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![Page 1: Units of Analysis and data structure The Basics. Outline Definitions Elements of the unit of analysis Data structure.](https://reader035.fdocuments.us/reader035/viewer/2022070403/56649f2a5503460f94c44aea/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Units of Analysis and data structure
The Basics
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Outline
Definitions
Elements of the unit of analysis
Data structure
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Unit of observation
The unit of observation is a basic concept in quantitative research that represents the objects that are observed and about which information is systematically collected.
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Unit of analysis
The unit of analysis is the object about which generalizations are made based on an analysis.
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Determination
The unit of observation is determined by the method by which observations have been selected;
The unit of analysis is determined by an interest in exploring or explaining a specific phenomenon.
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When they are the same
The unit of observation and unit of analysis are the same when the generalizations being made from a statistical analysis are attributed to the unit of observation.
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Identifying units of analysis
The unit of analysis is shaped by three properties:
Social entities
Time
Space
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Social entities
observations of a single social entity, such as a person or an institution
observations of multiple entities with a defined relationship, such as family, employer-employee
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Social Phenomena
transactional observations that are the result of actions among entities, such as labour strikes or international conflicts, including wars.
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Time
observations made at one point in time: a cross-sectional study
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Time
observations made at multiple points in time
the data may be organized by time; commonly referred to as a time series
time may structure some form of repeated measures of content or subjects
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Space
observations made within a specific spatial area
observations made within a hierarchy of spatial areas
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Substituting units
There may be requests for which data for a desired unit of analysis can’t be delivered but for which data are available summarized over one of the other attributes of the unit of analysis.
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Substituting units
Example:
Request for firm-level data for NAICS 312 Beverage and Tobacco Product Manufacturing
Ideal source: microdata on establishments from the Canadian Census of Manufacturers
No access to enterprise microdata
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Substituting units
Example: NAICS 312
Alternatives: are there aggregate data summarizing the firms within NAICS 312?
Possibilities: summaries over time (time series) or geography (small-area business statistics)
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Statistical data structure
Let’s review basic data structure.The unit of analysis defines the underlying structure of a data file.
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This structure consists of a series of rows with each row containing the data of one member of the unit of analysis.This simple structure is known as the flat, rectangular data matrix.
Statistical data structure
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Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
*
Case n
*
*
Case n-1
Statistical data structure
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Statistical data structure
All of the information collected for each member of the unit of analysis is organized in a fixed location in the file called fields or variables.
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Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
*
Case n
*
*
Field 1*Field2
Field 3* Field k-1
Field k
Case n-1
Statistical data structure
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Case 1
Case 2
Case 3
*
Case n
*
*
Field 1*Field2
Field 3* Field k-1
Field k
Case n-1
Statistical data structure
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Statistical data structure
This structure looks like the grid of a spreadsheet. However, there is one very important difference between a statistical data structure and a spreadsheet.
The spread sheet is organized around individual cells, while the statistical data structure is organized around the rows.
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Spreadsheet
Statistical data structure
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Cell B2
Cell E3
Cell C5
Cell F7
Spreadsheet
Statistical data structure
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Statistical Data Structure
Row 1
Row 3
Row k-1
Statistical data structure
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Statistical data structure
The next slide presents the way that this simple statistical data structure appears in SPSS.
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Row 1
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Row 1
Row 8
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Row 1
Row 8
Row 15
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Row 1
Row 8
Row 15
Field 8