Unit VUnit VPart 3Part 3

The Civil War and The Civil War and ReconstructionReconstruction

The Republican PartyThe Republican Party Agreed on economic issues but not on the Agreed on economic issues but not on the

slavery questionslavery question

ConservativesConservatives: (Lincoln and most others : (Lincoln and most others while Lincoln was alive) Wanted a gradual while Lincoln was alive) Wanted a gradual end to slavery with little disruption end to slavery with little disruption (American Colonial Society)(American Colonial Society)

Radicals: Radicals: Wanted to use the war to abolish Wanted to use the war to abolish slavery immediately (Leaders: Thaddeus slavery immediately (Leaders: Thaddeus Stephens (Penn. House), Charles Sumner Stephens (Penn. House), Charles Sumner (Mass. Senate), Benjamin Wade (Ohio (Mass. Senate), Benjamin Wade (Ohio (Senate)(Senate)

The Confiscation ActsThe Confiscation Acts

The Confiscation Act 1861The Confiscation Act 1861: Slaves : Slaves used for purposes of insurrection are used for purposes of insurrection are considered freedconsidered freed

The Confiscation ActThe Confiscation Act 1862: Freed the 1862: Freed the slaves of persons who aided and slaves of persons who aided and supported insurrectionsupported insurrection

Why were the above ineffective?Why were the above ineffective?

A New Justification for A New Justification for the Warthe War

Most of the North and Lincoln eventually Most of the North and Lincoln eventually accepted emancipation as a war aim.accepted emancipation as a war aim.

The U.S. needed a better reason to justify The U.S. needed a better reason to justify the death toll and destruction.the death toll and destruction.

September 22, 1862: September 22, 1862: AntietamAntietam was was fought…the bloodiest single day of the fought…the bloodiest single day of the warwar

Led to the Emancipation ProclamationLed to the Emancipation Proclamation

January 1, 1863 January 1, 1863 The Emancipation The Emancipation

ProclamationProclamation Freed all slaves behind enemy linesFreed all slaves behind enemy lines Did not apply to border states (why?)Did not apply to border states (why?)

Established the elimination of Established the elimination of slavery as justification for the warslavery as justification for the war

Eventually freed thousands of slavesEventually freed thousands of slaves Provided thousands of Black Provided thousands of Black

volunteers for the Union Armyvolunteers for the Union Army

The Border StatesThe Border States

Abolished slavery on their own Abolished slavery on their own before the war’s endbefore the war’s end

Amendment 13Amendment 13The Abolition of Slavery The Abolition of Slavery

18651865 The first of three The first of three National National

Supremacy AmendmentsSupremacy Amendments

Amendment 14Amendment 14: 1868 Granted the : 1868 Granted the rights of citizenship to Black malesrights of citizenship to Black males

Amendment 15Amendment 15: 1870 Granted : 1870 Granted suffrage to Black males…(but not suffrage to Black males…(but not White or Black women… will cause White or Black women… will cause a rift in the woman’s movement)a rift in the woman’s movement)

The Economy in the The Economy in the NorthNorth

The War caused economic growthThe War caused economic growth The Republicans enacted Nationalistic The Republicans enacted Nationalistic

legislation (tariffs, RR’s)legislation (tariffs, RR’s)

Coal Production increased 20%Coal Production increased 20% Railroads improved: Standard gauge Railroads improved: Standard gauge

(track width)…continued to be built and (track width)…continued to be built and did not suffer much as a result of the wardid not suffer much as a result of the war

Coal miners and RR workers had national Coal miners and RR workers had national unionsunions

The Northern EconomyThe Northern Economy

Purchasing power decreasedPurchasing power decreased Prices were up 70%Prices were up 70% Wages were up only 40%Wages were up only 40%

Liberal immigration laws caused Liberal immigration laws caused flooding of the labor market, keeping flooding of the labor market, keeping wages lowwages low

Mechanized industries had less need Mechanized industries had less need for union laborfor union labor

In the SouthIn the South

States Rights issues were a major source of States Rights issues were a major source of divisiondivision

Many resisted all efforts to centralize authorityMany resisted all efforts to centralize authority The war effort was only somewhat centralizedThe war effort was only somewhat centralized

Davis did not have the authority that Lincoln did Davis did not have the authority that Lincoln did to impose martial law and suspend habeas to impose martial law and suspend habeas CorpusCorpus

Some southern states hoarded troops, suppliesSome southern states hoarded troops, supplies

In the SouthIn the South

By the war’s end the Southern By the war’s end the Southern bureaucracy was larger than the North’sbureaucracy was larger than the North’s

The Economy was devastatedThe Economy was devastated Food DraftFood Draft Slaves were impressed to work on Slaves were impressed to work on

military projectsmilitary projects Government seized control of RR’s and Government seized control of RR’s and

industryindustry

The SouthThe South

The military robbed farmers and The military robbed farmers and industry of work forceindustry of work force

Sale of cotton overseas was difficult due Sale of cotton overseas was difficult due to the Union blockadeto the Union blockade

Blockade caused a shortage of Blockade caused a shortage of everythingeverything

BUT they continued to grow cash cropsBUT they continued to grow cash crops Southern production fell by 1/3Southern production fell by 1/3 RR’s destroyed, Fields were ruinedRR’s destroyed, Fields were ruined

The SouthThe South

Doctors, craftsmen, skilled workers all Doctors, craftsmen, skilled workers all conscriptedconscripted

Worry over slave revolts = stricter Worry over slave revolts = stricter black codes and stricter enforcementblack codes and stricter enforcement

Shortages, economic instability, Shortages, economic instability, worthless paper moneyworthless paper money

After the war a gender imbalance…After the war a gender imbalance…southern women all employed in all southern women all employed in all capacitiescapacities

Women in the NorthWomen in the North Needed $ and employers needed workersNeeded $ and employers needed workers

After the War Women took over in the After the War Women took over in the fields of nursing and teachingfields of nursing and teaching

Dorthea DixDorthea Dix trained women as nurses in trained women as nurses in field hospitals (Doctors resisted…belief field hospitals (Doctors resisted…belief that women too weak…also that women too weak…also inappropriate)inappropriate)

Clara BartonClara Barton also trained nurses, also trained nurses, founded the American Red Cross & was founded the American Red Cross & was called “Angel of the Battlefieldcalled “Angel of the Battlefield

National Women’s Loyal National Women’s Loyal LeagueLeague

Worked for the abolition of slavery AND Worked for the abolition of slavery AND women’s suffrage (Anthony and Stanton were women’s suffrage (Anthony and Stanton were leaders)leaders)

On the Battlefield:On the Battlefield: Sanitation a real problem (germ theory not Sanitation a real problem (germ theory not

embraced)embraced) Two times as many died from disease and Two times as many died from disease and

infection as died in combatinfection as died in combat Amputations…union = 29,000…7,283 died of Amputations…union = 29,000…7,283 died of

infection…worse in the Southinfection…worse in the South

Heavens to Betsy!Heavens to Betsy!

VD was also a problemVD was also a problem 180,000 recorded cases in union 180,000 recorded cases in union

armyarmy

Foreign AffairsForeign Affairs Popular sympathy for the North especially Popular sympathy for the North especially

after the Emancipation Proclamationafter the Emancipation Proclamation BUT English and French ruling classes BUT English and French ruling classes

DID admire the aristocratic social order DID admire the aristocratic social order of the Southof the South

Cotton Diplomacy did not work outCotton Diplomacy did not work out The Brits continued diplomatic meetings The Brits continued diplomatic meetings

with the South but did not ever intend to with the South but did not ever intend to enter the warenter the war

1861 The Trent Affair1861 The Trent Affair Confederate Diplomats: Mason and Confederate Diplomats: Mason and

Slidell slipped through the Union Slidell slipped through the Union Blockade, made their way to Havana, Blockade, made their way to Havana, Cuba and boarded an English ship (Cuba and boarded an English ship (The The TrentTrent) and began to sail to England) and began to sail to England

American ship American ship The San JacintoThe San Jacinto commanded by Wilkes, stopped and commanded by Wilkes, stopped and boarded boarded The TrentThe Trent, took the Southern , took the Southern diplomats to Boston where they were diplomats to Boston where they were jailedjailed

Wilkes violated Wilkes violated international lawinternational law

Wilkes was not acting under ordersWilkes was not acting under orders He stopped and occupied He stopped and occupied The TrentThe Trent

in international watersin international waters Brits were upset but Wilkes was very Brits were upset but Wilkes was very

popular in the Northpopular in the North Embarrassment to Lincoln and Embarrassment to Lincoln and

Seward who apologized and freed Seward who apologized and freed the diplomatsthe diplomats

The Alabama ClaimsThe Alabama Claims

The British (who were The British (who were supposed to be supposed to be neutral)neutral) built 6 war ships for the South built 6 war ships for the South

One of the ships was One of the ships was The AlabamaThe Alabama

After the war, the Brits will pay After the war, the Brits will pay damages to the North called the damages to the North called the Alabama claims (a neutral country Alabama claims (a neutral country would not build ships for a country at would not build ships for a country at war if they were really neutral)war if they were really neutral)

In the WestIn the West

The West was removed from the warThe West was removed from the war All were loyal to the U.S. except for TexasAll were loyal to the U.S. except for Texas

Sam Houston was elected governor of Texas Sam Houston was elected governor of Texas in 1859in 1859

Texas voted to leave the Union but Houston Texas voted to leave the Union but Houston was loyal to the Unionwas loyal to the Union

Lincoln offered to send Houston helpLincoln offered to send Houston help Huston declined the offer. He resigned Huston declined the offer. He resigned

instead. He did not want a civil war in Texasinstead. He did not want a civil war in Texas

The WestThe West

Indians fought on both sides but no Indians fought on both sides but no formal alliancesformal alliances

Much fighting in Kansas and Much fighting in Kansas and MissouriMissouri

Southerners tried to urge successionSoutherners tried to urge succession The Quantrill Gang (pro-slavery)The Quantrill Gang (pro-slavery) The Jayhawks (anti-slavery gangs)The Jayhawks (anti-slavery gangs)

The Civil WarThe Civil War

Was not all that important outside of Was not all that important outside of the U.S. EXCEPT that the used of the U.S. EXCEPT that the used of iron clad ships in this war made iron clad ships in this war made everyone else’s navies obsolete.everyone else’s navies obsolete.

Trivia: Horace Greeley (Trivia: Horace Greeley (The NY The NY Tribune) Tribune) had hired Karl Marx as his had hired Karl Marx as his European correspondent.European correspondent.