United States

Post Civil War 1865

• 13th Amendment, ended slavery• 14th Gave African Americans citizenship• 15th Males have right to vote• Post-reconstruction, withdrawal of Federal

military• State governments imposed voting barriers

and segregation of public places, schools, restaurants, hospitals, libraries

Civil Rights Movement

• Objectives: • End racial segregation• Establish Voting rights• Establish equal protection under the law

Video King

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=3vDWWy4CMhE

Strategies

• 1) Legalist: NAACP sought to affect change through court challenges

• Brown vs Board of Education, Successfully overturned ‘separate but equal’ statute to desegregate public schools

• met with widespread state government resistance

• 2) Non-violent civil resistance; Freedom rides, marches, sit-ins, Boycotts, voter registration

• 3) Violent resistance

Non-violent Movement• 1955 – 56, Rosa Parks,

Montgomery Bus Boycott• 1957, Little Rock Central

High school. Military intervention to protect students

• 1961 Freedom Rides, University students protest segregated interstate bus system, many beaten, jailed, forced to do hard labor

• Integration of the University of Mississippi

• 1963 March on Washington

Nation of Islam,

• Black Power• Ideology• ‘Black Supremacy• Separation of races• Return to Africa• Prominent in the North and West

Malcolm X, Black Nationalism

• Argued King rejected militancy to appease the white power structure

• Referred to Dr. King as ‘Uncle Tom’• In reference to Kennedy

assassination, "chickens coming home to roost".

• Advocated achieving freedom by any means necessary

Video Malcolm X and King

• http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6HGr-UJSf9k

March on Washington 1963

• Goals: meaningful civil rights laws, a massive federal works program, full and fair employment, decent housing, the right to vote, adequate integrated education.

• 200,000 – 300,000 participants• Meeting between King and Kennedy• Kennedy proposed Civil Rights Act• Kennedy assassinated• Johnson becomes President

1960s Increased Violence

• Cooperation between supremacist groups and local authorities

• 1963 assassination of NAACP organizer Medgar Evers in Mississippi.

• 1963 bombing of Church in Birmingham, Alabama, which killed four.

• 1964 murders of three civil rights workers,

White Supremacist Resistance

• Lincoln Rockwell, US Nazi Party

• Ku Klux Klan• Staged counter

demonstrations• Intimidation, murder,

violent assaults, bombings

1964 Civil Rights Act• Prevented the establishment of barriers to voting• Forced some states to submit voting procedure

changes to Federal courts• Outlawed segregation of public places

• 1965 Malcolm X splits with the nation of Islam• Rockwell’s Hate Bus• "maximum physical retaliation from those of us who

are not hand-cuffed by the disarming philosophy of nonviolence black Americans who are only attempting to enjoy their rights as free human beings be harmed’

• Ballot or the Bullet• “It's time now for you and me to become more

politically mature and realize what the ballot is for; what we're supposed to get when we cast a ballot; and that if we don't cast a ballot, it's going to end up in a situation where we're going to have to cast a bullet. It's either a ballot or a bullet”

Outcome

• Brown vs Board of Education• Civil Rights Act of 1965• Fair Housing Act of 1968• Assassination JFK 1963• Assassination Martin Luther King 1968• Assassination Malcolm X 1965• Assassination Lincoln Rockwell 1967

After

• Black Power Movement• Black Panthers 1966 – 1982• "the strongest link between the domestic Black Liberation

Struggle and global opponents of American imperialism."[• Monitor police behaviour , challenge abusive authorities

with armed patrols• Opposition to de-facto segregation and military draft• International affiliation, Cuba, Algeria, France• Communal and Social support• ‘Free Breakfast for Children’• FBI, surveillance, assassination, infiltration• Corruption and disbanding

Conclusions

• Highlights the effectiveness of non-violent action

• Diversity among a general movement

• Is this the most effective form of civil protests?• How does the concept of guilt affect political

transition?• What are the limits of non-violent action?

Haiti 2010

Haiti 2010

• Populations 9.7 million people• Port-au-Prince (PAP): 2.4 million people• 80 % of all economic activity in PAP• 67 % of PAP population in “informal areas”

Average living space in informal areas: 1,98 m2/person

• 30 % in PAP have access to sanitation• 54 % in PAP have access to clean water• Very prone to natural disasters

• Violent political history• Upcoming presidential elections• Unpopular UN peacekeeping operation since

2004 (MINUSTAH)• President Bertrand Aristide• Recent food riots after food prices rose 40 %

Earthquake

• 7.0 magnitude earthquake struck near Port-au-Prince• More than 300,000 people were injured• 200,000 houses badly damaged, 100,000 destroyed• 1.5 million people were displaced• Number of deaths according to different sources:

– Government of Haiti: 316,000– United Nations: 230,000– Group of US academics: 158,000– USAID: 85,000– 2004 tsunami:230,000 deaths across 13 countries

• 25% of civil servants in Port-au-Prince died• 60% of Government and administrative

buildings• 80% of schools in Port-au-Prince • 60% of schools in the South and West • 600,000 displaced to other homes• 100,000 in camps that were at critical risk

from storms and flooding

Initial Reponses and Achievements• First Search and Rescue teams in Haiti after 22 hours after • First Red Cross teams 36 hours after • large organisations arrive quickly• Stockpiles are quickly distributed• US Air Force takes over airport;• First six months, 4 million receive food aid• 1.2 million have access to safe water daily• 1.5 million people have received emergency shelter materials• 195,000 benefited from temporary learning spaces• 1 million have benefited from Cash-for-Work programmes• 5,900 people have been relocated from imminently dangerous

locations• 142,000 households have received agricultural inputs for spring

planting

Problems • Unequal distribution of aid• Port-au-Prince / rural areas• Safe / unsafe areas • Unequal quality of aid• No control/accountability mechanism of new actors arriving• Harmful aid – too many “helpers”• Influx of thousands of “NGOs”• No language skills or interpreters• No previous experience in developing countries or outside

their country• No transportation, food, accommodation, materials), creating

new case load for humanitarians• No long-term strategy

Bureaucracy

• Land titles / land disputes• Official land titles exists for only 5 % of land• Office holding these titles was destroyed• Squatters are evicted• NGOs reluctant to build shelter on land where

ownership is not clear• Government owns 50 % of land yet made only

two pieces of land available in first four months

Camps

• Aid too focused on camps

• Rationale: Easier to serve people in camps Services concentrated in camps and not in communities

• Families maintained “a presence” in (multiple) camps to access services even if they lived somewhere else

Coordination challenges• Language • UN Logistics Base which allowed limited access• Haitian authorities and Haitian NGOs were marginalised• Coordinators received 1 email per second• Too many actors, too little experience • Many pledges were not fulfilled• Haitian government out of the loop and without control

over the funds• History of corruption meant most donors didn’t trust

Government • 90 % of money went to international actors

• Cholera started in October 2010• Source: Nepalese peace keepers• 648,000 people infected• 8,000 people died• Haiti has had twice as many cholera patients

as all of Africa• UN rejects claims for compensation

Main problems of Haiti response

• Weak government• Influx of too many unqualified actors• Chronic poverty that increased vulnerability• Lack of involvement of Haitian civil society• Centralised aid management

“We feel excluded. We think the government should have initiated a broad consultation about the refoundation of the country. This is not just a matterfor the government but for the whole nation – andevery Haitian citizen – but the leadership is just notinterested.”

“These international organisations should talk to us and learn about what we need. They will save a lot of money by doing that. Development should be led by grassroots organisations supported by the international community, not the other way round.”

Challenges for Civil Society Organizations

• Reactive rather than pro-active• Distrust of government inhibits actions• Confrontational attitudes harmful• Inability to document donor resources• Corruption at all levels • Marginalized by international community

Decentralisation• decentralisation as a mechanism to facilitate

civil society participation in the political process, and a way forward for improving State and civil society relations.

• the concept of decentralisation challenges the current model of national development concentration of power among the political elite, and requires a shift in the existing political framework.

• Centralised governance inhibits aid efforts after disasters and creating a less fragile environment before them

Solutions that Facilitate Transition to Manage Future Crises

decentralisation could:• • increase the participation of citizens in the reconstruction

process• • ensure the adoption of programmes that meet the real

needs of populations and areas• • encourage the equitable distribution of available resources• • promote the emergence of various economic growth

centres• • reduce the exodus from rural areas towards Port-au-Prince• • improve the management and maintenance of

environmental resources.