University Of Maine University Of Maine Clean SnowmobileClean Snowmobile

The Rock!

Introduction

• Maine – New England Snowmobiling!

• The Economic Impact– 3000 full time equivalent

jobs*

– Jobs are in Northern Maine

Badly needed jobs

• Who is riding? http://www.northernoutdoors.com/Snow.html

*An Economic Evaluation of Snowmobiling in Maine: Stephen Reiling, Department of Resource Economics and Policy University of Maine

Target Market• The average age of a snowmobile owner?

41 years old with 0.8 kids at home! *• Other activities:

X-Country Skiing, Ice fishing, Work Related• If they own a motorcycle?

* International Snowmobile Manufacturers Association

Goldwing ABSCBR 1000RR

How to Hit the Target?

• Do the owners want to smell like gasoline at the end of the day?

• Do they want to converse on the sled?

• Priorities:– Easy starting– Fuel economy – long

riding range

• A modern bike or car on snow!

Secondary Market

• Current Non-snowmobilers

• Utility users – US Forest Service

How do we appeal to that market?– Maintain or improve performance– Lower emissions– Reduced noise– Enjoy nature

Design Objectives and Approach

• Reduce noise and inefficiencies from a stock Arctic Cat 660cc touring sled– Touring sleds are most

used by target markets– 4-Stroke engines

inherently “cleaner”

Design Objectives and Approach

OBJECTIVE• Reduce Noise

• Maintain Performance

• Reduce Emissions

APPROACH• Custom Cowling

• System Modeling for Clutching

• Catalytic Converter and Piggyback on ECU

Cowling Design

• Custom manufacturing based on geometry

• Limited air vents and acoustical foam reduce noise

System Modeling

• Predict Sled’s Performance

• Use Engine Data

• Tell where data comes from

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 90000

10

20

30

40

50

60Engine Output at Track

RPM

Tor

que

in ft

-lbs

0 1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000 8000 90000

10

20

30

40

50

60

Tor

que

in ft

-lbs

Act

ual

Dyno Engine Data

Inertia Effects

Aerodynamic Effects

Rolling Drive Train Effects

Dynamic Model

Performance

Steady State Model

Fuel Economy

Aerodynamic Effects

Rolling Drive Train Effects

Clutch Tuning

System Model

TheoreticalEngine Model

Dynomometer

• Fully digital diagnostics

• User friendly interface using LabView

• Compare with theoretical predictions

Power and Torque vs RPM

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

1000 2000 3000 4000 5000 6000 7000RPM

HP

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

40

45

50

Tor

que

(ft-lb

)

Power Torque

Clutching Model

• Isolate inefficiencies

• Predict performance trade offs– Dynamic– Steady State

0 10 20 30 400

500

1000

1500

2000

2500

3000

Time (s)

Po

sitio

n (

ft)

Snowmobile Position vs Time

Clutching Model

0 20 40 60 80 100 1200

10

20

30

40

50

60

MPH

Dra

g a

nd

Fric

tion

(H

P)

Steady State Losses vs Velocity

Reduce Emissions

• Previously installed catalytic converter

• Microcontroller piggyback for ECU– Monitors air fuel ratio – Wide band O2 sensor– indirectly control pulse

width of fuel injector Piggyback Unit

Catalytic Converter

Piggyback Schematic

Programming Serial Port

BS24P MicrocontrollerBasic Stamp

Analog to Digital Converter

Digital Potentiometer DC-DC Converter12V to 5 V

Piggyback Circuit

Emissions Emissions reduction using the catalyst

compared to stockover RPM Range

NOx, 78.86

HC, 59.05CO, 61.97

0

20

40

60

80

100

Re

du

cti

on

(%

)

Improved EmissionsEmissions reduction with catalyst and piggyback

compared to stockover RPM Range

NOx, 89.28

HC, 68.92

CO, 73.79

0

20

40

60

80

100

Re

du

cti

on

(%

)

Improved EmissionsEmissions reduction with catalyst and piggyback

compared to stock@ 5000 rpm cruising operation

HC, 92.26 CO, 90.78 NOx, 97.95

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

Red

uct

ion

(%

)

Emission Summary

Low Cost• Catalytic Converter:

$65.00• Wide band O2

Sensor: $80.00• Other parts: $220.00• Total $365.00

Results• With converter and

ECU piggyback total reduction in emissions from

90%-95%

Compared to stock 660

Conclusion

• Low cost to Manufacturer and Consumer

• Low emissions for environmentally conscious

• Reliable and all modifications “fail safe”.

• Meet the needs of primary and secondary target markets