UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA

DEVELOPMENT OF A KNOWLEDGE·BASED COMPLIANCE AUDITING SYSTEM FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT

ASSESSMENT (EIA) PROJECTS IN MALAYSIA

MD. MIZANUR RAHMAN

FK 2001 67

DEVELOPMENT OF A KNOWLEDGE·BASED COMPLIANCE AUDITING SYSTEM FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

PROJECTS IN MALAYSIA

By

MD. MIZANUR RAHMAN

Thesis Submitted in Fulfilment of the Requirement for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in the Faculty of Engineering

Universiti Putra Malaysia

January 2001

DEDICATED TO MY

PARENTS

WIFE

CHILDREN

Md. Abdul Kadir

Maleka Begum

Hasina Begum Ulka

and

Mahfuzur Rahman

Mina Sultana

ii

Abs trac t of thesis presented to th e S ena te of Universiti Putra Malaysia in fulfilment of th e r equir em ent for the degr ee of Docto r o f Philosophy

DEVELOPMENT OF A KNOWLEDGE-BASED COMPLIANCE AUDITING SYSTEM FOR ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

PROJECTS IN MALAYSIA

By

MD. MIZANUR RAHMAN

January 2001

Chairman: Associate Professor Mohamed Daud, Ph.D., MBA

Faculty: Engineering

Enviro nmen tal Manag em en t Program (EMP) cons ti tu te an impor tan t

compon en t of th e Environm en tal Impac t Ass essm en t (EIA) r eport of th e

d ev elopm en t proj ec ts wh er e th e environm en tal moni toring programs and th e

environm en tal complianc e audi ting (ECA) asp ec ts should b e d escrib ed in d etail.

ECA r equir es sys tema tic s el ec tion of moni toring variabl es and analysis of th e

moni toring da tabas e and also r equir es tha t a unifor m qua li ty s tandard in audi ting b e

main tain ed for differ en t typ es of d ev elopm ent proj ec ts and differ en t s tag es of th eir

d ev elopm en t. ECA should produc e an audi t r eport tha t is easy to und ers tand and

could b e us ed und er taki ng mi tiga tio n m eas ur es. Pr es en tl y, in M alaysia, for the EIA

proj ec ts, th er e is n ei th er any sp eci fic guid elin e for conduc ting complianc e audi ting

nor any sys tema tic manag em en t of th e da ta g en era ted through moni toring of th e

proj ec ts.

Th e ma m obj ec tiv e of this s tudy is to d ev elop a knowl edg e-bas ed

environm en tal complianc e audi ting sys tem (call ed ECA-KB) tha t us es exp er t's

knowl edg e from differ en t environm en tal fi elds and a q uan ti ta tiv e techni qu e of

iii

evaluating the environmental compliance level of a particular project. ECA-KB

comprises of three components namely monitoring database system, compliance

auditing model, and knowledge base system. These three component systems have

been integrated together to produce concise and comprehensive environmental

compliance audit report for the EIA projects.

The study provides a tool for the decision-makers and the stakeholders

namely the project proponents, environmental consultants, and Department of

Environment (DOE) to monitor, evaluate environmental compliance level of the

projects, generate compliance audit report, and to keep track on the compliance

trend. The great potentiality of the developed ECA-KB is that it is produced in easy

interactive and simplified manner that can be run as desktop applications by both the

experts and the non-expert users. The system is available in install able CD's and can

be reached to the potential users by several ways including distribution of CD's

through market channel, demonstration in the seminars, and symposium.

tV

Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia sebagai memenuhi keperluan untuk Doktor Falsafah

PEMBANGUNAN SISTEM AUDIT PEMATUHAN BERDASARKAN KEPAKARAN UNTUK PROJEK PENILAIAN KESAN ALAM SEKELILING

(EIA) DI MALAYSIA

Pengerusi

Fakulti

01eh

MD. MIZANUR RAHMAN

January 2001

: Profesor Madya Dr. Ir. Mohamed Daud, Ph.D., MBA

: Kejuruteraan

Program Pengurusan Alam Sekitar (EMP) adalah komponen penting dalam

Penilaian Kesan Alam Sekitar (EIA) bagi projek pembangunan dimana aspek

Program Pemonitoran Alam Sekitar dan Audit Pematuhan Alam Sekitar (ECA) perlu

dihuraikan secara terperinci. ECA memerlukan pemilihan pemonitoran

pembolehubah dan analisis pemonitoran pengkalan data yang sistematik dan juga

memerlukan satu standart yang seragam untuk dilaksanakan dalam pengauditan

untuk projek pembangunan yang berlainan pada peringkat yang berbeza semasa

pembangunan. ECA boleh menghasilkan laporan audit yang mudah difahami yang

boleh digunakan untuk proses mitigasi. Buat masa ini, di Malaysia, tidak terdapat

sebarang garis panduan yang spesifik untuk melaksanakan audit pematuhan atau

pengurusan yang sistematik untuk projek EIA bagi data yang dihasilkan melalui

pemonitoran projek.

Tujuan utama kajian ini adalah untuk menghasilkan Sistem Pematuhan Audit

Alam Sekitar berdasarkan pengetahuan (ECA-KB) yang menggunakan pengetahuan

pakar dari bidang yang berlainan dan teknik kauntitatif dalam menilai tahap

pematuhan alam sekitar bagi sesuatu projek. ECA-KB terbahagi kepada tiga

v

komponen iaitu, Sistem Pengkalan Data Pemonitoran, Model Audit Pematuhan dan

Sistem Berdasarkan Kepakaran. Ketiga-tiga komponen ini telah digabungkan

bersama dengan pengaturcaraan komputer dan berupaya untuk berfungsi secara

berkesan untuk menghasilkan laporan projek EIA.

Keputusan kajian ini memberikan pilihan kepada para pembuat keputusan

serta pengusaha projek atau lAS, untuk mengawas, menilaian tahap pematuhan alam

sekitar sesuatu projek serta penghasilan laporan audit pematuhan dan seterusnya

memastikan pematuhan dapat mengikuti aliran perubahan semasa. Potensi ECA-KB

yang telah dihasilkan adalah, ianya interaktif dan dipermudahkan sehingga boleh

dioperasikan dari mana-mana komputer oleh pakar dan bukan-pakar. Sistem ini

boleh diperolehi dalam bentuk cakera padat (CD) dan boleh mencapai sasarannya

melalui beberapa cara seperti penjualan, demonstrasi diseminar atau simposium.

vi

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My Sincere and grateful thanks to my committee members Associate

Professor Dr. Jr. Mohamed Daud, Dato' Professor Dr. Mohd. Zohadie Bardaie and

Associate Professor Dr. Mohd. Nasir Hassan for their continuous guidance, and

encouragement in completing this study. I gratefully acknowledge their active and

passive contribution in this study.

I acknowledge the contributions of all the expert participants of the Delphi

survey. My sincere thanks to all of them. My special thanks to the staffs of EIA

division, and library of the Department of Environment (DOE) Malaysia.

I acknowledge the co-operation received from my colleagues of the ESEIA

research group, staffs and faculties of the Faculty of Engineering, and Science and

Environmental Studies, UPM.

My thanks and appreciation to my parents, wife and children for their

continuous inspiration and encouragement.

Most of all, praise be to the Almighty Allah. I would not have been able to

make it without His help.

vii

I certify that an Examination Committee met on 9th January 2001 to conduct the final examination of Md. Mizanur Rahman on his Doctor of Philosophy thesis entitled "Development of a Knowledge-Based Compliance Auditing System for Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Projects in Malaysia" in accordance with Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher Degree) Act 1980 and Universiti Pertanian Malaysia (Higher Degree) Regulations 1981. The committee recommends that the candidate be awarded the relevant degree. Members of the Examination Committee are as follows:

Sa'ari Bin Musthapa, Ph.D. Associate Professor Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia (Chairman)

Mohamed Daud, Ir., Ph.D., MBA, P.Eng. Associate Professor Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member)

Dato' Mohd. Zohadie Bardaie, Ph.D., P.Eng. Professor Faculty of Engineering Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member)

Mohd Nasir Hassan, Ph.D. Associate Professor Faculty of Science and Environmental Studies Universiti Putra Malaysia (Member)

Takaharu Kameoka, Ph.D Professor Faculty of Agricultural and Bio-engineering Mie University Japan (Independent Examiner)

--------- ------------------------------------------w:-MOH HAZALI MOHAYIDIN, Ph.D, �Q Professor / Deputy Dean of Graduate School Universiti Putra Malaysia Date: 2 2 JAN 2001

viii

This thesis submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia has been accepted as fulfilment of the requirement for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy.

MOHD. GHAZALI MOHA YIDIN, Ph.D. Professor Deputy Dean of Gradua te School Uni versi ti Pu tra Ma laysia

Date:

ix

DECLARATION

I hereby declare that the thesis is based on my original work except for quotations and citations that have been duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously or concurrently submitted for any other degree at Universiti Putra Malaysia (UPM) or any other institution.

� . MD. MIZANUR RAHMAN

Date: 19t./ () 1../ .:t. 001

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

DEDICATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11 ABSTRACT . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111 ABSTRAK . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... VI APPROV AL SHEET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . VIn DECLARATION SHEET . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x LIST OF TABLES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv LIST OF FIGURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . XIX LIST OF ABBREVIA nONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xxn

CHAPTER

I INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 General Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 Statement of Problems . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 Significance of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Objectives of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Scope of the Study . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8

II LITERATURE REVIEW . . . .............................. ................ 9 Introduction . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 9 Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) Projects in Malaysia . . . ... 9

Legal Requirements in Malaysia ........................... . . . 10 EIA Projects in Malaysia . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1

Concepts and Definition of Environmental Auditing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 14 Benefits of Environmental Auditing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16 Results of Environmental Audit Studies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 18 Monitoring as an Integral part of Environmental Compliance Auditing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 20 Effects of EIA Projects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1

Effects on Physico-chemical Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Effects on Biological Environment . . . . . . . . .. .. . .. .. . .. ... .. ... 26 Effects on Socio-economic Environment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 27

Causes of Deviations in Impact Predictions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 29 Delphi Methods and Its Applications . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 31 Environmental Quality Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 33 Knowledge based System for Environmental Management . . . . . . . . . 34

Components of Knowledge Based Systems . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . ... 36 Visual Basic for Developing Knowledge Base Application 40

Development of Visual Basic Program . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43 Conduding Remarks on Literature Review . . . . . . . . . . .................. 46

III METHODOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47

xi

Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ... . . . . . . ... . . .. 47 Environmental Management Plan (EMP) . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48

Sampling Method . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 48 Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49

M onit oring Aspects of the EIA Rep orts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 49 The Delphi Meth od . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 1

Panel Cha racterisati on and C omp ositi on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 Questi onnaire Design . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52 F ' d Q

. .

lrst -r oun uest lOnna lfe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 53 Sec ond R ound Questi onnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 53 Third R ound Questi onnaire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54 Analysis of the Delphi Findings . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 54

Devel opment of Envir onmental C ompliance Auditing M odel . . . . . . 56 M onit oring Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 Envir onmental C ompliance Auditing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58

Devel opment of Kn owledge Base System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 1 C onceptual C ompliance Audit M odel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Selecti on of D omain Experts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62 Kn owledge S ources . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 62

Kn owledge Ac quisiti on Planning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 63 Kn owledge Elicitati on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64 Pr ot oc ol Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . ... . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . 65 Kn owledge C oding . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65a

Devel opment of Kn owledge Based C ompliance Auditing System (ECA-KB) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 Overall Data C ollecti on Meth od . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68 Case Study on Taman Beringin Land fill Pr oject (TBL) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69

Data Gathering . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 69 Data Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70

IV ENV IRONMENTAL COMPL IANCE AUD IT ING MODEL . . . . . . 72 Intr oducti on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Maj or Activities of the Devel opmental p rojects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 72 Pr ocedures of Envir onmental C ompliance Auditing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

Air Quality Parameters . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74 Wate r Quality Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 Soil Quality Parameters . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 N oise Quality Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 76 Bi ol ogical Quality Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 Operati on and Management Quality Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 S oci o-ec on omic Quality Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78

Indexing of the Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Calculati on of Sub-index Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 79 Calculati on of Quality Index Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80 Operati on and Management Quality Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 1 Calculati on of Overall Envir onmental Quality Index . . . . . . . 82

V RESULTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 84 Envir onmental Management Plan (EMP ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84 M onit oring Aspects in EIA Rep orts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87

xii

Air Quality Monit oring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 Water Quali ty Moni toring . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 90 N oise Quality M oni toring . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90 S oil Quality M onit oring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91 S olid Waste, sewage and Waste Treatment M onit oring ' " 91 B ' I . I Q al' M

. .

10 og lca u lty omt or mg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 S oci o-ec on omic Quality M onit oring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92 Para meters Suggested for M onit oring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93

Selec ting Performance Indicat ors- The Delphi Appr oach . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Pr ocess of Identifying the Performance Indicat ors . . . . . . . . . . 95 Weighting Sc ore for the C omp onent Parame ters . . . . . . . . . . . . 95 Weigh tage Dis tributi on Am ongst the Envir onmen tal C omp onen ts . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. 99 C ompliance Audi ting of Individual C omp onents . . . . . . . . . . 99

C omp onents of Kn owledge Based C ompliance Auditing System . . 1 03 Kn owledge Base Sys tem . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 05

Air Quali ty . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 05 Water Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 07 S oil Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 08 N oise Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 0 Bi ol ogical Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 12 S oci o-ec on omic Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 14 Opera ti on and Management Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 7

Devel opment of M onit oring Database Management System (MDBMS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 8

M oni toring Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 1 8 Func ti onality of the MDBMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2 1 Selecting Variables for M oni toring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 22

C ompliance Auditing System (CAS) . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3 1 C ompliance Auditing of Physic o-Chemical Aspects . . . . . . 1 32 C ompliance Audit Rep orting System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . 1 57

C ompliance Trend Analysis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 168 Valida ti on of C ompliance Auditing Sys tem . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 77

Validati on at Data Entry level . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 77 Validati on on Data Manipulati on of the System . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 7 9 Validati on on the Flexibility of the System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 80 Validati on on t he Applicability of t he System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 3 Valida ti on on the Estimati on of Sub-index and Quality Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 84 Validati on on N oise Quality Assessment . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 85 Validati on on Overall Envir onmental C ompliance C onditi on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 86

Case Study on Taman Beringin Land fill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 88 Bac kgr ound . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 1 88 Status on Operati onal and Management Systems Performances . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 88 S ta tus of S oci o-ec on omic Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 8 9 Performance Status of Physic o-chemical C omp onents . . . 1 90

C ompliance Auditing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 94 M onit oring Database Management System (MDBMS) . . . 1 94

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Compliance Auditing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 195 Compliance Trend Analysis . . . ..... ....... . . . . . . .. . . ......... 195

VI DISCUSSION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 1 96 Kn owledge Base System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1 96 M onit oring Data Base Management System . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . 1 99

C ompliance Auditing System (CAS) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200

Applicability of the C ompliance Auditing System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 202

Case Study on Taman Beringin Land fill Pr oject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 203

VII CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . 207 C onclusi on . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . 207 Limitati on of the Study and Further W orks Rec ommended . . . . . .. . . . 2 1 0

REFERENC ES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 1 3

APPENDICES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . .. . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224

I A Sample Table Used t o R eview Envir onmental Management Plan 224 II A Sample Table Used t o Review M onit oring Aspects . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. 226 III Questi onnaire Used for Delphi Survey and Case Study . . ... ...... . .. . 230 IV Kn owledge Base for the C ompliance Auditing of EIA Pr ojects . . . . . . 255 V C ompliance Audit M odel Results for Taman Beringin Land fill . . .. 306 VI List of EIA Rep orts C onsulted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 3 1 5 VII List of D omain Experts Interviewed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 9 VI n S ource C odes of the System . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 322

BIODATA OF THE AUTHOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 380

xiv

LIST OF TABLES

Table Page

1 Distributi on of EIA Rep ort Acc ording t o States in Malaysia . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 2

2 Distributi on of EIA Rep orts Acc ording t o Pr oject Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3

3 Year Wise Distributi on of ElA Rep orts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 3

4 Impacts on S oci o-ec on omic C onditi ons due t o Devel opment . . . . . . . . . . . . 28

5 Number of Expert Resp ondents in the Delphi Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52

6 Data Tables and the Data Fl ows of the Database System . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. 59

7 Particulars of Data and Data C ollecti on Techni ques . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 68

8 Questi onnaire C overage and Expected Outputs on TBL . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . 69

9 Maj or Activities of the Devel opmental Pr ojects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73

1 0 Measuring Units and Average Timing for Air Parameters . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 75

1 1 Guideline Values for N oise Level . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77

1 2 Parameters Selected for S oci o-ec on omic Quality Assessment . . . . . . . . . .. 78

1 3 C overage of EMP in the EIA Rep orts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84

14 C overage of EMP acc ording to Prescribed Activity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85

15 C overage of M onit oring Aspects in the Table of C ontents and Chapters 87

1 6

1 7

1 8

1 9

20

2 1

22

23

List of Variables Suggested for M onit oring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..

Selected variables for Air Quality M onit oring and Weighting Sc ore . . .

Selected Variable for Water Quality M onit oring and Weighting Sc ore

Selected Variables for N oise Quality M onit oring and Weighting Sc ore

Selected Variables for S oil Quality M onit oring and Weighting Sc ore . . .

Selected Variables for S oci o-ec on omic Quality M onit oring and Weighting Sc ore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Selected Var iables for M onit oring Biological Aspects and Weighting Sc ore . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .

Distributi on of Weighting Sc ores Am ongst the C omp onents . . . . . . . . . . . .

94

96

96

97

97

98

98

99

24 Knowledge Base for Estimating Sub- Index Values for Air Parameters 1 05

25 Kn owledge Base for Air Quality Gradati on Against AQ I Values . . . . . ... 1 06

26 Kn owledge Base for Air P olluti on S ources, Impacts and Mitigati on Measures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 06

27 Kn owledge Base for Estimating Sub- Index Values for Water Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 07

28 Kn owledge Base for Water Quality Gradati on Against WQ I Values . . . 1 07

xv

29

30

3 1

32

Knowledge Base for Water Pollution Sources, Impacts a nd Mitigation Measu res • • • • • • • • • • • • * • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • •

Knowledge Base fo r Estimati ng Sub -I nde x Values fo r Soil Pa ramete rs

Knowledge Base for Soil Quality G radatio n fo r SQI Values . . . . . . . . . . . .

K nowledge Base fo r Soil Pollutio n Sou rces, Impacts a nd Mitigatio n Measu res . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

108 109

109

110

33 K nowledge Base fo r Estimati ng Sub-I nde x Values fo r Noise 110 Pa ramete rs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

34 K nowledge Base fo r Noise Quality G radatio n fo r NQI Values . . . . . . . . . . 111

35

36

37

38

39

40

4 1

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

K nowledge Base fo r Noise Pollutio n Sou rces, Impacts a nd Mitigatio n Measu res . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112

K nowledge Base fo r Estimati ng Sub-I nde x Values fo r Biological 113 Pa ramete rs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

K nowledge Base fo r Biological Quality G radatio n fo r BQI Values

K nowledge Base fo r Biological Pollutio n Sou rces, Impacts a nd Mitigatio n Measu res . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Knowledge Base fo r Estimati ng Sub-I nde x Values fo r Socio -eco nomic Parameters ..................................................................... . .

K nowledge Base fo r Socio -eco nomic Quality G radatio n fo r SEQI Values . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ' "

Knowledge Base fo r Socio-eco nomic Facto rs, Impacts a nd Mitigatio n Measu res o n Socio -eco nomic Co nditio ns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

K nowledge base fo r Ope ratio n a nd Ma nageme nt Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

K nowledge Base o n Ope ratio n a nd Manageme nt Facto rs , Impacts a nd M It IgatIo n Measu res . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Data Table s o f the Monitoring Database System .......................... .

Example of a Data Table Fo rm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

List of P resc ribed Acti vities Co nside red i n MDBMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Envi ro nme ntal Compo ne nts! sub compo ne nts (Recipie nts) bei ng Impacted by the P roject Activities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Possible be neficial Uses o f the Envi ro nme ntal Recipie nts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Data Validatio n fo r Ai r Pollutants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

113

114

115

1 1 5

116

117

117

118 119

123

125

127

178

50 Validatio n P rocess fo r Data Ma nipulatio n . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 179

5 1 Validatio n Results fo r Wate r Quality Assessme nt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 184

52 Validatio n Result fo r Noise Quality Assessme nt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 185

xvi

53 Va lidati on of CA S for Overall Envir onme nta l Com pli ance Condi ti ons . 186 54 Results of the Operati onal and Ma nageme nt Conditi ons . . ... . . . . . .. . . .... 189 55 Results on S oc io-ec onom ic C ond it ions . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 89

56 Results of Amb ie nt A ir Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 90

57 Average Water Quality of the Water B od ies W ithi n the V ic inity . . . . . . . 1 9 1

58 Results of the N oise Le vel i n a nd ar ou nd the Pr oject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 92

59 I norga nic P olluta nts i n S oil Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 93

60 Results on Bi ol og ical C onditi ons . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 1 93

6 1 A Sample Table Used for Rev iew Study on EMP ofEIA Rep orts . .. . . . 225

62 A Sample Table Used for Review Study on M onit or ing Aspects of EIA Rep or ts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 227

63 Physic o-chem ical Aspects - A ir . . . . . . . .. .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . 233

64 Physic o-chem ical Aspects - Water Quality . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 234

65 Physic o-chem ical Aspects - S oil Qual ity . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 235

66 Phys ic o-chemical Aspects - N oise Quality . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . 236

67 Bi ol og ical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 237

68 S oci o-ec onom ic Aspects .. . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 238

69 Pri oritisati on am ongst the E nvir onme ntal Parameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 239

70 Physic o-chem ical Aspects - Air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 24 1

7 1 Physic o-chem ical Aspects - Water Qual ity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242

72 Phys ic o-chem ical Aspects - S oil Qual ity . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243

73 Phys ic o-chem ical Aspects - N oise Qual ity . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 244

74 Bi ol og ical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 245

75 S oci o-ec onomic Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246

76 Pr ior it isat ion am ongst the E nvir onme ntal Par ameters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 247

77 Chec k List for Manageme nt Aspects of the Pr oject . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 248

78 Chec k List for Operati onal C ontr ol of the Pr oject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 249

79 Assessme nt of E nv ir onme ntal Impacts of the Pr oject . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 25 1

80 S oci o-ec onomic Assessme nt for the L ocal C ommu nity . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 254

8 1 K nowledge Base for E nv ir onme ntal C ompl ia nce Aud it ing of EIA Pr oje cts: A ir P ol lut ion . . . . . . . .. .. ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. 256

82 K nowledge Base for E nv ir onme ntal C ompl ia nce Aud it ing of EIA Pr ojects : Water P olluti on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . 262

83 Knowledge Base for E nvir onme ntal C omplia nce Aud iti ng of EIA Pr ojects: S oil P olluti on . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 271

XVII

84 Knowledge Base for Environmental Compliance Auditing of EIA Projects: Noise Pollution .................................................... .. 277

85 Knowledge Base for En vironmental Compliance Auditing o f EIA Pro jects : Biological Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 283

86 Knowledge Base for En vironmental Compliance Audi ting o f EIA Projects : Socio-economic Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 293

87 Knowledge Base for En vironmental Compliance Auditing o f E rA Projects: Operations and Management Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 302

88 List of EIA Reports Consulted . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . 3 1 6

89 List of Domain E xperts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 320

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Figure

1

2

LIST OF FIGURES

A Skeleton Structure o f Environ mental E xpert Syste m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Three-tiered Architecture o f Visual Basic Application showing the Separate Layers and How They are Linked . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Page

37

42

3 Components o f a Visual basic Application Project . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . 44

4 Di fferent Components o f the Overall Study Approach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 50

5

6

7

8

9

10

11

12

13

14

15

A Simplified View o f the Environmental Monitoring and Compliance Auditing Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. .. .. .

57

Integration o f Database Co mponents into the Environmental Compliance Audit Model . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ...

60

Di fferent Task Co mponents o f the Knowledge Base Syste m . . . . . . . . . 61

Schematic Diagram Showing the Steps for the Develop ment o f Environmental Compliance Audit Syste m . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

S teps Followed for Conducting Co mpliance Auditing o fTBL . . . . . .

Overall results o f the Monitoring Aspects as Covered by the EIA Reports . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . ' " . .... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Frequency Distribution o f Monitoring o f Di fferent Environmental Para meters . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Schematic Diagra m Showing Compliance Auditing System . . . . . . . . . . .

E xample o f a Data table Fo nn ( Air Monitoring ) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

Schematic View o f the Consultation Process o f the Monitoring Database Management System and Inter facing with Monitoring Database . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . .

MDBMS Fo nn Showing the Major Activities o f the Project . . . . . . . . .

67

71

89

93

104

120

122

124

16 A Sample Fo nn Showing the Environmental Recipients being 126 Impacted due to Discharges o f Sewerage! Wastes ! Sur face Run-o ff

17 A Sample Fo nn Showing M ajor tJ,ses o f Downstream Sur face Water 128

18 Recommended Variables for Monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 129

19 Tool bar Showing the Buttons for Di fferent Data Tables for Entry and Editing o f Monitored Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ..... 130

20 Shows the Fo nn o f the Water Monitoring Data Tables . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . , 131

21 Ma jor Components o f the Co mpliance Auditing Syste m . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 132

xix

22 Shows the Air Quality Assessment Form and the Parameters

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

30a

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

Considered

Water Quality Assessment Form and the Parameters Considered ....

Out-put Form Showing the Parameters Used for Soil Quality Assessment ................................................................. .

Form Showing the Parameters Used for Noise Quality Assessment.

Form Showing the parameters Used for Biological Quality Assessment ................................................................. .

Form Showing the Parameters used for Socio-economic Quality Assessment ................................................................. .

Form Showing the Parameters Used for Operation and Management Quality Assessment ........................................................ .

A Sample Report Showing the Overall Environmental Compliance

A Sample Air Quality Compliance Report Form ...................... .

A Sample Form Showing Air Quality Trend Report ................. .

A Sample Form Showing the Biological Quality Trend Graphically

A Sample Form Showing the Compliance Level for Different Individual Components ................................................... .

A Sample Form Showing the Graphical Presentation of the Overall

Compliance Trend ......................................................... ..

Recommended Monitoring Variables for TBL ......................... .

Overall Compliance Status of TBL ...................................... .

Knowledge Base Development for Potential Impacts on the Environment ................................................................. .

Knowledge Base Derivation for Remedial Measure for Environmental Control .................................................... ..

Air Quality of Taman Beringin Landfill ............................. .

Water Quality of Taman Beringin Landfill

136

138

143

147

150

154

157

158

159

170

170

171

175

194

195

197

198

307

307

40 Noise Quality of Taman Beringin Landfill .............................. 308

41 Soil Quality of Taman Beringin Landfill ............................ ..... 308

42 Biological Quality of Taman Beringin Landfill ........................ 309

43 Socio-economic Quality of Taman Beringin Landfill ............... 309

44 Operations and Management Quality of Taman Beringin Landfill.. 310

45 Overall Compliance Level of Taman Beringin Landfill ............... 310

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4 6 Environmental Quality Index for Individual Environmental Components of Taman Beringin Landfill ............................... .

47 Complia nce Audit Report o n Air Quality of Tama n Beri ngi n

311

La ndfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .... 3 1 1

48 Complia nce Audit Report o n Water Quality of Tama n Beri ngi n La ndfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 2

49 Complia nce Audit Report o n Noise Quality of Tama n Beri ngi n La ndfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ... 3 1 2

50 Complia nce Audit Report o n Soil Quality of Tama n Beri ngi n La ndfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 3

5 1 Compliance Audit Report o n Operatio n a nd Ma nageme nt Quality of Tama n Beri ngi n La ndfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . 3 1 3

52 Complia nce Audit Report o n Socio -eco nomic Quality of Tama n 3 1 4 Beri ngi n La ndfill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

53 Compliance Audit Report o n Biological Quality of Tama n Beri ngi n 3 14 La nd fill . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. . . . . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .

xxi

AQI BQI C AS DOE EA ECA ECA-KB

EIA EQA ES I NWQS IRM KBS MAQG MDBMS NQI OEQI OMQI SEQI SQI USEP A VB WQI

LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS

Ai r Quality I nde x Biological Quality I nde x Complia nce Auditi ng System Depa rtme nt of E nvi ro nme nt E nvi ronme ntal Auditi ng E nvi ro nme ntal Complia nce Auditi ng K nowledge -based E nvi ro nme ntal Compliance Auditi ng System E nvi ro nme ntal Impact Assessme nt E nvi ro nme ntal Quality Act E xpe rt Systems I nte rim Wate r Quality Sta nda rds I nte rnal Resou rce Ma nageme nt K nowledge Based System Malaysia n Ai r Quality Guideli nes Mo nito ri ng Data Base Ma nageme nt System Noise Quality I nde x Ove rall E nvi ronme ntal Quality I nde x Ope ratio nal a nd Ma nageme nt Quality I nde x Socio-eco nomic Quality I nde x Soil Quality I nde x U nited States E nvi ro nme ntal P rotectio n Age ncy Visual Basic Wate r Quality I nde x

xxii

CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

General Introduction

Physical development is necessary for economic growth and general well

being of society in a country. However, such development normally brings changes

in the environmental conditions in and around the development projects that could

cause various short and long-term impacts on the environment. The environmental

impacts could occur on the physico-chemical, biological, and socio-economic

systems of the environment. The physico-chemical systems include the air, water,

and soil; biological systems are the fauna and flora, and the socio-economic systems

are the human and economic aspects of the environment.

In Malaysia, nineteen types of development activities have been identified as

prescribed activities that require for the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA)

studies. These activities or projects include housing, resort, infrastructure, quarry,

industry, waste disposal, petroleum, power generation, agriculture, mining, land

reclamation, forestry, drainage, port, water supply, transportation, fishery, railway,

and airport. In addition to EIA, a number of rules, and regulations have also been

enforced with a view to control and regulate the adverse impacts of such

development projects on the environment.

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) is a management tool used to

identify the potential impact of physical development and subsequently to find out

1

the management and technical ways to reduce the environmental impacts (Canter,

1996; Ortolano and Shepherd, 1995).

Environmental Impact Assessment Guidelines introduced by Department of

Environment (DOE) requires the project proponents to suggest an environmental

management plan including a monitoring plan in their EIA report. The monitoring

plan would provide qualitative and quantitative attributes of the environment that

need to be monitored at regular interval and frequency while the project undergoes

development and operation. The objective of the monitoring plan is to evaluate and

assess the environmental performance of the project against the background

environmental conditions and also to identify the areas where specific control

measures are required. Monitoring of environmental conditions provides the

necessary inputs for environmental compliance auditing and constitutes the integral

part of the compliance auditing system (Fedra, 1997).

Environmental compliance audit is required to verify a project's compliance

against the EIA approval conditions set by DOE to the project proponents and also

against existing laws and regulations. The auditing process provides the

management and control of the environmental practices of the project proponents

through verifying the company's environmental policy, responsibilities, and

organisation, risk management procedure, monitoring and reporting of

environmental data (FAD, 1996).

Environmental compliance auditing system is a complex process because it

requires the examination of multiple aspects of the environment. The project

2