Understanding Borderline Personality Disorder in Boys and ... · 2. Clinical Presentation in Males...
Transcript of Understanding Borderline Personality Disorder in Boys and ... · 2. Clinical Presentation in Males...
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Understanding Borderline
Personality Disorder in Boys and
Young Men:
An Underserved Population
Alan E. Fruzzetti, Ph.D. McLean Hospital &
Department of Psychiatry
Harvard Medical School
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Overview
1. Definitions, prevalence of BPD in males
2. Clinical presentations & co-occurring
problems
3. Biases that lead to missed diagnosis and
misdiagnosis
4. BPD and the justice/prison system
5. Assessment & treatment considerations
6. Summary & conclusions
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1. What is BPD
• Long history, often stigmatized, still
controversial
• Multiple problems related to:
– Dysregulated emotion
– Problems in relationships
– Problems with self, self-construct, identity
– Dysregulated behavior
– Dysregulated thinking & cognition (especially
when emotionally dysregulated)
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Co-morbidity/Co-occurring
Problems or Diagnoses • Depression
• Substance use
• Eating disorders
• Panic disorder
• PTSD
• Social phobia
• GAD
• Dissociation
• Violence &
aggression
• Bipolar disorder (II)
• Attention deficit
disorder
• Conduct disorder
• Oppositional/defiant
disorder
• Self-harm & suicidality
• DD/MR
• Other Personality
Disorders
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Emotion Dysregulation “Disorders”
• BPD: prototype for emotion dysregulation
disorders and considerable suffering
• BPD is an umbrella term for a host of
diagnoses and problem
– Very heterogeneous
• Affects 1.5% to 3% (5.9?) of the
population – about the SAME for men and
women
• Families also suffer
(Grant et al., 2008; Hoffman, Harned & Fruzzetti, 2017; Widiger & Weissman, 1991)
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Event
Heightened
Emotional Arousal
Transactional Model for Emotion Dysregulation
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Event
Vulnerability
(temperament
current biol,
baseline now)
Heightened
Emotional Arousal
Transactional Model for Emotion Dysregulation
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Sources of Vulnerability
1. Temperament: A combination of all three:
a) Sensitivity
b) Reactivity
c) Slow return to baseline
2. Present biology
a) Sleep, diet, exercise, illness, pain, caffeine,
medicines and drugs, etc.
3. Current baseline
a) Influenced by recent events & reactions
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Event
Heightened
Emotional Arousal
Judgments
Transactional Model for Emotion Dysregulation
High Emotion
Vulnerability
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Event
Heightened
Emotional Arousal
Judgments
Transactional Model for Emotion Dysregulation
Dysregulated
Behaviors:
- Self-harm
- Suicide attempt
- Substance use
- Impulsivity
- Angry outbursts
- Withdrawal
High Emotion
Vulnerability
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Event
Heightened
Emotional Arousal*
“Inaccurate” Expression
Judgments
Transactional Model for Emotion Dysregulation
High Emotion
Vulnerability
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Event
High Emotion
Vulnerability
Heightened
Emotional Arousal*
“Inaccurate” Expression
Invalidating Responses
Judgments
Transactional Model for Emotion Dysregulation
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Event
High Emotion
Vulnerability
Heightened
Emotional Arousal*
“Inaccurate” Expression
Invalidating Responses
Judgments
Transactional Model for Emotion Dysregulation
Judgments
Emotional
Arousal Vulnerabilities
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Event
Heightened
Emotional Arousal*
“Inaccurate” Expression
Invalidating Responses
Judgments
Transactional Model
High Emotion
Vulnerability
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Event
Heightened
Emotional Arousal*
“Inaccurate” Expression
Invalidating Responses
Judgments
Transactional Model
High Emotion
Vulnerability
Dysregulated
Behaviors
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Event
Pervasive History of
Invalidating
Responses
Heightened
Emotional Arousal*
“Inaccurate” Expression
Invalidating Responses
High Emotion
Vulnerability
Judgments
Transactional Model for Emotion Dysregulation
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(cf. Fruzzetti, Shenk, & Hoffman (2005); Fruzzetti & Worrall (2010)
Event
Pervasive History of
Invalidating
Responses
Heightened
Emotional Arousal*
“Inaccurate” Expression
Invalidating Responses
High Emotion
Vulnerability
Judgments
Transactional Model for Emotion Dysregulation
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2. Clinical Presentation in Males
• More males with substance use disorders
• Fewer males with eating disorders
• Fewer males with PTSD
• More with prior substance use treatment
• Fewer with psychotherapy, psychopharm
• Males utilize mental health services less
• Possibly, boys & men have more co-
occurring anti-social traits and/or ASPD,
but this may be an artifact of biases…
(cf. Banzhaf et al., 2012; Mancke et al., 2015; Silberschmidt et al., 2014)
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Antisocial Traits
• Evidence is mixed:
– Some studies suggest more co-occurring
ASPD, and/or traits, in males with BPD
– Other studies suggest similar rates of these
traits in females
– Clear examples of bias, with the same
objective behaviors overlooked when present
in females but highlighted in males
– Anger in men is typically viewed as more
antisocial than it is in women
– BPD may actually attenuate normative gender
differences in aggression (cf. Mancke et al., 2015)
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3. Example of Biases
• Survey: very typical BPD case
description, but one described as male,
the other as female
– Mixed group of psychiatrists, psychologists,
and social workers accurately identified BPD
in “female” case 89% of the time, but only
43% in “male” cases
• 2nd case included BPD and some sub-
threshold anti-social behaviors
– “Males” labeled “likely” antisocial 71%;
“females” only 31% (Fruzzetti et al., 2015)
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More Biases
• Stereotypes about males, and about
masculinity– how to be male and:
– Not misogynistic
– High or low on traditional “masculinity” with
social and emotion competence
– Have positive, heterogeneous identity
• Invalidation and stigmatization of non-
normative ways of being in the world
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Lack of skills (e.g., social, emotional)
is often misunderstood, and
incorrectly attributed to, a lack of
motivation (or, bad character)
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4. BPD and Justice/Prison System
• Missed diagnosis (BPD)
– Leads to no treatment at all
• Misdiagnosis (anti-social)
– Leads to mismatched, likely ineffective,
treatment
– Stigma
– For youth, referrals to programs that
emphasize strict “limits”
– For boys, less focus on emotion and emotion
regulation, their core needs
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Emotion
Dysregulation
Low Self-Esteem
Problems in
Relation-ships
Anxiety About
Emotion & Dysregul-
ation
Fears of Abandon-
ment
Problems Thinking
& Problem-Solving
Self-
Judgments
Attempts
to Avoid
or Numb
Impulsive Behaviors
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Treatment in Criminal Justice System
• Appropriate mental health treatment is
rare in prisons, or while on parole
• Biases and stigma prevail
• Punitive
– Often a “folk psychology” view of learning
through punishment
• People can’t learn how to function well in
the world while in prison
• Approximately 20% of male offenders met
criteria for BPD (Wetterborg et al 2015)
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5. Assessment & Treatment
• Do your own assessment
– Although important to be informed by
previous providers, understand bias
prevalence and assess carefully, in particular
“antisocial” characterizations or rule-outs
• Assess emotion management abilities
• Help to build motivation
• Understand anger as an expression of
emotion, but not necessarily accurate or
skillful…what is missing?
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• Although many treatment studies have
been conducted exclusively for women,
almost none exist for men
• However, men have been included in
several studies, albeit in small sub-
samples, with apparently good outcomes
• Treatment research for males is needed,
including longer-term outcomes
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6. Summary & Conclusions
• Prevalence of BPD is similar in males and
females
• Biases exist from multiple sources to
over-diagnose BPD in females, under-
diagnose in males
• Minor aggression, anger and hostility in
particular generate biases toward ASPD
and away from BPD
• Mis-diagnosis prevents appropriate
treatment
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Summary & Conclusions, cont.
• Boys and men with BPD are more likely to
end up in prison than good BPD treatment
• We need to move forward in acceptance
of heterogeneity in boys and men
• Assessment should try to shed biases,
including those already built into person’s
record and even his own self-assessment
• Treatments for BPD are promising for
men, but more research is needed
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Thank you!