78. These laws and policies provisions have been duly followed in the IEE process

and proposed mitigation measures.

Table 78: Review of Relevant Acts, Rules, Regulations and Guidelines

A Constitution

The Constitution of Nepal: It has guaranteed every person the right to live in a clean

environment as a fundamental right. As per the constitution, it is also a matter of State

policy to adopt appropriate measures to abolish or mitigate existing or possible

adverse environmental impacts on the nature, environment or biological diversity.

B Plans and Policies

National Reconstruction and Rehabilitation Policy, 2072 B.S (2016 A.D): It has

identified restoration and improvement of access to service and improve

environmental resilience as one of its strategic recovery objectives.

Forest Policy, 2071 B.S (2015 A.D): Plantation is mandatory for environmental

friendly physical infrastructure development along settlement area, road and irrigation

canal.

Land Acquisition, Resettlement and Rehabilitation Policy, 2071 B.S (2014 A.D):

This policy has been formulated to strengthen socio-economic condition of project

affected families with the provision of necessary land acquisition, justifiable

compensation, appropriate resettlement and rehabilitation for the public welfare and

implementation of infrastructure development projects.

Fourteenth Plan, 2073/74-2075/76 B.S: Aimed for economic growth through infrastructure development, commercialization of agriculture and social development. Regarding the road transportation, it has aimed to rehabilitate and reconstruct the road damaged by earthquake. The concept of greenery on either side of road has been introduced and environmental consideration during construction and maintenance of road is pointed.

ADB Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 A.D: ADB’s Safeguard Policy Framework

consists of three operational policies on the Environment, Indigenous people and

Involuntary resettlement. It requires that (i) impacts are identified and assessed early

in the project cycle, (ii) plans to avoid, minimize, mitigate or compensate for the

potential adverse impacts are developed and implemented and (iii) affected people

are informed and consulted during project preparation and implementation.

20 Year Road Plan, 2059 –2079 B.S (2002-2022 A.D): With main objectives of

development of Strategic Road Networks (SRN), the implementation strategies

include all weather road connection to the District Headquarters (DHQ) and provision


of road linkages from the DHQ to the adjacent road network of the neighboring

districts and countries

Policy Document, Environmental Assessment in the Road Sector of Nepal, 2056

B.S (2000 A.D): It proposes to adopt measures to improve the way of life of the

affected people and safeguard natural surroundings. In case damage is inevitable

environmental assessment should find ways of reducing or compensating for such

damage. It suggested five types of environmental assessment activities like

Screening, IEE, EIA and Monitoring.

National Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan, 2014-2020 FY: It is prepared to

provide guiding framework for the management of Nepal’s biodiversity. It has focused

on national needs of biodiversity management and conservation, fulfillment of the

international obligations, sustainable use of its components and equitable sharing of

benefits accrued from conservation and utilization of genetic resources. It has a long

term (i.e. 35 years) vision, and includes specific short term (up to 2020) strategies and

priorities for action.

C Acts

Act Relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2072 B.S

(2015 A.D): This act provides for the creation of the NRA for a period of five years

(which may be extended) and defines its functions, duties and powers. It has

mandated NRA for leading and managing the earthquake recovery and reconstruction

in Nepal. It has delegated the NRA the authority to frame rules (Section 30), may

make and enforce necessary guidelines or procedures in order to conduct its

business (Section 31).

Solid Waste Management Act, 2068 B.S (2011 A.D): It outlines the duties of local

government to take action to control haphazard waste generation, disposal or

collection and has provisions for various punitive measures against those engaged in

activities detrimental to the intentions of the Act.

Child Labour (Prohibition and Regulation) Act, 2057 B.S (2000 A.D): Engaging

children including those who has not attained the age of 14 in risky activities against

his/her will by any means is prohibited. In case any enterprise has to engage a child in

works, an approval has to be obtained from concerned body.

Local Self Governance Act 2055 B.S (1999 A.D): Empowers the local bodies for the

conservation of soil, forest and other natural resources and implements environmental

conservation activities

Forest Act, 2049 B.S (1993 A.D): Requires decision makers to take account of all

forest values, including environmental services and biodiversity, not just the

production of timber and other commodities.

Water Resources Act, 2049 B.S (1992 A.D): It has legal arrangements for

determining beneficial uses of water resources, preventing environment and other

hazardous effects thereof and also keeping water resources free from pollution. It has

clearly mentioned that no one shall pollute water resource by way of using or putting


any litter, industrial wastes, poison, chemical or toxicant to the effect that the pollution

tolerance limit of the water resource as prescribed.

The Labor Act, 2048 B.S (1992 A.D): Regulates the working environment, deals with

occupational health and safety.

Soil and Watershed Conservation Act (SWCA), 2039 B.S (1982 A.D); It empowers

GoN to declare any area of Nepal as a conserved watershed area, specifying the

borders thereof. The Watershed Conservation Officer (WCO) has the authority to

implement protective infrastructure, vegetation program and regulate agricultural

practices pertinent to soil and watershed conservation. It empowers WCO to prohibit

the commission of any acts that may cause soil-erosion or soil cutting in a land where

any of the acts has been done

Public Roads Act, 2031 B.S (1974 A.D): Act mandates requirement of permission

from the DoR to carry out activities within the limits of the road boundaries and also

provision of notifying the DoR by local governmental offices prior to the start of

activities in the limits of the public roads.

National Park and Wildlife Conservation Act, 2029 B.S (1972 A.D): This act

provides protection to 27 species of mammals, 9 species of birds and three species of

reptiles.

Road Board Act, 2058 B.S: It is expedient to make necessary provisions on having

the roads repaired and maintained, making cost effective the expenditures to be

incurred in repairing and maintaining the roads and making transparent and effective

the repairing and maintenance works of the roads.

D Rules and Regulations

Rule Relating to Reconstruction of the Earthquake Affected Structures 2072 B.S

(2016 A.D): It provides the basis for prioritization of reconstruction. More importantly,

it defines functions, duties and rights of the Chief Executive Officer and Secretary of

NRA and District Coordination Committee.

Local Self Governance Rules 2056 B.S (2000 A.D): It provides procedural

guidelines for implementation of the Local Self Governance Act.

Forest Rules, 2051 B.S (1995 A.D): It elaborates legal measures for the

conservation of forests and wildlife and provides procedural guidelines for

implementation of the Forest Act. It stipulates that in case the execution of any project

having national priority in any forest area causes any loss or harm to any local

individual or community, the proponent of the project itself shall bear the amount of

compensation to be paid.

Road Board Rule, 2060 B.S: Maintenance of road from routine to emergency, DCC

is responsible for district road. DCC will prepare annual road maintenance plan and

forward it to road board through DoLIDAR and board will prepare annual plan.

Solid Waste Management Act, 2070 B.S: It outlines that every waste generator shall

segregate waste and store separately and hand over to Municipal workers or


authorized waste pickers.

E Work Procedures, Guidelines, Standards and others

Local Body Restructuring Notice, MoFALD, GON, 2017 A.D: Declaration of the

name, number, boundary, ward’s boundary of 744 Rural Municipality and Municipality

with 481 rural municipalities, 246 municipalities, 13 sub-metropolitan cities, 4

metropolitan cities and dissolve of VDC/DDC.

Working Procedure Related with Environmental Impact Assessment for

Rehabilitation of Earthquake Affected Structures 2072 B.S (2016 A.D) and

Second Amendment, 2074 B.S (2017 A.D): These provide procedural guidelines for

undertaking reconstruction and rehabilitation projects. These include a

comprehensive suite of procedures for different activities like environmental impact

assessment, land acquisition, and public procurement for reconstruction projects

(2072 B.S) and grievance management (2073 B.S). It determines the format of IEE

and EIA.

The first amendment has revised the threshold for projects to undergo IEE or EIA. It prescribes (under Clause 2 of Schedule 1) that upgrading, rehabilitation and reconstruction and new construction of district, urban and rural road should follow IEE study and approval.

The second amendment has also revised the threshold for projects to undergo IEE or EIA. It prescribes (under Clause 1 of Schedule 1) 7.5 ha as threshold for screening the project. Project requiring vegetation clearance for more than 7.5 ha will need to carry EIA and equal to or less than 7.5 ha need IEE study.

Working Procedure to Use National Forest area for National Priority Projects,

2074 B.S (2017 A.D): Following are the main features:

• EMP/IEE/EIA study is mandatory for obtaining forestry clearance.

• Alternative analysis has to be done during feasibility study for avoiding forest area or

if not having minimal loss of vegetation.

• Concerned Ministry has to obtain concurrence from Ministry of Forest and Soil

Conservation before approving IEE/EIA

• Provision of compensatory plantation (with protection for five years) at the ratio of

1:25 plants by the project or provide plantation and protection cost to concerned DFO.

Community forest development program guideline (third revision 2071 B.S):

Sustainable and scientific management of forest by the local users including

environment services and facilities for the mitigation of natural calamities, wildlife's

and forest fire

ADB Environmental Assessment and Review Framework (EARF), 2015 A.D for

EEAP: It elaborates environmental legal requirements and procedures according to

the Government of Nepal and Safeguard Policy Statement, 2009 of ADB and guides

the preparation of environmental assessments and environmental management plans.

ADB Resettlement Framework (RF), 2015 A.D for EEAP: It guides the preparation

of resettlement plans by elaborating legal and procedural guidelines according to GoN

and ADP SPS.

Batabaran Parichhyan - Resource Booklet - 2070 B.S (2013): It provides guidance


for local body to prepare environmental assessment reports of different projects;

construction materials extraction and local roads, on their own.

Environment Friendly Local Governance Framework (EFLG) 2070 B.S (2013

A.D): This framework is prepared to promote environmental conservation through

local institutions to materialize environment friendly local development concept. There

are different level of environment friendly indicators like basic, advanced and special

indicators at household, tole/settlement, ward, VDC, Municipality and District level.

Main objectives of this framework are as follows:

Mainstreaming the environment, climate change, disaster management issues in

local development planning process.

Making environment friendly local governance mechanism.

Strengthening basic level to make environment friendly sustainable development.

Promoting coordination and cooperation within environment and development.

Strengthening local organization to enhance local ownership for the sustainable

development of environment.

Nepal Rural Road Standard, 2012 A.D: Sets the classification and geometric design

standards for the Local Road Network to be followed by all those involved in the

development of the network, including Users, User Committees, VDCs, DDCs, DTOs,

DoLIDAR and its development partners.

National Adaptation Program of Action, 2068 B.S (2010 A.D): The NAPA has been

instrumental in mainstreaming climate change in development planning. The NAPA

has developed a framework for adaptation programme, and has identified key

adaptation needs, existing adaptation practices and options for developed projects

including infrastructure.

Reference Manual for Environmental and Social Aspects of Integrated Road

Development, 2060 B.S (2003 A.D): Suggests stepwise process of addressing

environmental and social issues alongside the technical, financial and other issues.

Batabaraniya Nirdesika (Nepali), 2057 B.S (2000 A.D): Focuses in the practical

implementation of small rural infrastructures through the minimization of

environmental impacts and outlines simple methods of environmental management in

the different phases of the project cycle. More emphasis is given to prevention rather

than cure.

APPROACH for the Development of Agricultural and Rural Roads, 2055 B.S

(1999 A.D): Emphasizes labor based technology and environmental friendly, local

resource oriented construction methods to be incorporated actively in rural

infrastructure process.

Green Roads in Nepal, Best Practices Report – An Innovative Approach for

Rural Infrastructure Development in the Himalayas and Other Mountainous

Regions. GIZ, 1999 A.D: It focuses on participatory, labor based and environment

friendly technology with proper alignment selection, mass balancing, proper water

management, bioengineering and phased construction.

Environmental Management Guidelines, Geo Environmental and Social Unit,


DoR, 2054 B.S (1997 A.D): It consists of environmental mitigation measures to be

incorporated into DoR projects, procedures for public participation, and socio-

economic consideration. The Environmental Mitigation Measures are broken down

into 12 categories or activities and a method for implementation is given for each

mitigation measures including implementation strategies. These environmental

mitigation measures should be used in conjunction with good engineering design,

construction and operation practices. It also suggests considering the various socio-

economic issues like land acquisition and compensation, economic impacts and

cultural heritage.

Community forest development program guideline (third revision 2071 B.S):

Sustainable and scientific management of forest by the local users including

environment services and facilities for the mitigation of natural calamities, wildlifes and

forest fire

National Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines, 2050 B.S (1993 A.D):

Provides guidance to project proponent on integrating environmental mitigation

measures, particularly on the management of quarries, borrow pits and stockpiling of

materials, operation of the work camps, earthworks and slope stabilization, location of

stone crushing plants etc.

F International Conventions

Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and

Flora (CITES), 2053 B.S, amended, 2059 B.S (1973 A.D, amended 1979 A.D): It

regulates international trade in endangered wild flora and fauna with the aim of

reducing or eliminating trade in species whose numbers or conditions suggest that

further removal from their natural habitat would lead to their extinction. It urges parties

not to allow trade in specimen of species included in the CITES Appendices I, II and

III with some exception. As the area holds some CITES listed species, this convention

is attracted in case of their trade.

Convention on Biological Diversity, 2049 B.S (1992): It focuses on the

conservation of biological diversity, the sustainable use of its components and the fair

and equitable sharing of the benefits. It urges parties to introduce appropriate

procedures requiring EIA of the proposed projects that are likely to have significant

adverse effects on biological diversity.

Convention (No. 169) Concerning Indigenous and Tribal People in Independent

Countries, 2046 B.S (1989A.D): The convention provides right to the indigenous and

tribal people to decide their own priorities for the process of development. It mandates

participation in formulations of the plan and programs, decision making regarding

national development. It safeguards rights of the indigenous people in territories

traditionally occupied by them.


9. Environmental Management Plan

258. The environmental management plan (EMP) is prepared to guide the implementation

of mitigation measures and monitoring requirements. It includes institutions and their roles,

environmental management activities, environmental management organizational structure

and budget for mitigation measures.

9.1. Institutions and Their Roles

259. Different institutions involved in the IEEs and EMP implementation and roles of these

institutions are given in Table 79. The environmental management organizational structure

is given in Figure 8.

Table 79: Institutions and Their Roles

Institution Role Responsibility in the Project

National

Reconstruction

Authority

Executive agency and

concerned IEE approval

authority as per act relating to

reconstruction of the earthquake

affected structure 2015, rule

relating to reconstruction of the

earthquake affected structure

2016 and Working Procedure

Relating with Environmental

Impact Assessment for

Reconstruction of Earthquake

Affected Structures, second

amendment 2017.

To review and approve IEE Report

Conduct environmental monitoring

from central level.

MoFAGA Co-ordination of project

activities with EEAP

Representation in IEE review team

constituted by NRA

Conduct environmental monitoring

from district level.

CLPIU - EEAP Co-ordinationof project activities

from center

Technical Unit to support and

coordinate all activities for

implementation of EEAP.

Review, comment and forward

ToR for IEE and IEE report to ADB

for concurrence and to NRA for

approval.

CISC Support consultant at Central

Level.

Technical and management

support to CLPIU-EEAP

Supervises and monitors project

consultants and contractors.


Institution Role Responsibility in the Project

Implements and monitor

resettlement plans and

IEEs for the relevant sub-project s

and prepares consolidated reports

on these.

Ensures timely and effective

implementation of the

activities set out in the Gender

Equality and Social Inclusion

(GESI) Action Plan.

Prepares progress reports, as

outlined in PAM

DLPIU DLPIU is project implementing

agency in district

Prepare ToR for IEE and submit

for approval to NRA through

CLPIU

Conduct IEE study, public

consultation and prepare draft IEE

and public disclosure and then

submit for concurrence from ADB

and approval from NRA through

CLPIU

Implement IEE and EMP of sub-

projects and conduct

environmental monitoring and

reporting.

DISC Supporting consultants at

district level

Technical and management

support to DLPIU for the

implementation of project activities

in the districts. Responsible for

supervision and monitoring at field

level.

Grievance

Redress

Committee

Support in addressing

grievances caused due to road

construction related to

environment.

Responsible for addressing

grievances due to road

construction which affects their

livelihood.

260. To support for smooth implementation of the project, there are various district level

committees and groups including DLPIU, DISC to support the project.


Figure 8: Environmental Management Organisation Structure

9.2. Implementation of Benefit Augmentation and Mitigation

Measures

261. The DLPIU will be responsible for the implementation of benefit augmentation and

mitigation measures proposed in Chapter 7. Various agencies including DISC, local bodies

and concerned governmental line agencies will support DLPIU for the implementation of

mitigation measures. The detail action plan for activities to be carried out to augment

beneficial impacts and reduce/mitigate adverse impact produced from the implementation of

the proposal, and the responsible implementing and supporting agencies are provided in

environmental management plan is presented in Table 80 and 81.

DFO, Forest

-UGs

CLPIU-EEAP

Environment safeguard focal

person+ (GRM II level)

CISC

Environment Safeguard Unit

DLPIU-EEAP

Environment safeguard focal

person+ (GRM I level)

DISC Environment safeguard

focal person

Contractor + (GRM I level)

Government of Nepal National Reconstruction Authority (NRA) + (GRM III

level)

MoFAGA/ PCC

ADB, SDC


Table 80: Likely Beneficial Impacts and Enhancement Measures

Activity Effect Related Beneficial

Impacts

Type of Impact Sig Benefit Augmentation Measures Responsible Agencies

Nat Mag Ext Dur Executing

Agency

Supporting

Agency

Construction Phase

Construction

of road

(Earth

excavation,

spoil

disposal, site

clearance)

Employment

Generation

(31,134 skilled

and 103,743

unskilled person

days)

Increase in income

level

D H

(60)

LC

(20)

ST

(5)

VS

(85)

Life skill training for income

generation activities to improve

their livelihood of the affected

peoples.

DLPIU CLPIU/

DISC/ CISC

Construction

work

Economic

Increment

Increase in income

level

D H

(60)

LC

(20)

ST

(5)

VS

(85)

Awareness raising**

programmes (NRS 350,000.00) to

local entrepreneurs for promoting

linkage with cooperatives and

other financial institutions.

Increase in market demand

and opportunity.

DLPIU CLPIU/

DISC/ CISC

Construction

of road

Skill

Enhancement

Increase in income

generating

activities,

employment

opportunities

IN L

(10)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(50)

Providing skill training in

construction techniques, small

engineering structures (masonry

wall construction, netting wires

and construction of gabion wall,

slope cutting etc.) and bio-

engineering works.

DLPIU DISC


Activity Effect Related Beneficial

Impacts

Type of Impact Sig Benefit Augmentation Measures Responsible Agencies


Agency

Supporting

Agency

Operation Phase

Operation of

Road

Improve Access Saving in travel

time and travel cost

D H

(60)

R

(60)

LT

(20)

VS

(140)

No benefit augmentation

measures are planned

Municipality/RM Municipality/

RM

Operation of

Road

Possible Market

Development

and Business

Promotion

Extension of local

market, non-

agricultural

employment

opportunity.

IN H

(60)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

VS

(100)




RM

Operation of

Road

Increase in Land

Value

Improvement in

local economic

condition

IN H

(60)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

VS

(100)




RM

Operation of

Road

Cottage

Industries

Development

Employment

opportunities and

self-employee

IN H

(60)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

VS

(100)




RM

Operation of

Road

Increase in Crop

Productivity

Enhancement in

local economy

D M

(20)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(60)



Municipality/RM DADO

Operation of

Road

Increase in Sale

of Local

Products

Shifts towards

improved

agriculture farming

and local goods

production

IN M

(20)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(60)



Municipality/RM DADO


Table 81 : Likely Adverse Impacts and Proposed Mitigation Measures

Activity Potential Negative

Effects

Related Adverse

Impacts

Type of Impact Sig Mitigation Measures Responsibility for

Mitigation Measure


Agency

Supporting

Agency

Construction Stage

Physical Environment

Earth

Excavation

Change in land use

1.665 ha cultivated

land

Loss of agricultural

land, production, loss

of property

D H

(60)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

VS

(100

)

Applying additional

protective measures (bio-

engineering and toe-wall)

that the remaining land will

not be lost due to erosion.

Contractor/

DLPIU/

DISC/CISC/

CLPIU

Hazard due to

Spoil Disposal

Spoil disposal and

imposed weight of

spoil on fragile

slopes

Gully erosion,

landslide, disruption

of road, damage to

farmland, water

pollution etc.

D M

(20)

SS

(10)

LT

(20)

a) S

(50)

Separation and

utilization of top soil and

proper management of

spoils and waste, provision

of proper drainages, toe

walls.

The spoil will be

disposed in proper location

at the chainage 9+000,

18+900, 21+500, 29+000,

33+400 and 35+950.

Contractor/

DLPIU

DISC/CISC/

CLPIU

Site

clearance,

earth

excavation

Slope Instability at

different chainages

(Ch 3+990-4+300,

6+630-6+790,

Erosion, landslide,

loss of property

IN M

(20)

SS

(10)

LT

(20)

b) S

c) (50)

Bio-engineering

application will be used to

stabilize the slopes.

Necessary slope

Contractor/

DLPIU

DISC/CISC/

CLPIU



Effects

Related Adverse

Impacts


Mitigation Measure


Agency

Supporting

Agency

6+870-6+900,

7+040-7+115,

9+980-10+025,

10+310-10+320,

11+940-11+980,

12+000-12+080,

12+285-12+520,

12+565-12+580,

19+870-19+890,

30+750-30+780 and

30+970-31+000)

stabilization structures will

be constructed

NRs. 5,827,259.86 has

been allocated

Construction

of Road

Disruption of natural

water flow due to

drainage and cross

drainage works

Erosion, landslide,

due to increase in

surface runoff

IN M

(20)

SS

(10)

MT

(10)

d) S

(50)

Proper drainage

structures (cause ways,

drain) will be constructed.

No blockage or

diversion of natural

channels due to

construction of road and

spoil disposal.

Contractor/

DLPIU

DISC/CISC/

CLPIU

Construction

works, spoil

and waste

disposal

Air pollution due to

dust from exposed

surface, from

construction

equipment

Effect on local people

and workers health

D L

(10)

LC

(20)

ST

(5)

INS

(35)

Use of face mask

while working on dust

prone areas, covering of

dust sources.

Contractor/

DLPIU

DISC/CISC/

CLPIU

Noise pollution Disturbance and

annoyance around

D L

(10)

LC

(20)

ST

(5)

INS

(35)

Restrict horn near

school, health posts and

Contractor/

DLPIU

DISC/CISC/

CLPIU



Effects

Related Adverse

Impacts


Mitigation Measure


Agency

Supporting

Agency

school, health posts

and people living in

nearby areas.

settlement area etc.

Water pollution due

to sediment level

Risk of water borne

diseases

D L

(10)

LC

(20)

ST

(5)

INS

(35)

Proper spoil

management and

restriction in urination and

defecation in open areas

and water bodies.

Contractor/

DLPIU

DISC/CISC/

CLPIU

Quarrying Quarry operation

and its potential

effect on instability,

landslide, potential

quarry site are at Ch

20+410-20+620,

20+800-21+160

Water pollution,

damage to farmland,

disturbance in natural

drainage

D L

(10)

LC

(20)

ST

(5)

INS

(35)

Quarry operation

plan will be prepared.

Rehabilitation of

quarry sites after

completion of work.

Contractor/

DLPIU

DISC/CISC/

CLPIU

Establish

labor camp

and storage

deposit

Pollution and impact

due to location of

camp sites

(chainage 3+700,

8+900, 17+400,

22+500, 29+000,

31+900 and

34+950.)

Encroachment of

forest, agriculture

land, solid waste, and

waste water may

cause pollution

D M

(20)

SS

(10)

ST

(5)

INS

(35)

Local houses will be

used as labour camp rent

Compensation will

be paid to land owner of

camping area.

DLPIU/

Contractor

DISC/CLPI

U/CISC

Biological Environment

Clearance of Impact on forest Loss of D H SS ST VS Use kerosene for Contractor/ DFO/CISC/



Effects

Related Adverse

Impacts


Mitigation Measure


Agency

Supporting

Agency

vegetation

necessary for

road formation

land, 1.950 ha of

Government

Managed Forest

area, 2.875 ha of

CF, 0.166 ha of

private forest area,

0.487 ha leasehold

forest, and 0.166 ha

private forest, 886

tree loss from forest

area and 373 from

private forest and

private land

environmental

benefits from

vegetation,

disturbance in

ecological function

(60) (10) (5) (75) heating fuel wood is

prohibited.

NRs. 3,370,788.35

has been allocated for

compensatory plantation.

DLPIU/DIS

C

CFUG/

LHFUG

Construction Pressure in forest

product

Use of firewood for

cooking

IN L

(10)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

INS

(50)

Use of kerosene in

cooking

Awareness raising**

training (NRS 350,000.000)

has been planned

Contractor/

DLPIU/

DISC

DFO/CISC/

CFUG

/LHFUG

Construction

activity

Habitat

Fragmentation

Disturbance to wildlife

including birds

IN L

(10)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

INS

(50)

Work only in day

time

No disturbance to

wildlife

NRs 350,000.00 for

awareness raising**

programmes to the

workers.

Contractor/

DLPIU/

DISC

DFO/CISC/

CFUG

/LHFUG



Effects

Related Adverse

Impacts


Mitigation Measure


Agency

Supporting

Agency

Construction

activity

Impact on Flora and

Fauna as listed in

CITES, IUCN and

GoN.

Loss of biodiversity IN L

(10)

LC

(20)

ST

(5)

INS

(35)

Prohibiting workers

for hunting/harassing

wildlife

Contractor/

DLPIU/

DISC

DFO/CISC/

CFUG

/LHFUG

Socioeconomic Environment

Acquisition of

land for

maintaining

road width

Loss or Degradation

of 1.665 ha Farm

Land and

Productivity

Reduced production,

loss of income

D H

(60)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

VS

(100

)

compensation of

NRs 11,552,405.89 will be

provided to affected people

DLPIU/

DISC

CISC /

CLPIU/

Municipality

/RM

Demolition of

structures

along road

Eight Private

structures along the

road corridor will be

affected.

Loss of services

provided by these

structures

D H

(60)

SS

(10)

LT

(20)

VS

(90)

Compensation of

NRs. 6,061,520.24 will be

allocated for affected

private structures

DLPIU/

DISC

CISC /

CLPIU/

Municipality

/ RM

Demolition of

structures

along road

Impact on one

community tap and

water pipe

Loss of Services D H

(60)

SS

(10)

LT

(20)

VS

(90)

Compensation of

NRs. 60,000.00 has been

allocated.

DLPIU/

DISC

CISC /

CLPIU/ /RM

Municipality

Construction

activity

Impact on

occupational health

and safety

Injury, fatal accidents,

outbreak of

epidemics and

diseases, decline in

capacity to work

D L

(10)

LC

(20)

ST

(5)

INS

(35)

First aid facility at

sites with health treatment

arrangements

Proper drinking

water and toilet facility for

construction workers

Safety gears

(helmet, face masks,

DLPIU/Cont

ractor

CISC/

CLPIU



Effects

Related Adverse

Impacts


Mitigation Measure


Agency

Supporting

Agency

goggles, gloves, boots) and

accidental insurance of

workers.

Construction

activity

Impact on Public

health and safety

Work force and

migrating people

might be suffering

from several

communicable

diseases such that

their disease could be

transmitted to local

people arising threat

to community health

D L

(10)

LC

(20)

ST

(5)

INS

(35)

First aid facility at

sites with health treatment

arrangements

NRs 350,000.00 is

allocated for awareness

raising** training on public

health and safety

DLPIU/Cont

ractor /DISC

CISC/CLPI

U

Operation Stage

Physical Environment

Operation of

road

Road Slope Stability

and Management

Slides and slope

failure, Disturbance to

traffic flow, pollution

of water bodies,

impacts on

agriculture land, loss

of vegetation.

D M

(20)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(60)

Regular

maintenance of slope

protection structures and

bioengineering techniques

on slopes.

RM

/Municipality

RM

/Municipalit

y

Operation of

vehicles

Air, Noise and Water

Pollution

Disturbance to

students, patients,

local people effect to

D L

(10)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(50)

Community

awareness raising**

programme (NRs.

RM/

Municipality

RM/

Municipality



Effects

Related Adverse

Impacts


Mitigation Measure


Agency

Supporting

Agency

nearby agriculture

land and crops

350,000.00) conduction

No horn signs near

schools, health posts.

Restriction on

washing of vehicles in local

streams.

Biological Environment

Road

operation

Pressure in Forest

Resources

Loss of timber, forest

resources and

benefits

IN M

(20)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(60)

Awareness raising**

programmes (NRs.

350,000.00) for

conservation of forest

resources

enforcement of law

along with community

participation

RM/

Municipality

DFO/

CFUGs/LH

FUG

Road

operation

Forest Fire Loss of forest IN L

(10)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(50)

NRs 350,000.00 is


raising** programmes.

RM/

Municipality/

local people

DFO/CFUG

/LHFUG

Road

operation

Disturbance to the

Wildlife

Collision of wildlife

with vehicles,

disturbance in their

normal activities

IN L

(10)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(50)

Warning traffic signal

Awareness raising**

training (NRs. 350,000.00)

to drivers to limit speed and

horn use

RM/

Municipality

/local NGOs

DFO/

CFUGs/

LHFUG

Road

operation

Illegal Hunting Depletion of faunal

diversity

IN L

(10)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(50)

Strictly implemented

rules and regulation to

RM/

Municipality

DFO/

CFUGs/



Effects

Related Adverse

Impacts


Mitigation Measure


Agency

Supporting

Agency

control Illegal Hunting

Awareness raising**

programmes (NRS

350,000.00) about

importance of biodiversity

to the local people, student

and forest user groups.

/local NGOs LHFUG

Road

operation

Impact on protected

species

Possibilities to impact

in protected fauna

due to increase in

human influence

IN L

(10)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(50)

Conduct awareness

raising** programmes

(NRs. 350,000.00)

Strictly prohibited to

enter the forest area

Enforcement of law

RM/

Municipality

DFO/CFUG

s/LHFUG

Socioeconomic Environment

Road

operation

Encroachment of

Public Land and

Ribbon Settlement

Development

Encroachment of

RoW, increased

accidents, depletion

of local resources,

water pollution

D M

(20)

LC

(20)

MT

(10)

S

(50)

Awareness raising**

programmes (NRs.

350,000.00) conduction

and enforcement of law

Roadside plantation

of trees in COI (NRs.

450,000.00)

RM/

Municipality

RM/

Municipality

Operation of

Road

Increase Traffic

Congestion

delay in traffic

movement, noise

pollution

D M

(20)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(60)

Manage traffic

congestion by applying

appropriate traffic rule and

RM/

Municipality

RM/

Municipality



Effects

Related Adverse

Impacts


Mitigation Measure


Agency

Supporting

Agency

traffic signals

Operation of

Road

Road Safety Increase in accidents D M

(20)

LC

(20)

LT

(20)

S

(60)

Appropriate road

safety measures, safety

sign boards along the road,

NRs 350,000.00 is


raising** program.

RM/

Municipality

RM/

Municipality

Note:

Magnitude H= High M= Moderate L= Low (depending on the scale or severity of change.)

Extent R= Regional LC= Local SS= Site specific

Duration LT= Long term (more than 20 years) MT= Medium term (3-20 years) ST= Short term (less than 3 years)

Nature D= Direct; IN= Indirect

Impact upto 44; insignificance (INS) 45-74; significance(S) 75 or greater; very significance (VS)


9.3. Mitigation Cost for Executing the Environmental Management

Plan

262. The estimated cost for beneficial augmentation measures like awareness raising

program, skill training, promotion of small scale industries, and income generation activities

will be covered by the improved community development and rural livelihood restoration

component of the Project. The design and cost estimate for most of the suggested mitigation

measures such as slope stabilization, spoil disposal, landslide construction will be

incorporated in the design and cost estimates. However clear BoQ will be prepared for

supply of face masks, helmets, muffles, accidental insurance, bioengineering measures,

plantation and environmental protection awareness trainings. Therefore, most of the

mitigation measures suggested would be a part of road design and construction without

additional cost. All proposed mitigation measures will be integrated in the sub-project design

so that these measures may automatically form part of the construction and operational

phases of the Sub-project.

9.3.1 Environmental Monitoring and Reporting Activities

263. The CLPIU, with the DLPIU will monitor and measure the progress of EMP

implementation. The monitoring activities will be corresponding with the project’s risks and

impacts and will be identified in the IEE. In addition to recording information of the work,

deviation of work components from original scope, the CLPIU with the DLPIU will undertake

site inspections and document review to verify compliance with the EMP and progress

toward the final outcome.

264. DSC will submit monthly monitoring and implementation reports to the CLPIU, who

will take follow-up actions, if necessary. CLPIU will submit the quarterly monitoring and semi-

annual monitoring reports to ADB. Project budgets will reflect the costs of monitoring and

reporting requirements. Monitoring reports will be posted in a location accessible to the

public.

265. The CLPIU will document monitoring results, identify the necessary corrective

actions, and reflect them in a corrective action plan. Compliance with loan covenants will be

screened by the executing agency.

266. ADB will review project performance against the executing agency’s commitments as

agreed in the legal documents. The extent of ADB's monitoring and supervision activities will

be commensurate with the Project’s risks and impacts. Monitoring and supervising of

environmental safeguards will be integrated into the project performance management

system. ADB will monitor projects on an ongoing basis until a project completion report is

issued. ADB will carry out the following monitoring actions to supervise project

implementation:

267. Conduct periodic site visits for projects with adverse environmental impacts;

Review the periodic monitoring reports submitted by the executing agency to

ensure that adverse impacts and risks are mitigated as planned and as agreed

with ADB;


268. Work with executing agency to rectify to the extent possible any failures to comply

with their safeguard commitments, as covenanted in the legal agreements, and

exercise remedies to re-establish compliance as appropriate; and

269. Prepare a project completion report that assesses whether the objective and

desired outcomes of the safeguard plans have been achieved, taking into

account the baseline conditions and the results of monitoring.

270. Total cost of environmental monitoring (field visits, observation, review of reports and

report preparation) is estimated NRs. 325,000 as given in Table 82.

Table 82: Environmental Monitoring Cost

Manpower requirement Duration

(days)

Rate (NRs) Amount (NRs)

Team Leader/Environmental Specialist 8 7,000 56,000

Engineer 6 5,000 30,000

Forestry expert 6 5,000 30,000

Socio-economist 6 5,000 30,000

Support staff 6 1500 9,000

Transportation cost LS 40,000

Report preparation LS 30,000

Central level monitoring LS 100,000

Total 325,000

9.3.2 Major Costs for Environmental Safeguard Measures

271. The environmental management cost of this project is NRs. 4,595,788.35 and is

summarized in Table 83. In addition to this cost, different environmental mitigation and

management activities like bio-engineering, insurance of workers etc. are covered by civil

work cost.

Table 83: Estimate for Environmental Enhancement and Mitigation Measures

1.1 Environmental Management Cost Cost (NRs.)

1.1.1 Environmental Awareness raising** training 350,000.00

1.1.2 Compensatory plantation & protection cost for trees on CF

and private land

3,370,788.35

1.1.3 Road side plantation 450,000.00

1.1.4 Road safety and informative signboard 100,000.00

1.1.5 Environmental monitoring cost 325,000.00

Sub-total (i) 4,595,788.35

1.2 Other environmental cost( included in civil works cost also)

1.2.1 Occupational health and safety (GPA insurance) 1,658,163.47

1.2.2 Bioengineering works 5,827,259.86

Sub-total (ii) 7,485,423.33

Total (i+ii) 12,081,211.68


9.4. Matters to be monitored while Implementing the Proposal

272. Monitoring of the implementation of environmental protection measures provides a

basis for logical comparison for the predicted and actual impacts of a proposal.

Environmental monitoring will involve the systematic collection of data to determine the

actual environmental impacts of the sub-project, compliance of the sub-project with

regulatory standards, and the degree of implementation and effectiveness of the

environmental protection. Monitoring will be an integral part of the implementation of the

mitigation measures during project construction, and will generate important information. It

will improve the quality of sub-project implementation.

273. The Working Procedure Relating with Environmental Impact Assessment for

Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures, second ammendment, 2074 B.S) requires

a monitoring plan and indicators, schedules and responsibility to be identified in the IEE

report. The National EIA Guidelines, 1993 has suggested three stages of the monitoring i.e.

baseline monitoring, compliance monitoring and impact monitoring.

9.4.1 Baseline Monitoring

274. Baseline monitoring helps to update the baseline information collected during

IEE/EIA study when there is a significant time gap between IEE/EIA approval and proposal

implementation. In general, it is carried out if there is a significant time lapse between the

preparation of the IEE report and the construction stage or a change in environmental quality

is noticeable. This sub-project will proceed for construction immediately after the approval of

this IEE report and hence, baseline monitoring is not required for this sub-project.

9.4.2 Compliance Monitoring

275. Compliance monitoring is essential in order to ensure that environmental protection

measures recommended by this study and other requirements set forth during the approval

of the sub-project are complied with. This monitoring is not concerned with determining the

actual effect of the sub-project activities on the environment.

276. The proponent will ensure compliance of activities such as; inclusion of mitigation

measures in the design and tender documents, budget allocation for mitigation measures

and monitoring, compensation arrangements and other compliances spoil disposal, storage

sites, arrangement of construction activities etc.

9.4.3 Impact Monitoring

277. Impact monitoring is generally carried out to assess the effectiveness of the

environmental mitigation measures and provides actual levels of impacts in the field. Hence

an impact monitoring evaluation study is proposed by the end of the sub-project construction

phase or within two years of sub-project implementation. Impact monitoring will focus on

each predicted impact and effectiveness of environmental protection measures. This will

also focus on the stability of slopes; spoil disposal sites, work camps and labour camps,

wastes on the local environment. The utilization of cash compensation to the extent possible,

condition of the forest in the vicinity of the sub-project area, water management, damage to

human facilities, incremental change in production of high value commodities, increase in


other sources of income, employment generation, road side plantation, social status,

impediment to wildlife movement, etc.

9.5. Monitoring Parameters

278. These would be based on the level of site-specific information or existing data series

and impacts prediction. Efforts will be made to make the indicators measurable and

diagnostic with low natural variability and broad applicability. In this context, the following

physical, biological and social indicators will be monitored during the construction and

operational stages of the sub-project.

9.5.1 Pre-Construction Phase

279. During this phase the Consultant (DISC) bear the main responsibility in ensuring that

the environmental and social safeguard considerations are adequately incorporated in the

Project design and that the respective clauses to address the identified impacts are

sufficiently included in the specifications and work contracts.


280. In this phase the monitoring focuses on impacts on the environmental and social

setting caused by the ongoing sub-project. This monitoring checks compliance with the

practices, norms, standards and technical solutions prescribed in the design and in the EMP.

The specific monitoring tasks will include

Verify and quantify the ongoing slope protection measures, and propose rectifying

measures as needed;

Verify and quantify the ongoing activities in propose rectifying measures as needed;

Verify and quantify the ongoing/completed tree felling actions;

Verify and quantify the course of any environmental degradation caused, their likely

consequences, and propose corrective measures, including the identification of

responsibilities and costs;

Verify and quantify the effects of disposal of spoil and construction wastes and their

consequences;

Verify and quantify the effects of disruption of natural water courses, drainage work, and

their consequences;

Monitor by utilizing structured checklists and questionnaires, the contractor’s full

compliance with the occupational health and safety regulations for the work staff;

Verify and quantify the effects of losses in wildlife, degradation of forests, illegal

extraction of forest products, hunting, wildlife trade and disturbance to wildlife;

Identify and assess the environmental implications on the people’s status of knowledge

and awareness in relation to ongoing education campaigns;

Verify and quantify losses/damage to private property and community facilities;

Verify and quantify losses/damage to cultural properties;

Explore mechanisms to stipulate strict application of the EMP and identify consequences

to be borne by the contractors/BGs in case of non-compliance.



281. The specific monitoring tasks in this phase will include:

Assess changes in land-use patterns, development of cottage industries, services and

demographic composition that may be caused by the road development;

Verify and quantify the occurrence of ribbon development, resulting in encroachment and

hindrance of traffic on the road;

Verify all activities for decommissioning work sites and construction to their former

functional stage, as applicable. This refers also propose rectifying measures as needed.

Verify and quantify the adequacy of the executed bio-engineering works for slope

protection and erosion control;

Verify and quantify the adequacy of the drainage structures, functionality of these

structures, shortcomings in maintenance, and possible effects on private and communal

lands, as well as on aquatic resources;

Verify and quantify the course of any environmental degradation caused by Project

activities, their likely consequences, and propose corrective measures, including the

identification of responsibilities and costs;

Verify and quantify the effects of disruption of natural water courses, drainage work, and

their consequences;

Verify the success/failure of skill development and job opportunities’ training carried out ;

Verify and quantify the effects of losses in wildlife, degradation of forests, illegal

extraction of forest products, hunting, wildlife trade and disturbance to wildlife.

9.6. Monitoring Indicators

282. The monitoring will include specific cause-effect analyses for the impacts observed.

Following Table 84 specifies the set of verifiable indicators that will be used for monitoring.

Table 84: Monitoring Indicators Selected for this IEE

Monitored Sector Parameters Selected for Monitoring

Soils, Landslides, Erosion, Waste

management Sites

Number, location and extent of slope failures

Cause analysis for slope failure natural/man-made

Area (ha.) of land, forest and properties affected

Number and extent of gully erosions and

pavement failures

Suitability of corrective/bio-engineering measures

Sites and suitability for safe disposal of wastes and

garbage

Bio-engineering Number and plant species selected for bio-

engineering, disaggregated by protective function

Water Pollution, Water

Resources and their uses

Blockage of waterways - extent and secondary

impacts

Water pollution incidents due to unsafe disposal of

waste and spoil

Damage to farm lands

Air and Noise Level in relation to Assessment of noise level in site by direct


Monitored Sector Parameters Selected for Monitoring

traffic volume observation and interview with stakeholders

Visual assessment of dust development at

selected sites/sensitive spots and interview with

local stakeholders

Traffic volume measurements

Road Safety Number and type of road accidents recorded in the

Traffic Police and in local health service centers

Suitability of local road signs

Wildlife/ Habitat Disturbance

Impacts on Forest Resources

Nos and extent of road accidents inflicting wildlife

DFO records of illegal timber extraction and wildlife

trade

Observations and handling of invasive species.

Socio-economic Development

near Road

Number and extent of new settlements / types and

ethnic groups

Number and extent of new businesses

Number and extent of new services and utilities

Resettled Households and

livelihood restoration

Number of HHs resettled

Income situation and opportunities for the

resettlers

Verification of compensation and assistance to

resettlers

Community awareness

programmes relating to

environment protection and

avoidance of social conflicts

Number /schedule of campaigns and number of

beneficiaries

Revision of training agenda & information material

Number of beneficiaries having received

awareness training

283. The following Table 85 identifies the specific compliance monitoring activities.

Phase-wise/chronological details are provided for the methods, schedules, responsible

implementing agency and the responsible monitoring agency. The compliance monitoring

refers primarily to the pre-construction and construction stage of the project. Table 86 details

the impact and effect monitoring activities envisaged for this sub-project.


Table 85: Compliance Monitoring for Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Sub-project

Parameters/Indicato

r

Responsible

Implementing

Agency

Verifiable

Indicators

Verification

Methods

Schedule Responsible

Monitoring Agency

Final alignment

selection

DLPIU Incorporation of walkover

recommendations into

alignment selection

process and design

document

Walkthrough along

final road

alignment, verifying

sensitive areas

Initial stage of

preconstruction

phase

RM/Mnicipality

Land and property

acquisition and

compensation

CDC with

assistance of

DLPIU

Cadastral records, land

and properties

acquisition procedures;

verification report

Public consultation,

photos; geo-

referencing

Initial stage pre-

construction phase

RM/Municipality

Site selection and

preparation of

construction logistics

DLPIU/Contractor Project’s arrangement for

materials storage, and

construction activities

Site observation,

geo-referencing

and photographic

documentation

Beginning of

construction period

RM/Municiplaity

/DLPIU

Awareness and

orientation training on

road construction to

technicians, and

locally employed

laborers

DISC Training programmes for

skill development,

occupational safety and

environmental protection

associated with road

construction works

Specifications;

training records,

check training

programme

reports, assess

feedback from

participants

Beginning of

construction and

during construction

RM/Municiplaity

/DLPIU

Compliance to DISC/Contractor/ Health and safety Spot checks at Throughout RM/Municiplaity/


Parameters/Indicato

r

Responsible

Implementing

Agency

Verifiable

Indicators

Verification

Methods


Monitoring Agency

occupational health

and safety matters

DLPIU regulations, first aid and

medical arrangements,

number and type of

safety equipments such

as mask, helmet, glove,

safety belt, accidental

insurance

work sites, photos,

accident records,

interviews

construction

activities

DLPIU

Grievance Redress

Mechanism

Contractor/DISC/D

LPIU/CLPIU/CISC

Project arrangements for

the affected people's

concerns and grievances

about the project's

environmental and social

performance

No of complaints

and grievances

record

During construction RM/Municiplaity/

DLPIU

Measures to avoid

pressure on forest

and wildlife

DLPIU/DISC Use of firewood or fossil

fuel by construction

crew, events of hunting

and poaching of wildlife

Inspection,

interview with local

people

Once a month

during construction

DFO/CFUGs/LHFUG

Measures to protect

environment from air

& noise pollution

Contractor/ DLPIU Dust level and noise

level at work sites, major

settlements and

sensitive spots like

health centers and

schools

Visual observation

and discussion with

residents and

workers

Once in a month

during construction

RM/Municiplaity/

DLPIU


Parameters/Indicato

r

Responsible

Implementing

Agency

Verifiable

Indicators

Verification

Methods


Monitoring Agency

Measures to protect

water bodies from

pollution

Contractor/DLPIU/

DISC

Visual observation,

observation of open

defecation and waste

disposal around water

sources near

construction sites

Site inspection,

interview with local

people

Once in a month

during construction;

upon demand for

testing with field kit

RM/Municiplaity

Adequate technical

and environmental

supervision

CISC/DISC/DLPIU Adequate number of

technicians regularly at

site with ability to

implement labour based

road construction

concept

Check number and

type of technicians

available at site,

skill of work carried

out, discussion

Twice a month

during construction

CLPIU/CISC

Clean up and

reinstatement of the

construction sites

(camps, quarries)

Contractor/DISC/

DLPIU

Decommissioned sites

indicate no

adverse/residual

environmental impacts,

and are rehabilitated to

the satisfaction of the

supervisor and land

owners

Site observation;

comparing photos;

consultation with

land owners and

community based

organizations

At the end of

construction period

RM/Municiplaity


Table 86: Impact/Effect Monitoring of Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road Sub-project

Parameters

/Indicator

Verifiable Indicators Verification

Methods

Location Schedule Responsible

Implementation and

Monitoring Agency

Slope stability

and

erosion

Inclination, slope failures, causes;

drainage facilities such as catch

drain, side drains and functionality

of cross drainage structures; fresh

gullies and erosion; success/failure

of bio-engineering solutions

Site observation, photos

discussion with people

and technicians

Near steep slopes and

at landslide areas and

sites

Continuously

during

construction and

operation

DLPIU during

construction; District

Soil Conservation

Office during operation

Bio-engineering

of disturbed

slopes

Re-vegetation through bio-

engineering application on disturbed

slope; establishment of nursery

Site observation;

inspection of nursery

and its production rate,

photos, measurements

Cut slope area, where

vegetation is cleared;

nursery sites

During and at the

end of Sub-

project

construction

DLPIU

Disposal of spoils

and construction

wastes

Affected aesthetic value, affected

forest and agriculture land, initiated

land erosion by local blocked

drainage, hazard to downhill slope

residents and agricultural lands

Site observation and

interviews, photos, geo-

referencing sites

At specific locations

where such sites

occur

During

construction

DLPIU

Loss or

degradation of

farmland, houses

and properties

Status of road side land;

production/yield;

status of road side houses; status of

standing crop along alignment

Observation, data

collection and analysis

and interview with

stakeholders

Road side land and

houses

During

construction

DLPIU

Water quality Observation of open defecation and

waste disposal around water

sources near construction sites

Visual observation Local streams During

construction;

upon demand for

testing with field

kit

DLPIU

Air quality Dust level in ambient air Visual inspection At construction sites

and at sensitive spots

During

construction

DLPIU


Parameters

/Indicator

Verifiable Indicators Verification

Methods

Location Schedule Responsible

Implementation and

Monitoring Agency

Forest and

vegetation

Numbers of trees, presence of

ground vegetation, signs of illicit

logging and extraction of NTFPs

Observations, DFO

/CFUGs/LHFUG

records, photos

In and around the

construction sites,

markets

During

construction and

Operation

DLPIU/DFO during

construction;

DFO during operation

Wildlife Wildlife hunting and poaching by

work force, trade of wildlife, road

accidents inflicting wildlife

Interview with local

people/CFUGs/LHFUG

DFO and observations

Forest areas at

roadside

Twice a year

during

construction and

routine during

operation

DLPIU/DFO/CFUGs

during construction;

DFO/CFUGs/LHFUG

during operation

Change in

economy

Numbers of people employed by the

project during construction,

numbers of women in work forces

Records kept by the

project management,

discussion with

stakeholders

Sub-project area Trimester during

construction

phase

DLPIU

Trade and

commerce

Numbers of shops increased or

decreased, rental of houses and

land spaces

Records, interviews,

observations, photos

Throughout sub-

project area

Once in a year DLPIU/Municipality/RM

Occupational

safety and hazard

Type and number of accident

occurred during construction;

adequacy of occupational safety

measured provided; compensation

provided in case of fatal accidents

Observations, photos,

spot checks,

contractors and health

centre records interview

with workers

Throughout sub-

project area

During

construction

DLPIU

Change in socio-

economic

structure

Number and extent of new

settlements/types and ethnic

groups; nos. and extent of new

businesses; nos and extent of new

services and utilities, social conflicts

Observations, interview

with local people, then

local bodies record

Throughout sub

project area

During operation DLPIU/Municipality/RM

Ribbon

settlement

Congestions to road users and nos.

of accidents, RoW encroachment

Records, observations Throughout sub

project area

During operation DLPIU/Municipality/RM


9.7. Grievance Redress Mechanism

284. The objective the grievance redress mechanism (GRM) is to resolve complaints as

quickly as possible and at the local level through a process of conciliation; and, if that is not

possible, to provide clear and transparent procedures for appeal. A well-defined grievance

redress and resolution mechanism will be established to resolve grievances and complaints

in a timely and satisfactory manner. All affected persons will be made fully aware of their

rights, and the detailed grievance redress procedures will be publicized through an effective

public information campaign. The grievance redress process includes four levels:

285. First level of GRM: The first level and most accessible and immediate contact for

the fastest resolve of grievances are the contractors, and design and supervision consultants

on site. Prior to construction of any works, the CLPIU and DLPIU will ensure local

community meetings are held to notify local residents and businesses of any temporary

disturbances, and to inform them of the Project. If a local area committee (LAC) exists in the

area, they should also be informed. If any complaints arise, the contractors, consultants, and

DLPIU can immediately resolve the complaint on site. The CLPIU can also be involved in

grievance redress at this stage. The CLPIU and DLPIU office phone number will be posted

in public areas within the sub-project areas and construction sites. Any person with a

grievance related to the project works can contact the project to file a complaint. The DLPIU

offices will have a safeguards focal person to field and resolve complaints. The safeguards

(environment and resettlement) focal person will document the complaint, and immediately

address and resolve the issue with the contractor within 1-2 days, if the complaint remains

unresolved at the field level. The DLPIU may seek the assistance of the consultant

safeguards specialists (the environmental specialist or social safeguards specialist) to

resolve the issue. The DLPIU safeguards focal person will notify the CLPIU safeguards focal

person that a complaint was received, and whether it was resolved. The DLPIU safeguards

focal person will fully document the following information: (i) name of the person; (ii) date

complaint was received; (iii) nature of complaint; (iv) location, and (v) how the complaint was

resolved.

286. Second level of GRM: if the grievances remain unresolved; the DLPIU will forward

the complaint to the CLPIU safeguards focal person. The person filing the grievance will be

notified by DLPIU safeguards focal person that the grievance was forwarded to the CLPIU

safeguards focal person. The CLPIU will address the grievance. Grievances will be resolved

through continuous interactions with affected persons, and the CLPIU will answer queries

and resolve grievances regarding various issues including environmental or social impacts.

Corrective measures will be under taken at the field level by the CLPIU safeguards focal

person within 7 days. He/she will fully document the following information: (i) name of the

person; (ii) date complaint was received; (iii) nature of complaint; (iv) location and (v) how

the complaint was resolved.

287. Third level of GRM: if the grievance remain unresolved, the PIU’s project director

will activate the third level of the GRM by referring the issue (with written documentation) to

a Grievance Redress Committee (GRC) constituted by the EA, which will, based on review

of the grievances, address them in consultation with CLPIU, DLPIU, and affected persons.

The GRC will consist of EA leadership, affected persons, and local area committee, among

others—determined to provide impartial, balanced views on any issues. The GRC should


consist of at least five persons. A hearing will be called with the GRC, if necessary, where

the affected person can present his/her concern and issues. The process will promote

conflict resolution through mediation. The GRC will meet as necessary when there are

grievances to be addressed. The GRC will suggest corrective measures at the field level and

assign clear responsibilities for implementing its decision within 15 days. The functions of the

GRC are as follows: (i) to provide support to affected persons on problems arising from

environmental or social disruption, asset acquisition (where required), and eligibility for

entitlements compensation, and assistance; (ii) to record grievances of affected persons,

categorize and prioritize them, and provide solutions within 15 days; and (iii) to report to the

aggrieved parties developments regarding their grievances and decisions of the GRC.

288. Fourth level of GRM: In the event that a grievance is not addressed by the

contractor, DISC, CLPIU, DLPIU or GRC, the affected person can seek legal redress of the

grievance in the appropriate courts, the fourth level of the GRM, which is the formal legal

court system. The GRM however does not prevent affected persons from seeking legal

redress at any time. The grievance redress mechanism and procedure is depicted in Figure

9 below.

Note: CLPIU- Central Level Project Implementation unit, DLPIU- District Level Implementation Unit, DSC- Design

and Supervision Consultant, CISC- Central Implementation Support Consultant, DISC- District Implementation

Support Consultant

Figure 9: Flow Diagram for Grievance Redress Mechanism

289. Safeguard monitoring reports will include the following aspects pertaining to progress

on grievances: (i) number of cases registered with the GRC, level of jurisdiction (first,

second, and third levels), number of hearings held, decisions made, and the status of

Grievance

2nd Level Grievance

3rd Level Grievance

1st Level Grievance

First Level:

Contractor,

DISC, DLPIU

CLPIU, CISC

4th Level Grievance

Grievance

Redressed

Committee

Grievance

Redressed

Grievance

Redressed

Grievance

Redressed

Higher

Authority/Court

of Law

Not redressed

Not redressed

Not redressed

1-2 days

7 days

15 days


pending cases; and (ii) lists of cases in process and already decided upon may be prepared

with details such as affected person, date of notice, date of application, date of hearing,

decisions, remarks, actions taken to resolve issues, and status of grievance (i.e. open,

closed, pending).

290. All costs involved in resolving the complaints (meetings, consultations,

communication and reporting / information dissemination) will be borne by the project

291. ADB’s accountability mechanism will also be explained to affected households.


10. Conclusion and Recommendation

292. The IEE study of the proposed Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Natrakali road sub-project

does not pass through any environmentally sensitive areas and has minimal adverse

impacts. Most of the adverse impacts predicted are of low significance and short term, as

well as of reversible nature. The beneficial impacts that come with the facility of access to

market centers and the location of social services will enhance the productivity of the area

and improve the quality of life of the people. In addition, local people will get direct

employment as workers, which will contribute significantly to improving their livelihood.

These benefits from the implementation of the proposed road sub-project are more

significant and long term in nature compared to the adverse impacts, most of which can be

mitigated or avoided. Relevant issues raised during public consultation have also been

addressed in the mitigation measures.

293. The project attracts clause 1 and 2 of schedule 1 pertaining to section 3 of working

procedure relating environmental impact assessment for reconstruction of the earthquake

affected structure, 2016. And the IEE has shown that none of the anticipated environmental

impacts of rehabilitating the road are significant enough to need a detailed follow-up EIA

294. The proposed road sub-project is recommended for implementation with

incorporation of mitigation measures and the environmental management plan.


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Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (1993). Water Resources Regulation. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board.

Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (1999). Local Self Governance Act. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board.

Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (2000). Local Self-Governance Regulations. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board.

Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (2011). Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Act. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board.

Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (2012). Solid Waste Management and Resource Mobilization Regulation. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board.

Ministry of Law, Justice and Parliamentary Affairs. (2015). Constitution of Nepal 2072. Kathmandu: Law Books Management Board.

NRA. (2016). Grievance Management Procedure for Reconstruction of Earthquake Affected Structures. Kathmandu: National Reconstruction Authority.

Upreti, B. K. (2003). Safeguarding the resources Environmental Impact Assessment process and Practice. Kathmandu.


APPENDICES


Appendix I: Approved ToR for IEE Study


Appendix II: Climate Change Checklist

Checklist for Preliminary Climate Risk Screening

Screening Questions Score Remarks

Location

and Design

of Project

Is siting and/or routing of the

project (or its components) likely

to be affected by climate

conditions including extreme

weather-related events such as

floods, droughts, storms,

landslides?

1

There are landslide-prone

areas at very specific places

along the entire length of the

road. These slopes may be

risky during months of

incessant rainfall.

Would the project design (e.g.

the clearance for bridges) need

to consider any hydro-

meteorological parameters (e.g.

sea-level, peak river flow,

reliable water level, peak wind

speed etc.)?

1

During months of heavy

downpour, the rivers along

the road section have a high

probability of being

inundated, which might pose

serious problems.

Materials

and

Maintenance

Would weather, current and

likely future climate conditions

(e.g. prevailing humidity level,

temperature contrast between

hot summer days and cold

winter days, exposure to wind

and humidity, hydro-

meteorological parameters)

likely affect the selection of

project inputs over the life of

project outputs (e.g.

construction materials)?

0

Steel and RCC structures

will seldom be used during

construction. Therefore, the

contraction and expansion

of such materials can be

discounted. Even during

extreme conditions such as

heavy rainfall, construction

materials are not under any

major threat of

disintegration.

Would weather, current and

likely future climate conditions

and related extreme events

likely affect the maintenance

(scheduling and cost) of project

output(s)?

0

Maintenance, being a

manual job, will be difficult

during weather extremes

such as soaring mid-

summer temperatures and

sub-zero winter

temperatures.

Performance

of Project

Would weather/climate

conditions and related extreme 1

Even if high quality control is

achieved, the performance

Project Title: Earthquake Emergency Response Program (EEAP) Sub-Project Sector: Sub-Sector: Division/Department:


Output(s) weather events likely affect the

performance (e.g. annual power

production) of project output(s)

(e.g. hydropower generation

facilities) throughout their design

lifetime?

of the road will likely be

affected due to fluctuating

weather phenomena.

Options for answers and corresponding score are provided below:

Response Score

Likely Not 0

Likely 1

Very Likely 2

Responses when added that provide a score of 0 will be considered low risk project. If

adding all responses will result to a score of 1-4 and that no score of 2 was given to any

single response, the project will be assigned a medium risk category. A total score of 5 or

more (which include providing a score of 1 in all responses) or a 2 in any single response will

be categorized as high risk project.

Result of Initial Screening (Low, Medium, High): Medium

Other comments:

Prepared by: ______________________________________________

1

If possible, provide details on the sensitivity of project components to climate conditions, such as how

climate parameters are considered indesign standards for infrastructure components, how changes in

key climate parameters and sea level might affect the siting/routing of project, the selection of

construction material and/or scheduling, performances and/or the maintenance cost/scheduling of

project outputs.


Appendix III: Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist

Rapid Environmental Assessment (REA) Checklist: (Transport Infrastructure)

Instructions:

(i) The IA completes this checklist to support the environmental classification of a project.

It is to be attached to the environmental categorization form and submitted to ADB.

(ii) This checklist focuses on environmental issues and concerns. To ensure that social

dimensions are adequately considered, refer also to ADB's (a) checklists on involuntary

resettlement and Indigenous Peoples; (b) poverty reduction handbook; (c) staff guide to

consultation and participation; and (d) gender checklists.

(iii) Answer the questions assuming the ―without mitigation‖ case. The purpose is to

identify potential impacts. Use the ―remarks‖ section to discuss any anticipated mitigation

measures.

Project Title:

Sub-project:

IA:

SCREENING QUESTIONS Yes No REMARKS

A. Project sitting

Is the project area adjacent to or within any

of the following environmentally sensitive

areas?

Cultural heritage site No cultural heritage sites.

Protected area No protected areas.

Wetland No wetlands.

Mangrove No mangroves.

Estuarine No estuaries.

Buffer zone of protected area Project site does not fall in any

buffer zone.

Special area for protecting biodiversity No special area for biodiversity

protection.

B. Potential environmental impacts

Will the project cause…

Encroachment on historical/cultural

areas; disfiguration of landscape by road

embankments, cuts, fills, and quarries?

No historical/cultural area


Pipal Bhanjyang-Haitar-Netrakali Road Rehabilitation and Reconstruction



Encroachmenton precious ecology (e.g.

sensitive or protected areas)?

No encroachment.

Alteration of surface water hydrology of

waterways crossed by roads, resulting in

increased sediment in streams affected

by increased soil erosion at construction

site?

The existing road is muddy

throughout, which poses

problems as heavy rain

causes erosion along the hill

slopes, which consequently

increases sediment deposit

in the existing water sources.

Deterioration of surface water quality due

to silt runoff and sanitary wastes from

worker-based camps and chemicals used

in construction?

No haphazard waste dumping

from camping sites.

Increased local air pollution due to rock

crushing, cutting and filling works, and

chemicals from asphalt processing?

Very insignificant level of air

pollution.

Risks and vulnerabilities related to

occupational health and safety due to

physical, chemical, biological, and

radiological hazards during project

construction and operation during project

construction and operation?

No such hazards are present.

Noise and vibration due to blasting and

other civil works?

Minor vibrations only on the

road during excavator usage;

insignificant effect on

surrounding households.

Dislocation or involuntary resettlement of

people?

No involuntary resettlement of

people

Dislocation and compulsory resettlement

of people living in right-of-way?

7 structuresin total that are

affected directly.

Disproportionate impacts on the poor,

women and children, Indigenous Peoples

or other vulnerable groups?

No such discrimination.

Other social concerns relating to

inconveniences in living conditions in the

project areas that may trigger cases of

upper respiratory problems and stress?

Absence of such conditions.

Hazardous driving conditions where

construction interferes with pre-existing

roads?

Road clearing has created a

very muddy landscape along

certain sections of the road,

especially during monsoon.

Also, there are landslide prone

areas in certain parts long the

road that might prove

hazardous for commuters.



Poorsanitation and solid waste disposal

in construction camps and work sites,

and possible transmission of

communicable diseases (such as STI's

and HIV/AIDS) from workers to local

populations?

No such conditions are

present.

Creationof temporary breeding habitats

for diseases such as those transmitted by

mosquitoes and rodents?

No immediate problems but if

population influx increases

alongside the rehabilitation,

then the resulting density and

pollution might entail breeding

sites for mosquitoes and

rodents.

Accident risks associated with increased

vehicular traffic, leading to accidental

spills of toxic materials?

No vehicle numbers and there

is no such problem.

Increased noise and air pollution resulting

from traffic volume?

No such conditions.

Increased risk of water pollution from oil,

grease and fuel spills, and other materials

from vehicles using the road?

No such problems.

Social conflicts if workers from other

regions or countries are hired?

Unlikely, as all workers are

hired locally.

Large population influx during project

construction and operation that causes

increased burden on social infrastructure

and services (such as water supply and

sanitation systems)?

Very unlikely for the creation

of such circumstances.

Risks to community health and safety due

to the transport, storage, and use and/or

disposal of materials such as explosives,

fuel and other chemicals during

construction and operation?

No risks to community health

as no harmful and/or

hazardous chemicals will be

used.

Community safety risks due to both

accidental and natural causes, especially

where the structural elements or

components of the project are accessible

to members of the affected community or

where their failure could result in injury to

the community throughout project

construction, operation and

decommissioning.

No such safety risks as all

existing structures are well

designed and there are

engineering measures in

place (gabion wall, breast

wall) in case of natural

calamities such as

landslides.


Appendix IV: Environmental Checklist

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Appendix V: Public Notice


English Translation Of Public Notice

Government of Nepal

Ministry of Federal Affairs and Local Development


District Level Project Implementation Unit

Sindhuli

Public Notice for Comments and Suggestion on the Initial Environmental Examination

(IEE)

(Date of First Publication: 2017/09/09)

The Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP) is a project being implemented by loan assistance

from Asian Development Bank (ADB) and technical assistance from Swiss Agency for Development and

Cooperation (SDC), counterpart funding from Government of Nepal (GoN) for reconstruction and

rehabilitation of local roads. District Level Project Implementation Unit, Sindhuli, being the proponent of

Pipalbhanjyang-Hayutar-Netrakali Road, has prepared Draft Initial Environmental Examination (IEE)

report and this notice has been published for the implementation of report as per the provision of the

Section 12 (2) of the Working Procedure relating to Earthquake Affected Structure 2016 (Second

Amendment 2017).

Proponent: District Level Project Implementation Unit, Sindhuli.

Affected Rural Municipality and Municipality: Kamalamai Municipality and Ghyanglekh Rural

Municipality

Proposal Description: The proposed road sub-project starts from Pipalbhanjyang of Kamalamai

Municipality-2 (then Bhadrakali VDC-3) and ends at Majhitar of Ghyanglekh Rural Municipality-3 (then

Netrakali VDC-3). The total length of road is 37.20 km and width is 6.25 m with drainage.

Venue for Meeting: Ghyanglekh Rural Municipalaity-1, Rajbas.

Date: 14 September, 2017

As per Section 12 (3) of the working procedure, concerned rural municipality, municipality, school, health

post, forest user group, concerned stakeholders, organization and local people are requested to present at

Ghyanglekh Rural Municipalaity-1, Rajbas on 14 September, 2017 for discussion environment impacts,

information on reconstruction, resettlement and relocation through the implementation of sub-project. The

concerned people or organization can obtain the draft IEE report from District Coordination Committee,

Sindhuli; District technical Office, Sindhuli; District Level Project Implementation Unit, Sindhuli and

Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP)- Central Level Project Implementation Unit, Lalitpur as

per section 12 (5) of the working procedure

It is requested to send the comments and suggestions within 7 days of notice publication at national daily

newspaper. Accordingly, the comments and suggestions can also be sent to National Reconstruction

Authority, Ministry of Federal Affairs & Local Development, Singhadurbar, Kathmandu

Address to send comments and suggestions:

Central project Implementation Unit, Earthquake

Emergency Assistance Project (EEAP), Lalitpur

Telephone no: 01-5260565


District Level project Implementation Unit

Earthquake Emergency Assistance Project

, Sindhuli

Telephone no: 047-520109

Email:[email protected]




Appendix VI: Project Cost

a. Total Civil Cost

Cost Estimate of Contract Package 01 NRS

Base Cost 193,924,050.58

VAT (13%) 25,210,126.58

Total Cost including Base Cost and VAT 219,134,177.16

Cost per KM as per Base Cost and VAT 15,217,651.19

Work Charge Staff and Small Miscellaneous Expenses (3%) 5,817,721.52

Provision of Physical Contingency (10%) 19,392,405.06

Total Cost including Base Cost, VAT, Work Charge Staff and

Physical Contingency

244,344,303.73

Cost Estimate of Contract Package 02

Base Cost 219,583,979.43

VAT (13%) 28,545,917.33







276,675,814.08

Cost Estimate of Contract Package 03

Base Cost 203,252,800.20

VAT (13%) 26,422,864.03







256,098,528.25

Grand Total 777,118,646.06


b. Total Sub-project oCst

SN Particulars Amount (NRs.)

1.1 Environmental Management Cost

1.1.1 Environmental Awareness raising** training 350,000.00

1.1.2 Compensatory plantation & protection cost for trees on CF and private land 3,370,788.35

1.1.3 Road side plantation 450,000.00

1.1.4 Road safety and informative signboard 100,000.00

1.1.5 Environmental monitoring cost 325,000.00

Sub-total (i) 4,595,788.35

1.2 Other environmental cost( included in civil works cost also)

1.2.1 Occupational health and safety (GPA insurance) 1,658,163.47

1.2.2 Bioengineering works 5,827,259.86

Sub-total (ii) 7,485,423.33

Total (i+ii) 12,081,211.68

2 Civil Work Cost

2.1 Total civil work cost 777,118,646.06

2.2 Other environmental cost included in civil work cost (as given in item 1.2

above) for occupational health & safety, bioengineering works, toe wall for

spoil management

7,485,423.33

2.3 Civil work cost excluding occupational health & safety and bioengineering for

management (B)

769,633,222.74

3 Resettlement Cost

3.1 DIRECT COST

3.1.1 Compensation for Private Land 11,552,405.89

3.1.2 Total structures 61,21,520.24

3.1. 3 Allowances 150,000

3.1.4 Compensation for private Trees 43,726.41

3.1.5 Private Fruits 405,500.00

3.1.6 Broom Grass 2,000.00

3.1.7 Bamboo 124,575.00

3.1.8 Compensation for Agriculture Crops 300,817.50

Sub Total (A) 18700545.04

3.2 INDIRECT COST

3.2.1 Deed Transfer Fees 155,200.00

3.2.2 Deed Transfer Assistance 242,000.00

3.2.3 Income Generation and Livelihood Improvement Program 2,800,000.00

Sub Total (B) 3,197,200.00

3.3 Contingency (20%) for indirect costs only (C) 3,740,109.01

GRAND TOTAL (A+B+C) 25,637,854.05

Sub-total (C) 25,637,854.05

4 Gender Equality & Social Inclusion Cost

4.1 Disaster preparedness works session visual/ documentary show on D & RM 100,000.00

4.2 Campaign program (Awareness program on CLS IT) 100,000.00

Sub-total (D) 200,000.00

Grand Total Sunb-project Cost (A+B+C+D) 807,552,288.46


Appendix VII: Meeting Minutes and Public Disclosure

a. Public consultation


b. IEE Disclosure


c. Findings of Public Consultation and IEE Disclosure

Summaries of Public Consultation

Date Place for

Public

Meeting

Participants Issues/ Queries/ Concerns/ Demands

2074/04/28

B.S

(12/08/2017

A.D)

Bhoteswahara,

Kamalamai

Municipality-2

(Former:

Bhadrakali

VDC-9)

13 There are many rivers around the

settlement such as Chisapani Khola,

Dhanamana Khola, Taru Khola, Langdi Khola,

and Simle Khola. These rivers become

swollen during periods of heavy downpour.

Therefore, construction of an RCC bridge is

essential.

The private lands that fall within the

formation width must be compensated for

fairly.

Irrigation canals will also likely be

damaged during road reconstruction phase.

Therefore, the construction of those canals is

of high priority.

The Dhanamana Khola borders the

south bank of this settlement. During heavy

rainfall, the river swells up and causes

significant damage to the road as well as the

settlement. Therefore, construction of a dam

at this location is necessary.

2074/04/30

B.S

(14/08/2017

A.D)

Chandanpur/B

astipur,

Ghyanglekh

Rural

Municipality-2

(Former:

Bastipur-6)

7 Talks of road rehabilitation and

reconstruction have been going on for a while

now, but there has not been any progress

towards achieving this goal. So, the project

should go forward without further delay.

Locals involved in commercial farming

have been dejected at the delay in

reconstruction. The farmers would be elated if

the project picked up pace as soon as

possible.

During the course of reconstruction,

technical examinations must be done at major

rivers such as Thade Khola, Marin Khola etc.

as a bridge is absolutely essential over these

rivers.

The budget allocated for the project,

along with all relevant expenses, must be

public record.

Compensation for all affected land

holders and home owners must be


Date Place for

Public

Meeting

Participants Issues/ Queries/ Concerns/ Demands

guaranteed.

2074/04/30

B.S

(14/08/2017

A.D)

Ghyanglekh

Rural

Municipality-2

(Former:

Bastipur-8,9)

10 (Mane

Bhanjyang

Leasehold

Forest (A, B)

Group)

The trees that are cleared during road

reconstruction must be accounted for and

afforestation must be done accordingly.

The land that is cleared from either

side of the road can pose a serious landslide

threat. Therefore, proper engineering

measures must be adopted in order to avoid

any possible calamities.

The funeral site for all the residents in

this settlement lies within the leasehold forest.

Therefore, the locals have requested the help

of concerned authorities in building a Gumba

so that the funeral processions are not

hindered.


Summaries of Issues Raised during IEE Disclosure

Blacktop is better than gravel for upgrading of road.

Due to construction of road the water pipe at Ch. 19+200 was affected so, proper

management should be done.

Compensation should be provided for the trees to be cut down.

Possibility of affecting Tunibhanjyang school Ghyanglekh - 1 and alternative Rajbas

school. So, protective measures should be used during construction.

Preservation of Sahid smriti park

Compensation for physical infrastructures should be given.

Proper management of irrigation.


Appendix VIII: Deed of Inquiry(Muchulka)


Appendix IX: Recommendation


Appendix X: Consulted Person

SN Name Designation Address

1. Shyam sundar Mishra Acting Project Manager DTO, Sindhuli

2. Man bahadur Magar District Team Leader DISC

3. Dilli Sher Rai Sub-Engineer DISC

4. Rajan Adhikari Social Safeguard Officer DISC

5. Durga devi Sunuwar Vice – president Ghyanglekh RM

6. Sambhu bahadur yonjan Ghyanglekh RM Ward no 2

7. Ratna Bahadur Vice – Secretait Jhalkane CFUG

8. Gada bahadhur khetang Principal Shree Netrakali School

9. Bigyannath Sharma Principal Ma. Bhi. Pipalbhanjyang

10. Nar bahadur Bal Office helper Ghyanglekh RM ward no. 4

11. Dhan bahadur Bal Sub – Engineer Ghyanglekh RM ward no. 3

12 Surya ram Moktan Ranibas CFUG

13. Sanak bahadur waiba President Manebhanjyang Leasehold

Forest

14 Sunita Kumari Singha ANM Netrakali Health post

15 Sumsher bahadur

Sunuwar

Principal Shree Netrakali S.S,

Aapdanda

16 Sanjeev kumar Mukhiya HA Tamajor health post

17 Sunita Shrestha ANM Shree Bastipur Health post


Appendix XI: Trees to be Cut Down

a. Trees from Community Forest

Name of the Forest Chainage Species Scientific Name No. of

Trees

Compensatory

Plantation (1:25)

Rate/plant

(NRs)

Total Cost

(NRs) From To

Kalika Community

Forest, Kamalamai

Municipality

0+000

0+790

0+460

1+800

Chilaune Schima wallichii 1 25 151.12 3,778.00

Katus Castanopsis indica 2 50 7,556.00

Sub – Total 3 75 11,334.00

Jhalkane Community

Forest, Amale

10+250 11+000 Sal shorea robusta 29 725 109,562.00

Other 1 25 3,778.00

Chilaune Schima wallichii 2 50 7,556.00

Jhigane Eurya cerasifolia 4 100 15,112.00

Sajh Terminalia alata 3 75 11,334.00

Bhalayo Semecarpus

anacardium

1 25 3,778.00

Katus Castanopsis indica 1 25 3,778.00

Sub – Total 41 1025 154,898.00

Ranibas Community

Forest, Amale

14+760

18+900

17+000

19+040

Chilaune Schima wallichii 3 75 11,334.00

Sub – Total 3 75 11,334.00

Total 47 1175 177,566.00


b. Trees from Leasehold Forest

Name of the

Forest

Chainage

Species Scientific Name No. of

Trees

Compensatory

Plantation (1:25)

Rate/plant

(NRs)

Total

Cost

(NRs) From To

Mane

Bhanjang LF,

Bastipur

21+580 21+940 Sal shorea robusta 6 150 151.12 22668

Chilaune Schima wallichii 1 25 3778

Total 7 175 26446


c. Trees from Government Managed Forest

Name of the

Forest

Chainage Species Scientific Name No. of

Trees

Compensatory

Plantation

(1:25)

Rate/plant

(NRs)

Total Cost

(NRs) From To

Government

Forest,

Tamajor

27+180 29+000 Banjh Quercus lanata 12 300 151.12 45,336

Bot dhayaro Lagerstroemia parviflora 1 25 3,778

Chilaune Schima wallichii 136 3,400 513,808

Other 2 50 7,556

Jhigane Eurya cerasifolia 6 150 22,668

Katus Castanopsis indica 40 1,000 151,120

Mauwa Madhuca longifolia 1 25 3,778

Sal Shorea robusta 511 12,775 1,930,558

Sub – Total 709 17,725 2,678,602

Government

Forest,

Tamajor

29+300 30+600 Sal Shorea robusta 5 125 18,890

Katus Castanopsis indica 15 375 56,670

Chilaune Schima wallichii 75 1,875 283,350

Kalikath Myrsine semiserrata 1 25 3,778

Other 1 25 3,778

Bajh Quercus lanata 16 400 60,448

Amala Emblica officinalis 2 50 7,556

Jhigane Eurya cerasifolia 5 125 18,890

Mauwa Madhuca longifolia 3 75 11,334

Sub – Total 123 3075 464,694

Total 832 20,800 3,143,296


d. Trees from Private Land

Land

Type


Trees

Compensatory

Plantation (1:1)

Rate/plant

(NRs)

Total Cost

(NRs) From To

Private

Forest

0+000 29+200 Aanp Magnifera indica 3 3 62.95 188.85

Baans Bambusoideae 6 6 377.7

Chilaune Schima Wallichii 23 23 1447.85

Kalikath Myrsine semiserrata 3 3 188.85

Katus Castanopsis indica 3 3 188.85

Sal Shorea robusta 21 21 1321.95

Sisau Dalbergia sisoo 2 2 125.9

Berulo Ficus clavata 4 4 251.8

Ginari Pieris formosa 7 7 440.65

Khanayo Ficus semicordata 6 6 377.7

Koiralo Bauhinia variegata 8 8 503.6

Kutmiro Litsea polyantha 8 8 503.6

Pipal Ficus religiosa 1 1 62.95

Others 7 7 440.65

Utis Alnus nepalensis 5 5 314.75

Sub-Total 107 107 6735.65

Cultivated

Land

0+000 29+200 Aanp Magnifera indica 4 4 251.8

Amaro Spondias pinnata 2 2 125.9

Amba Psidium guava 1 1 62.95

Baans Bambusoideae 13 13 440.65

Bakaino Melia azedarach 8 8 377.7

Chilaune Schima Wallichii 91 91 503.6


Land

Type


Trees

Compensatory

Plantation (1:1)

Rate/plant

(NRs)

Total Cost

(NRs) From To

Dabdabe Garuga pinnata 3 3 62.95

Ginari Pieris formosa 2 2 62.95

Katahar Artocarpus integra 1 1 62.95

Katus Castanopsis indica 30 30 188.85

Khanayo Ficus semicordata 6 6 125.9

Khirro Sapium insigne 6 6 125.9


Others 2 2 125.9

Sal Shorea robusta 58 58 188.85

Simal Bombax ceiba 3 3 62.95

Sisau Dalbergia sisoo 5 5 314.75

Angeri Lyonia ovalifolia 5 5 314.75

Utis Alnus nepalensis 4 4 314.75


Lakuri Fraxinus floribunda 1 1 314.75

Mauwa Madhuca longifolia 8 8 314.75

Jhigane Eurya cerasifolia 4 4 314.75

Sub-Total 266 266 5161.9

Total 373 373 11897.55


e. Calculation of Plantation Cost in NF/CF/LF

Item No. Description Unit Total

quantity

Rate

(NRs.)

Amount

(NRs.)

Remarks

Seedling cost No 1760 20 35,200.00

20 Plantation per ha

20(1) Site selection and survey Persondays 3 500 1,500.00

20.2(b) Site clearance Persondays 10 500 5,000.00 25% shrubs and grasses

20.3 Fixing of pit distance (1600 pits) Persondays 3 500 1,500.00

20.5(a)i Pitting of 45X30X30 cm pit Persondays 32 500 16,000.00 50% slope

20.6(a)iii Seedling transportation Persondays 6 500 3,000.00 1 km distance

20.6(b)iii Seedling transportation (within) Persondays 3 500 1,500.00

20.7(a) Plantation Persondays 20 500 10,000.00 Up to 50% slope

32.1(b) Weeding Persondays 18 500 9,000.00

32.3 Replacement plantation (10%) Persondays 9 500 4,500.00

33.1(b) Prunning Persondays 25 500 12,500.00 Up to 50% slope

Sub-total 99,700.00

35 Fencing per 200 running meter

35.2(a)ii Preparation of 100 poles of 30-40cm girth and 1.8m height Persondays 8 500 4,000.00

35.4 Five line barbed wire fencing (100 running meter)

35.4(a) Barbed wire (14 gauge) Kg 143 125 71,500.00

Wooden pole (10cmx10cmx1.8m) No 88 No cost

Unail Kg 4.2 125 2,100.00

35.3(b) Pitting for poles Persondays 14 500 28,000.00

35.4(c) Stretching and tightening of barbed wire Persondays 24 500 48,000.00

Sub-total 153,600.00

Total 253,300.00

Contingency (5%) 12,665.00

Grand Total 265,965.00

Per plant cost 151.12 1600+10% plants with 2.5m x

2.5m spacing


f. Compensatory Plantation Agreement

Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f (Compensatory Plantation)

k[i7e"dL

e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf (EEAP) PlzofnL ljsf; a}+ssf] ;x'lnotk"0f{ C0f ;xof]u,

:jL; ljsf; ;xof]u lgof]usf] k|fljlws ;xof]u tyf g]kfn ;/sf/ ;d]tsf] nufgLdf z'? ePsf] xf]

o; cfof]hgfsf] p2]Zo @)&@ a}zfv !@ ut]sf] e"sDk kl5 e"sDk If]qdf k"g;+/rgf / k"glg{df0f

sfo{df ;xof]u ug{' xf] . o; cfof]hgfn] ljBfno, ;8s, ;/sf/L ejg k"glg{df0f ul/ ;Defljt

k|sf]kaf6 ;dfg's"ng ug{' /x]sf] 5 . of] sfo{s|d k"g;+/rgf / k"glg{df{0f sfo{k2tLdf cfwfl/t /xg]

5 . o;n] ;8s If]qsf e"sDk k|efljt hgtfnfO{ ;xhtf k|bfg ug]{5 . l;Gw'nL lhNnfdf cjl:yt

k|:tfljt ;8s pk–cfof]hgf e"sDk cfktsfnLg ;xfotf cfof]hgf (EEAP) cGtu{t ;+rfng ug{

nfuLPsf] Ps pkcfof]hgf xf] .

lkkne~Hofª – xfo'6f/ – g]qsfnL ;8s pk–cfof]hgf l;Gw'nL lhNnfsf] sdnfdfO{ gu/kflnsfsf]

lkkne~Hofªaf6 z'? eO{ Wofªn]v ufFpkflnsfsf] dfemL6f/df df 6+'luG5 . of] ;8ssf] rf}8fO{ ^=@%

dL= / hDdf nDafO{ #&=@) ls=dL= kb{5 .

;fGb{lestf

/fli6«o k|fyldstf k|fKt of]hgfsf] nflu /fli6«o jg If]q k|of]u ug]{ ;DaGwL sfo{ljlw, @)&$ cg';f/

lkkne~Hofª – xfo'6f/ – g]qsfnL ;8s pk–cfof]hgfsf] lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] ?vx?sf] Ifltk"lt{

;DaGwdf hlt ?v sfl6G5g To;sf] !M@% cg'kftdf Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f / % aif{ ;Dd ;+/If0f ug'{

kg]{ x'G5 .

jgdf sfl6g] ?vx?sf] ;+Vof / Ifltk"lt{ jfkt a[Iff/f]k0f ug'{ kg]{ ?v ;+Vof / cg'dflgt nfut

pk/f]Qm cg';f/ lkkne~Hofª – xfo'6f/ – g]qsfnL ;8s pk–cfof]hgf ;fd'bflos, sa'lnolt tyf

/fli6«o jg eP/ hfg] / sfl6g] ?vx?sf] ;+Vof, Ifltk"lt{ jfkt a[Iff/f]k0f ug'{ kg]{ ?v ;+Vof /

cg'dflgt nfut ;d]t 6]a'n ! df lbO{Psf] 5 .


6]a'n ! /fli6«o, sa'lnolt tyf ;fd'bflos jgdf sfl6g] ?vx?sf] ;+Vof, Ifltk"lt{ jfkt a[Iff/f]k0f

ug'{ kg]{ ?v ;+Vof / cg'dflgt nfut

l;g+ jgsf] gfd sfl6g]

?v

;+Vof

Ifltk"lt{

a[Iff/f]k0f

?v ;+Vof

-!M@%_

la?jf, a[Iff/f]k0f

/ 3]/jf/ nfut

klxnf] ls:tf

-g]=?=_

uf]8d]n, k'g/f]k0f

nfut

bf]>f] ls:tf

-g]=?=_

hDdf nfut

-g]=?=_

! sflnsf ;f= j= # &% !),!&)=&% !,!^#=@% !!,##$=))

@ emNsfg] ;f= j= $! !)@% !#(,)))=@% !%,*(&=&% !%$,*(*=))

# /gLaf; ;f= j= # &% !),!&)=&% !,!^#=@% !!,##$=))

$ dfg] e~Hofª

sa'lnolt jg

& !&% @#,&#!=&% @,&!$=@% @^,$$^=*)

% /fli6«o jg &)( !&,&@% @,$)#,^*&=@% @&$,(!$=&% @,^&*,^)@=))

!@# #,)&% $!&,)))=&% $&,^(#=@% $^$,^($=))

hDdf **^ @@,!%) #,))#,&^!=%) #$#,%$^=%) #,#$&,#)*=))


lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO{ , lhNnf jg sfof{no / ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf]

aLrdf

Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -Compensatory Plantation_sfof{Gjog ug{ ePsf] ;+Demf}tf

-Agreement_kq

s_ sfof{Gjog ug]{ ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj

lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO{ , l;Gw'nL

!= Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{ ug{sf] nfuL Joj:yfkg ug]{ h:t}, lj?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL ug]{,

a[Iff/f]k0f ug]{ sfo{ cflb . a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf]

/sd -klxnf] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg

sfof{no dfkm{t pknAw u/fpg] .

@= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/Psf] If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf ;j} ;/f]sf/jfnfnfO{ ;xefuL u/fpg]

.

#= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL /

k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd -bf]>f] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L

lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] k|fljlwssf] l;kmfl/;sf] ;fy} /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg Joj:yf

ldnfpg] .

lhNnf jg sfof{no, l;Gw'nL

!= lj?jf vl/b, ;Íngsf] ;fy} a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ k|ljlws ;xof]u pknAw u/fpg] .

@= ;f=j=p=;=n] u/]sf] sfdsf] cg'udg u/L lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfOdf k|utL

k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ .

#= a[Iff/f]k0fsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO nfO{ ;xof]u

k'¥ofpg]sf] ;fy} ;+o'Qm cg'udgdf ;xefuL x'g] .

sflnsf ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x

!= a[Iff/f]k0f ug{ rflxg] la?jfsf] dfu ;+sng ug]{ .

@= lj?jf pTkfbg vl/b tyf pknAw u/fpgsf] ;fy} :yfgLo ?kdf 9'jfgL ug{ ;xof]u

k'¥ofpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qdf 5]sjf/ ug]{, Kjfsn vGg] / la?jf /f]Kg] sfddf clgjfo{ ;xefuL x'g] .


$= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg k|ljlws ;xof]udf cfkm} ug'{kg]{ .

%= lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO ÷ lhNnf jg sfof{non] ug]{ cg'udg sfo{df ;xof]u

k'¥ofpgsf] ;fy} ;d'xn] :jMcg'udg u/L k|ltj]bg lbg'kg]{ .

v_ ;xof]uL ;+:yfsf] lhDd]jf/L tyf bfloTj

lhNnf sfof{Gjog ;xof]u k/fdz{bftf, l;Gw'nL

!= a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{sf] nflu ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO{,

lhNnf jg sfof{no;+u ;dGjo ug]{ .

@= la?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL tyf a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf k|fljlws tyf ;+:yfut ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

$= jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno Pjd\ ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno /

cGt/utsf lgsfo tyf /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0faf6 a[Iff/f]k0f cg'udg ug{ cfPsf]

6f]nLnfO{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

u_ e'QmfgL ug]{ sfo{ ljlwM

;8s lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] # ?vx?sf] nflu !M@% cg'kftdf ul/g] Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -&%

lj?jfx?_ jfkt hDdf g] ?= !!,##$=)) lgDgfg';f/ pknAw u/fO{g] 5 .

!—klxnf] ls:tfM

a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd g] ? !),!&)=&%

;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -;f=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg sfof{no dfkm{t

pknAw u/fpg] .

@—bf]>f] ls:tfM

a[Iff/f]k0f ul/;s] kl5 lj?jf afFr]sf] cfwf/df jg Joj:yfkg -uf]8d]n, xfFuf s6gL /

k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd g] ?= !,!^#=@% ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg]

u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg]] .

lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog

OsfO sfof{nosf] tkm{ af6

lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] tkm{

af6

;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf]

tkm{ af6

x:tfIf/M

gfdM

kbM

ldltM

5fkM

x:tfIf/M

gfdM

kbM

ldltM

5fkM

x:tfIf/M

gfdM

kbM

ldltM

5fkM



aLrdf


-Agreement_kq








.


k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd -bf]>f] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg]

u/L lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] k|fljlwssf] l;kmfl/;sf] ;fy} /f]xj/df pknAw u/fpg Joj:yf

ldnfpg] .




k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ .

#= a[Iff/f]k0fsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{GjognfO{ ;xof]u


emNsfg] ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x,



k'¥ofpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qdf 5]sjf/ ug]{, Kjfsn vGg] / la?jf /f]Kg] sfddf clgjfo{ ;xefuL x'g] .


$= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg k|ljlws ;xof]udf cfkm} ug'{kg]{ .




lhNnf sfof{Gjog ;xof]u k/fdz{bftf , l;Gw'nL

!= a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{sf] nflu ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, lhNnf jg sfof{no÷ lhNnf

cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO{;+u ;dGjo ug]{ .







;8s lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] $! ?vx?sf] nflu !M@% cg'kftdf ul/g] Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -

!,)@% lj?jfx?_ jfkt hDdf g] ?= !%$,*(*=)) lgDgfg';f/ pknAw u/fO{g] 5 .

!—klxnf] ls:tfM

a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd g] ? !#(,)))=@%


pknAw u/fpg] .

@—bf]>f] ls:tfM


k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd g] ?= !%,*(&=&% ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg]


lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO

sfof{nosf] tkm{ af6

lhNnf jg sfof{nosf]

tkm{ af6

;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf

;d"xsf] tkm{ af6

x:tfIf/M

gfdM

kbM

ldltM

5fkM

x:tfIf/M

gfdM

kbM

ldltM

5fkM

x:tfIf/M

gfdM

kbM

ldltM

5fkM



aLrdf


-Agreement_kq








.


k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd -bf]>f] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L


ldnfpg] .




k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ .

#= a[Iff/f]k0fsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfOnfO{ ;xof]u


/gLaf; ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x,



k'¥ofpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qdf 5]sjf/ ug]{, Kjfsn vGg] / la?jf /f]Kg] sfddf clgjfo{ ;xefuL x 'g] . $= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg k|ljlws ;xof]udf cfkm} ug'{kg]{ .






!= a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{sf] nflu ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, lhNnf jg sfof{no÷ lhNnf

cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO{;+u ;dGjo ug]{ .







;8s lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] # ?vx?sf] nflu !M@% cg'kftdf ul/g] Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -&%

lj?jfx?_ jfkt hDdf g] ?= !!,##$=)) lgDgfg';f/ pknAw u/fO{g] 5 .

!—klxnf] ls:tfM

a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd g] ? !),!&)=&%


pknAw u/fpg] .

@—bf]>f] ls:tfM


k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd g] ?= !,!^#=@% ;DalGwt ;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg]




lhNnf jg sfof{nosf]

tkm{ af6

;fd'bflos jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf]

tkm{ af6

x:tfIf/M

gfdM

kbM

ldltM

5fkM

x:tfIf/M

gfdM

kbM

ldltM

5fkM

x:tfIf/M

gfdM

kbM

ldltM

5fkM


lhNnf cfof]hgf sfo{Gjog OsfO{ , lhNnf jg sfof{no / dfg] e~Hofª sa'lnolt jg

pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf] aLrdf


-Agreement_kq





/sd -klxnf] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt sa'lnolt jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x -s=j=p=;=_ nfO{ lhNnf jg



.


k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd -bf]>f] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt sa'lnolt jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xn] kfpg] u/L


ldnfpg] .



@= s=j=p=;=n] u/]sf] sfdsf] cg'udg u/L lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfOdf k|utL

k|ltj]bg k]z ug]{ .

#= a[Iff/f]k0fsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udgdf lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfOnfO{ ;xof]u


dfg] e~Hofª sa'lnolt jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x



k'¥ofpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qdf 5]sjf/ ug]{, Kjfsn vGg] / la?jf /f]Kg] sfddf clgjfo{ ;xefuL x 'g] . $= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg k|ljlws ;xof]udf cfkm} ug'{kg]{ .


%= lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO ÷lhNnf jg sfof{non] ug]{ cg'udg sfo{df ;xof]u




!= a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{sf] nflu sa'lnolt jg pkef]Qmf ;d"x, lhNnf jg sfof{no÷ lhNnf

cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO{;++u ;dGjo ug]{ .



jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno Pjd\ ;+3Lo dfldnf tyf :yfgLo ljsf; dGqfno / cGt/utsf

lgsfo tyf /fli6«o k'glg{df{0f k|flws/0faf6 a[Iff/f]k0f cg'udg ug{ cfPsf] 6f]nLnfO{

;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .


;8s lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] & ?vx?sf] nflu !M@% cg'kftdf ul/g] Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -!&%

lj?jf_ jfkt hDdf g] ?= @^,$$^=*) lgDgfg';f/ pknAw u/fO{g] 5 .

!—klxnf] ls:tfM

a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd g] ? @#,&#!=&% lhNnf

jg sfof{nonfO{ pknAw u/fpg] .

@—bf]>f] ls:tfM


k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd g] ?= @,&!$=@% lhNnf jg sfof{no nfO{ pknAw u/fpg]] .



lhNnf jg sfof{nosf]

tkm{ af6

sa'lnolt jg pkef]Qmf ;d"xsf]

tkm{ af6

x:tfIf/M

gfdM

kbM

ldltM

5fkM

x:tfIf/M

gfdM

kbM

ldltM

5fkM

x:tfIf/M

gfdM

kbM

ldltM

5fkM



/

lhNnf jg sfof{noxsf] aLrdf

Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -Compensatory Plantation_ sfof{Gjog ug { ePsf] ;+Demf}tf

-Agreement_ kq


lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO , l;Gw'nL

!= Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0fsfo{ ug{sf] nfuL Joj:yfkg ug]{ h:t}, lj?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL, a[Iff/f]k0f

ug]{ sfo{ cflb . a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd -klxnf]

ls:tf_ ;DalGwt lhNnf jg sfof{nonfO{ pknAw u/fpg] .

@= a[Iff/f]k0f ul/Psf] If]qsf] ;'kl/j]If0f tyf cg'udg ug]{ .


k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd -bf]>f] ls:tf_ ;DalGwt lhNnf jg sfof{nonfO{ pknAw u/fpg

Joj:yf ldnfpg] .



@= lj?jf pTkfbg÷9'jfgL ug{{ ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .

#= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qdf 5]sjf/ ug]{ Kjfsn vGg] / la?jf /f]Kg] sfddf ;xof]u ug]{ .

$= a[Iff/f]k0f If]qsf] Joj:yfkg ug]{ .

%= lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO ÷ jg tyf e"–;+/If0f dGqfno÷;+3Lo dfldnf tyf

:yfgLo ljsf; dGqfnon] ug]{ cg'udg sfo{df ;xof]u k'¥ofpg] .



!= a[Iff/f]k0f sfo{sf] nflu lhNnf jg sfof{no tyf lhNnf cfof]hgf sfof{Gjog OsfO;+u

;dGjo ug]{ .








;8s lgdf{0f s|ddf sfl6g] *#@ ?vx?sf] nflu !M@% cg'kftdf ul/g] Ifltk"lt{ a[Iff/f]k0f -

@),*)) lj?jf_ jfkt hDdf g] ?= #,!$#,@(^=)) lgDgfg';f/ pknAw u/fO{g] 5 .

!—klxnf] ls:tfM

a[Iff/f]k0f tyf 3]/jf/ -fencing_ ug{ nfut cg'dfg cg';f/sf] /sd g] ? @,*@),^**=))

lhNnf jg sfof{nonfO{ pknAw u/fpg] .

@—bf]>f] ls:tfM


k'gM/f]k0f ug{_ afFsL /sd g] ?= #@@,^)*=)) lhNnf jg sfof{no nfO{ pknAw u/fpg]] .


sfof{nosf] tkm{ af6

lhNnf jg sfof{nosf] tkm{ af6

x:tfIf/M

gfdM

kbM

ldltM

5fkM

x:tfIf/M

gfdM

kbM

ldltM

5fkM


g. Plantation Plan in District

Compensatory plantation: CF/NF/LHF

Requirements for plantation activities

1) Coordination with DFO - Meeting will be held with DFO and CFUG/LHFUGss to discuss

about the plantation management

2) Agreement with DFO/LHFUG/CFUGs/DLPIU - Agreement will be done with DFO and

DLPIU for the compensatory plantation

3) Managing planting stock - Nursery establishment and operation

From DFO/CFUG nursery

From private nursery owner from districts

Fruit trees in private land - Horticulture farms in districts.

4) Identification and survey of plantation area - Plantation area will be identified by DFO

and survey will be done.

5) Fencing - Fencing will be done by concerned DFO/CFUG/LHFUG.

6) Pitting - Pits of 45cmx30cm x 30cm size will be dug.

7) Transportation of seedlings - From nursery to the planting sites

8) Planting - It will be done by the DFO/CFUGs/LHFUG in the starting of monsoon

9) Weeding - After the monsoon season, weeding is done to reduce the competition by

weeds.

10) Survival count - Before winter starts, survival of the plantation will be done for casualty

replacement before next monsoon.

Plan of Action for Plantation in CF/NF/LHF

Activities May

18

June

18

July

18

Aug

18

Sep

18

Oct

18

Nov

18

Dec

18

Jan 19

Agreement with

DFO/CFUG/LHF

UG/DLPIU

Managing

planting stock

Survey of

plantation area

Fencing

Pitting

Transportation of

seedlings

Planting

Weeding

Survival count


Plantation in Private Land

Coordination with affected landowner - Meeting will be held with concerned affected

landowner to discuss about the plantation trees in their land.

1) Managing planting stock

From DFO/CFUG nursery



2) Identification and survey of plantation area - Plantation area will be identified in

coordination with affected landowner.

3) Protection- Protection of planted trees will be done by the landowner.

4) Pitting - Pits of appropriate size will be dug depending on the species.


6) Planting - It will be done by the affected landowner and cost will be provided in the

starting of monsoon

7) Weeding - After the monsoon season, weeding is done to reduce weed competition.


Roadside plantation

1) Coordination with local communities, Municipality, RM and DFO - Meeting will be held

with concerned local communities, Municipality, RM and DFO to discuss about the

plantation management

2) Agreement with concerned stakeholders - Agreement will be done with concerned local

communities, Municipality, RM and DFO for the road side plantation

3) Managing planting stock - Nursery establishment and operation

From DFO nursery



4) Identification and survey of plantation area - Plantation area will be identified by

concerned local communities, Municipality, RM, and DFO and survey will be done.

5) Fencing - Fencing will be done by concerned local communities, Municipality, RM and

DFO.

6) Pitting - Pits of appropriate size will be dug depending on species


8) Planting - It will be done in the starting of monsoon

9) Weeding - After the monsoon season, weeding is done to reduce the competition by

weeds.

10) Survival count - before winter starts, survival of the plantation will be done for casualty

replacement before next monsoon.

Plan of Action for Roadside Plantation

Activities May 18 June 18 July 18 Aug 18 Sep 18

Agreement with local

communities, Municipality,

RM and DFO

Managing planting stock

Survey of plantation area

Fencing

Pitting

Transportation of seedlings

Planting

Weeding

Survival count


Appendix XII: Affected Structures

a. Private Structure

Details of Structures

Total Area

( Sqm)

Affected

Area

(Sqm)

storey Rate /Sqm Estimated

Cost

Total

Amount

House 97.25 2 8304 1615128 1630128.00

Other Str.

Total 1615128.00

Allowance 15000

Other Informations

Structure

Type

Roof

Type

Wall Type Current Use Affected Earthquake

Affected

Year of

Constructio

n

Load

Bearing

C.G.I stone/Wood Good Yes No 2048

Str.No. Land owner Name: Chainage/S.N. Plot No. Distance Form No. Address Village/Settlemen

ts

1 Padam Bahadur Bloar 22+900 Ghyanglek-2 (Haytar)



Total Area

( Sqm)

Affected Area

(Sqm)


Cost

Total

Amount

House 23.24 2 6200 288176 303176.00

Other Str.

Allowance 15000

Other Informations

Structure

Type

Roof Type Wall Type Current Use Affected Earthquake

Affected

Year of

Construction

Load

Bearing

Khar Bamboo Normal Yes No 2066

Str.No. Land owner Name: Chainage/S.N. Plot No. Distance Form No. Address Village/Settlements

2 Krishna Bahadur Syangten 23+540 Ghyanglek-2 Chalise Bagar


Total Area (

Sqm)

Affected Area

(Sqm)


Cost

Total

Amount

Goth 11 1 (L.S) 50000 65000.00

50000.00

Allowance 15000

Other Informations

Structure

Type

Roof

Type


Affected

Year of

Construction

Load Bearing C.G.I Bamboo Not Good Yes No 2069


ts

3 Ek Bahadur Khadka 24+070 Ghyanglek-2 Khattarmathi



Total Area (

Sqm)

Affected Area

(Sqm)


Cost

Total

Amount

Goth 30.4 2 (L.S) 100000 115000.00

Other Str.

Allowance 15000

Other Informations

Structure

Type

Roof

Type


Affected

Year of

Construction

load Bearing C.G.I Bamboo Good Yes Yes 2062

Str.No. Land owner Name: Chainage Plot No. Distance Form No. Address Village/Settlements

4 Jaskarna Magar 24+830 Ghyanglek-2 SimlePhant

Total Area (

Sqm)

Affected Area

(Sqm)

storey Rate /Sqm Estimated Cost Total

Amount

Goth 20.1 2 (L.S) 100000 115000.00

Allowance 15000

Other Informations

Structure

Type

Roof

Type


Affected

Year of

Construction

Load Bearing C.G.I Stone/Bamboo Normal Yes No 2060

Str.No. Land owner Name: Chainage Plot No. Distance Form No. Address Village/Settlemen

ts

5 Bir Bahadur Khadka 24+870 Ghyanglek-2 SimlePhant



Total Area

( Sqm)

Affected Area

(Sqm)


Cost

Total

Amount

House 36.49 2 8304 606025 621025.00

Other Str.

Allowance 15000

Other Informations

Structure

Type

Roof

Type

Wall Type Current

Use

Affected Earthquake

Affected

Year of

Construction

Load

Bearing

C.G.I Stone/Wood/Bamboo Good Yes No 2064

Str.No. Land owner Name: Chainage/S.N. Plot No. Distance Form No. Address Village/Settlements

6 Tulpu Lama 26+440 Ghyanglek-2 DumriGoth


Total Area (

Sqm)

Affected

Area (Sqm)


Cost

Total

Amount

House 50.4 1 8304 418521.6 433521.60

Other Str.

Allowance 15000

Other Informations

Structure

Type

Roof

Type

Wall Type Curre

nt Use

Affected Earthquake

Affected

Year of

Construction

Load Bearing C.G.I Stone+Cement Mortar Good NO 2070


ts

7 Bishnu Syangten 31+895 Ghyanglek-3 Chaukitar



Total Area (

Sqm)

Affected Area

(Sqm)


Cost

Total

Amount

Goth 19.2 1 (L.S) 50000 65000.00

Other Str.

Allowance 15000

Other Informations

Structure

Type

Roof

Type


Affected

Year of

Construction

Load Bearing C.G.I Bamboo Good Yes No 2065

8 Bishnu Syangten 31+895 Ghyanglek-3

b. Public Structure

Picture Detail

1

Chainage 24+080

Structure Type Tap

Address Ghanglek Rural Municipality-2

Built Year 2070

Present Status On use (Good)

Total cost (NRs.) 35000


Appendix XIII: Photographs

a. Road Alignment at Various Points

Photograph 1: Road alignment at Pipalbhangyang

(0+000)

Photograph 2: Road alignment at Potential

Landslide area

Photograph 3: Road alignment passing edge of

the Dhanamana Khola

Photograph 4: Vehicle movement along the Road

alignment

Photograph 5: Road alignment at Hayutar bazar Photograph 6: Existing road conditions


b. Consultation Meetings

Photograph 1: Consultation meeting at Bhoteswora

Photograph 2: Consultation with community

forest users

Photograph 3: Consultation meeting at Chandanpur

Photograph 4: Interaction with affected family

Photograph 5: consultation with Leasehold forest

users

Photograph 6: Interaction with local teacher


c. Vegetation and Physical Survey

Photograph 1:Measuring DBH Photograph 2: Vegetation survey in GMF

Photograph 3: Road alignment at Jhalkane CF Photograph 4: Road alignment

at Government Forest

Photograph 5: Measuring the width of the road

(at 0+000)

Photograph 6: Leasehold forest along the road

alignment


d. Different Species Captured during Field Visit

Photograph 1:Domestic dove at Khattar

Photograph 2: Fish species found in Simle khola

Photograph 3: Domestic cat at Amale

Photograph 4: Maina found at Hayutar

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