Database Basics. Definitions Database Relational database Table Record Field Primary key.
Units of Analysis The Basics. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure.
-
Upload
ralf-mcbride -
Category
Documents
-
view
221 -
download
2
Transcript of Units of Analysis The Basics. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure.
![Page 1: Units of Analysis The Basics. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e895503460f94b8e07a/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Units of Analysis
The Basics
![Page 2: Units of Analysis The Basics. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e895503460f94b8e07a/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Outline
Definitions
Elements of the unit of analysis
Data structure
![Page 3: Units of Analysis The Basics. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e895503460f94b8e07a/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Unit of observation
The unit of observation is a basic concept in quantitative research that represents the objects that are observed and about which information is systematically collected.
![Page 4: Units of Analysis The Basics. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e895503460f94b8e07a/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Unit of analysis
The unit of analysis is the object about which generalizations are made based on an analysis.
![Page 5: Units of Analysis The Basics. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e895503460f94b8e07a/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Determination
The unit of observation is determined by the method by which observations have been selected;
The unit of analysis is determined by an interest in exploring or explaining a specific phenomenon.
![Page 6: Units of Analysis The Basics. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e895503460f94b8e07a/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
When they are the same
The unit of observation and unit of analysis are the same when the generalizations being made from a statistical analysis are attributed to the unit of observation.
![Page 7: Units of Analysis The Basics. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e895503460f94b8e07a/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Identifying units of analysis
The unit of analysis is shaped by three properties:
Social entities
Time
Space
![Page 8: Units of Analysis The Basics. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e895503460f94b8e07a/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Social entities
observations of a single social entity, such as a person or an institution
observations of multiple entities with a defined relationship, such as family, employer-employee
![Page 9: Units of Analysis The Basics. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e895503460f94b8e07a/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Social Phenomena
transactional observations that are the result of actions among entities, such as labour strikes or international conflicts, including wars.
![Page 10: Units of Analysis The Basics. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e895503460f94b8e07a/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Time
observations made at one point in time; commonly referred to as a cross-sectional study
![Page 11: Units of Analysis The Basics. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e895503460f94b8e07a/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Time
observations made at multiple points in time
the data may be organized by time; commonly referred to as a time series
time may structure some form of repeated measures of content or subjects
![Page 12: Units of Analysis The Basics. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e895503460f94b8e07a/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Space
observations made within a specific spatial area
observations made within a hierarchy of spatial areas
![Page 13: Units of Analysis The Basics. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e895503460f94b8e07a/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Substituting units
There may be requests for which data for a desired unit of analysis can’t be delivered but for which data are available summarized over one of the other attributes of the unit of analysis.
![Page 14: Units of Analysis The Basics. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e895503460f94b8e07a/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Substituting units
Example:
Request for firm-level data for NAICS 312 Beverage and Tobacco Product Manufacturing
Ideal source: microdata on establishments from the Canadian Census of Manufacturers
No access to enterprise microdata
![Page 15: Units of Analysis The Basics. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e895503460f94b8e07a/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Substituting units
Example: NAICS 312 Alternatives: are there aggregate data
summarizing the firms within NAICS 312?
Possibilities: summaries over time (time series) or geography (small-area business statistics)
![Page 16: Units of Analysis The Basics. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e895503460f94b8e07a/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Let’s review basic data structure.
The unit of analysis defines the underlying structure of a data file.
Statistical data structure
![Page 17: Units of Analysis The Basics. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e895503460f94b8e07a/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
This structure consists of a series of rows with each row containing the data of one member of the unit of the unit of analysis.
This simple structure is known as the flat, rectangular data matrix.
Statistical data structure
![Page 18: Units of Analysis The Basics. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e895503460f94b8e07a/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
*
Case n
*
*
Case n-1
Statistical data structure
![Page 19: Units of Analysis The Basics. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e895503460f94b8e07a/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
All of the information collected for each member of the unit of analysis is organized in a fixed location in the file called fields or variables.
Statistical data structure
![Page 20: Units of Analysis The Basics. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e895503460f94b8e07a/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
*
Case n
*
*
Field 1*Field2
Field 3* Field k-1
Field k
Case n-1
Statistical data structure
![Page 21: Units of Analysis The Basics. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e895503460f94b8e07a/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
*
Case n
*
*
Field 1*Field2
Field 3* Field k-1
Field k
Case n-1
Statistical data structure
![Page 22: Units of Analysis The Basics. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e895503460f94b8e07a/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
This structure looks like the grid of a spreadsheet. However, there is one very important difference between a statistical data structure and a spreadsheet.
The spread sheet is organized around individual cells, while the statistical data structure is organized around the rows.
Statistical data structure
![Page 23: Units of Analysis The Basics. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e895503460f94b8e07a/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Spreadsheet
Statistical data structure
![Page 24: Units of Analysis The Basics. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e895503460f94b8e07a/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Cell B2
Cell E3
Cell C5
Cell F7
Spreadsheet
Statistical data structure
![Page 25: Units of Analysis The Basics. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e895503460f94b8e07a/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Statistical Data Structure
Row 1
Row 3
Row k-1
Statistical data structure
![Page 26: Units of Analysis The Basics. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e895503460f94b8e07a/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
The next slide presents the way that this simple statistical data structure appears in SPSS.
Statistical data structure
![Page 27: Units of Analysis The Basics. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e895503460f94b8e07a/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Units of Analysis The Basics. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e895503460f94b8e07a/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Row 1
![Page 29: Units of Analysis The Basics. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e895503460f94b8e07a/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Row 1
Row 8
![Page 30: Units of Analysis The Basics. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e895503460f94b8e07a/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Row 1
Row 8
Row 15
![Page 31: Units of Analysis The Basics. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022062407/56649e895503460f94b8e07a/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Row 1
Row 8
Row 15
Field 8