1

Unit one famous Egyptians

The Present Simple Tense زمن المضارع البسيط

يستخدم زمن المضارع البسيط للتعبير عن الحقائق الثابتة والأحداث الروتينية ( he –she – it –( للفعل لو سبقه ) مفرد s – es – iesهو إضافة )

He s I

She فعل es we فعل

It ies they

جمع مفرد

Ali studies English I study English

The boy writes letters The police help people

She eats a lot They answer questions

iesونضع yوقبله حرف ساكن نحذف الـ yلو انتهى الفعل بـ ies* نضع للفعل

cry The baby cries at night / they cry for food

StudyMarwa studies English./ we study hard to achieve our dreams

: لو انتهى الفعل بإحدى النهايات التالية es* نضع للفعل o go Noha goes to school early.

x fix The mechanic fixes cars

ch watch He watches T.V.

sh wash Nadia washes dishes.

ss pass The good student passes exams.

z quiz My teacher quizzes me exams.

*s مع باقى الأفعال

Ayman works in a hotel

Kind girls always help their mothers

Everyday my dad gives me my pocket money

كلمات تستخدم مع المضارع البسيط : (Usually –always – sometimes – every – often – never – rarely –

frequently – seldom ….etc

….From time to time & ………….. as usual

Usually subject (verb to be) used to

It's ةملكي habit to + inf

2

* Magdi studies from time to time [usually /habit ]

Magdi usually studies /it's magdi's habit to study

* Noha is used to watching T.V- [usually]

. Noha usually watches T.V.

* It's my habit to sing. [usually /as usual]

I usually sing. & I sing as usual

at all times

Always regularly

again and again

My friends come early at all times. [ always]

My friends always come early.

She studies regularly [ always]

she always studies

اول او اخر الجملة بشرط ان تتبع بتعبير زمني فنقول مثلا everyتاتي everyday –every year - every week –every season-every month …..etc

*my father travels to London yearly [every year]

my father travels to London every year

*we fast in Ramadan's [ every ]

every Ramadan we fast

not تستخدم للتعبير عن النفي ولذا يمكن وضعها مكان never

We don’t go to school on Fridays [ never ]

We never go to school on Fridays

* Esraa doesn’t get up late [ never ]

Esraa never gets up late

ينبغي عليك عكس الصفة alwaysمكان ernevلو طلب منك استخدام

Ali is always polite [ never]

Ali is never rude /Ali is never impolite

It is never cold in summer in Egypt [always]

it is always hot in summer in Egypt

- Nora never comes late. (Always)

* Nora always comes early.

dov. to ما فى حالتى السؤال والنفى نستخدم أ

do → I – we – you – theyجمع / does→ he- she – itمفرد

Do you eat outdoors? Does she work?

No, I don't eat outdoors. No, she doesn't work.

3

يمكن استخدام المضارع البسيط مع بعض أدوات الربط

As soon as /After مضارع بسيط مستقبل بسيط ,

Before مستقبل بسيط , مضارع بسيط When مستقبل بسيط , مضارع بسيط

مضارع بسيط + فاعل Until مصدر + won't فاعل

After she studies, she will sleep.

I won't do homework until I study hard.

My father will phone us as soon as he arrives at his work.

The Past Simple Tense زمن الماضي البسيط يستخدم الماضى البسيط للتعبير عن أحداث انتهت من فترة بعيدة ) فى الماضى (

: ماضى منتظم وماضي شاذ ن من الماضىهناك نوعي للفعل d –ed –iedالماضى المنتظم هو إضافة

study studied & cry cried: وقبله حرف ساكن yلو انتهى الفعل بـ iedنضع *

e :move - moved& chase - chasedلو انتهى الفعل بـ dنضع

ذ الماضى الشاذ : هناك شكلين من الماضى الشا hit hit & read -read cut – cut / put - put &شكل يبقى فيه الفعل كما هو : -أ

sleep slept & go – went / but – bought شكل يتغير فيه الفعل ومنها : -ب ما يدل على زمن الماضى البسيط :

( yesterday – last past – once – ago – then – one day – تاريخ ماضى Yesterday Ali played football.

2 years ago we watched a great match.

Last year I used a recycled product.

* I was born in 1990 (ago )

I was born fifteen years ago.

* Twenty four hours ago I bought a car. (yesterday )

Yesterday I bought a car.

* Every one came before Ali. ( last )

Ali was the last one to come / Ali came the last.

4

When = How long ago

* When have you travelled ? [how long]

How long ago did you travel?

( يستخدم الماضى البسيط لسرد أحداث قصة باستخدام بعض تعبيرات سرد الحكاية first…., then …., after that….., finally …………………….)

Yesterday I decided to go to school early so I did many things

before sleeping , first I set my alarm clock , then I packed my

books for the next day finally I said good night to my parents

and went to bed.

أي أنــه ســتخدم الماضــى البســيط للتعبيــر عــن أشــياً كنــت معتــاداى عملهــا فــى الماضــى* ي الفاعل" used to" المصدر + بمعنى اعتاد أن used toيستخدم مع

* I played football when I was young. ( used to )

I used to play football when I was young.

* It was part of my habit to sing. ( used to )

I used to sing.

* I always spoke English when I was in London [ used to]

I used to speak English when I was in London

التعبير عن الرأي : هناك أكثر من طريقة للتعبير عن الرأي ومنها

1. I think …….. 2. In my opinion ……….

3. I am not sure whether …………. Or not

4 I [ really-honestly ] think /believe………..

* I think these insects don't have backbone

I am not sure whether this animal has fur or not

التعليق على الرأي : للموافقه على الراي هناك نوعين وهما

Agreeing but not strongly

موافقة ولكن ليست بقوة

Agreeing strongly

الموافقة بشدة

I suppose so.

You could be right.

May be

I agree with you

You're right

Absolutely

I agree completely

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لعدم الموافقة هناك طريقتينDisagreeing strongly

عدم الموافقة بقوة

Disagreeing politely

عدم الموافقة بادب

Rubbish!

No, it is not it is ……………

No , I disagree

I don't think so

Yes / ok but …………….

I know that but …………..

You're right but ………….

I don't think that's right

Exercise 1-your friend thinks that having too many children is a burden for family

2-your friend thinks that TV is a bad invention , you don’t agree

3-your friend thinks that smoking is a good habit you disagree strongly

4-you think that what your friend has just said was wrong

Language notes onored in a great ceremony he was h- احتفال رسمي-Ceremony

njoy the feast after Ramadan Every year we e عيد-Feast

Festival ....الخ يقام كل عاممهرجان افلام ,سينما ,مسرح

We can compete in cinema festival this year

I could speak at the age of two في عمر او في سن

-the age of at *

we live in the age of technology في عصرIn the age of

competition- woman -manSports[صفة تتطلب الممارسة رياضي( )*sports

Sporting خاص بالاهتمام الرياضي ولا تتطلب الممارسة

they always read sports pages on the paper

He is a sports person, he has a sporting spirit, and he always

takes part in sports competitions as his sporting family supports

him

in the underground homeI go مترو الانفاق the underground =the metro* We bury dead people underground اسفل سطح الارض ndUndergrou

I like reading the biography of Nasser سيرة عامة Biography

I try hard to write my autobiographyسيرة ذاتية Autobiography

we can get more crops is the soil was rich تربة زراعيةSoil

While playing she fell on the ground ليهاالارض التي نسير عGround

I live on the fourth floorارضية حجرةFloor

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General exercise on unit one Write one word in each gap:

Dr farouk El Baz ……..a famous scientist. He was ………..at Ain

Shams university . he is a space scientist and a ……… he taught at

universities in Egypt , Germany and the states he is the director of

Remote ……….at Boston university . he worked …..the Apollo

project …..Landed men …the moon

Answer only four from the following questions

1-we should be grateful to Dr ElBaz explain

2-who was Nabwaya Mosa?

3-what did Apollo project give back to humanity ?

4-what do you know about Dr zahi Hawas ?

5-why is the study of science important ?

on the person you admire most a paragraphWrit

write the following sentences using the words -Re

getting up early (always) he is used to-1

2- I always go to bed after midnight *(never)

3- he goes to the club now and again [usually}

4- Dr Zewil discovered the femto second [made}

5-he influenced me greatly (influence)

6-he has just come [ago]

7-it wasn’t my habit to smoke [use to ]

8-she is a good cook (well)

Choose the correct answer 1-[archaeologists –tourists-geologists-astronauts] study the

ancient monuments

2-he (didn’t –cant- wasn’t –won't] come until I invite him

3- Ibn Toulon mosque has a lot of [structure –architecture –jewellery]

4-our scientists is our source of [pleasure – pressure –pride-proud]

Translate into Arabic

1- we owe a lot to our genius scientists who spare no effort to

help us lead a happy peaceful life , some of them are well know

whereas others aren’t known to a lot of us but their inventions or

discoveries will last for ever to witness how clever they were

2- Parents should encourage their sons to be creative

Translate into English

يعتبرالدكتور الباز واحد من اعظم العلماء في مجال الاستشعار عن بعد -1

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Unit two Charles Dickens

زمن الماضي المستمرThe past continuous tense

يعبر الماضى المستمر عن أحداث كانت مستمرة فى الماضى فى فترة زمنيةمحددة أو وث فى الماضى حتى قطعة حدث أخر يستخدم للتعبير عن حدث كان مستمراً فى الحد

: يتكون الماضى المستمر من تكوينهWas + v. + ing ←مفردI – he – she – it -

+ v. + ing were ← جمعwe – you – they –

o'clock. at sevenTV yesterday was watchinghe -

week in the morning . lastfootball were playing They -

. ago in the eveninghomework 2 days were doing eW -

o'clock.at three yesterdaythe dishes was washingAdel -

مايدل على زمن الماضي المستمر

كلمة دالة على الماضي البسيط + تعبير زمنى أو ساعة (1I was studying English. Yesterday in the afternoon -

.morninglast week in the was crying He -

o'clock.yesterday at 8 were cleaning the car They -

o'clock.last week at 5 Madiha was writing a letter

when , whileيستخدم الماضى المستمر مع (2

whileماضى مستمر ,ماض بسيط

whenماضى بسيط ,ماضى مستمر

ماضى مستمر whenماضى بسيط

ماضى بسيط whileماضى مستمر

When he fell down, he was walking (while) *

- While he was walking, he fell down.

He found a wallet, while he was running (when) *

- He was running when he found a wallet.

(While) Fadia was reading when the light went out *

While Fadia was reading, the light went out.-

مباشرة whileبعد ing* يمكن ذكر الفعل + * When Sara cried, she was singing (while)

While Sara was singing, she cried.

While singing, Sara cried.

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: ملحوظة

دالة على الماضى المستمر وذكرنا عدد مرات فعل لو كانت الجملة تحتوى على كلمات

الشئ يكون زمن الجملة ماضى بسيط o'clockwrote four letters yesterday at seven I

لوكانت الجملتين مستمرتين فى الماضى أى لم يقطع أاحدهما الأخريكون زمن الجملتين ماضى مستمر

. whileماضى مستمر , ماضى مستمر

While I was reading, they were watching TV. When I shouted, they got up.

/ Yes Noتكون الإجابة was / were* فى النفى والسؤال لو بدات الجملة

- were they sleeping? Yes, they were.

- was Ali reading? Yes, he was. / No, he wasn't.

- were you singing? Yes, I was. / No, I wasn't.

ونعمل مقص doingوفى أخرها whatنضع اول الجملة ing* لوكانت الإجابة بفعل فية Ali: what were you doing?

Rania: I was playing football.

As / while ماضي بسيط , ماضي مستمر

اسم During

V + ing , ماضي بسيط

While I was watching the film, I slept.

During the film, I slept.

During watching the film, I slept.

مباشرة ingنضع الفاعل وبه whileفى حالة عدم وجود فاعل بعد

While (was reading – reading – read) light went out.

when بدلا من" on +او اسم on+الفعل+ingيمكن استخدا"م

When I arrived , they were celebrating their success

On my arrival they were celebrating their success

When she was singing , she fainted

On singing , she fainted

When I heard the crash , I called the police [ on]

On hearing the crash , I called the police

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The past perfect الماضي التام

يستخدم الماضي التام لترتيب الاحداث اي ان هناك جملتين احداهما حدثت قبل الاخري :

الثاني ماضي بسيط الحدث و الحدث الاول ماضي تام فاعل Had + p.p التام من يتكون الماضي تكوين الماضي التام

He had seen the crime and witnessed to the court

They had finished their exams so they went to Alex for a holiday

Mona had forgotten her things so the teacher punished her

ومنها يستخدم الماضي التام مع بعض الروابط

After فاعل had + p.p , ماضي بسيط

After + v + ing , ماضي بسيط

As soon as ماضي بسيط , ماضي تام

Before ,ماضي تام ماضي بسيط

By the time ماضي تام , ماضي بسيط

When ماضي تام , ماضي بسيط

When ماضي بسيط , ماضي تام

It was only when ماضي بسيط , ماضي بسيط

had p.p فاعل until , مصدر didn't فاعل

It wasn't until ماضي بسيط , ماضي تام

* First he caught a thief then he phoned the police: After he had a thief, he phoned the police

After catching a thief he phoned the police.

Before he phoned the police, he had caught a thief

Before phoning the police, he had caught a thief

When he had caught a thief, he phoned the police

When he phoned the police, he had caught a thief

It was only when he had caught a thief, he phoned the police

He didn't phone the police until he had caught a thief

It wasn't until had caught a thief that, he phoned the police

aving + p.p Hبــ afterيمكن استبدال

After he had booked the ticket , he traveled [ having ]

Having booked the ticket , he traveled

* after I had locked the door , I put the key in my pocket [ having]

Having locked the door , I put the key in my pocket

في حالة عدم وجود فاعل ingبالفعل مضافا اليه beforeيمكن ان تتبع

Before coming in , you should knock on the door

Before traveling , you have to get a passport and a ticket

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No sooner ……than

no sooner + p.p than , سيط+ماضي ب فاعل

ماضي بسيط+ فاعل , had hardly +p.p when فاعل

Scarcely +p.p when, ماضي بسيط+ فاعل

As soon as he had arrived, he slept

He had hardly arrived when he slept

He had no sooner arrived than he slept السؤال شكل يتم وضع الجملة علي no sooner –scarcely –hardlyففي حالة البداية

Hardly when

No sooner had فاعل p.p than + ماضي بسيط

Scarcely when

As soon as he had arrived, he slept

Hardly had he arrived when he slept

No sooner had he arrived than he slept ملحوظة

لو كانت الجملة تصف حدثان اكتملا في الماضي دون وجود فاصل زمني بينهما

نستخدم زمن الماضي البسيط مع اي اداة ربط من ادوات الماضي التام When he called at me , I answered at once After Dickens left his job at the factory , he worked as an office clerk

s'استخدامات

s' : هناك اكثر من ا ستخدام لـ

تستخدم فى التعبير عن الملكيه حينما توضع بعد اسم الشخص او الشيء ونسأل عن .1 ? whose whose book is thisالملكية بــ

It is Ali's book

الجمع sبدلا من 'sللاسم نضع s'لو كان جمع بدلا من وضع

The boys' shoes are new

للتعبير عن الملكية s'يمكن وضع Sلو كان الاسم عن جمعة لا نضيف له

There are the children's buses

لاخر اسم مثل s'لو كان الاسم متكون من اكثر من مقطع نضع الـ

Mohamed Ali's pen قلم محمد على / my mother in law's sister.

بعد المهن للتعبير عن مكان العمل s'يمكن استخدام The butcher's محل الجزار/ the grocer's محل البقاله/ the chemist's دليةصي

لو كان الاسم مركب أي متكون من كلمتين مثل s'ملا نستخد

shopping center مركز التسوق computer screen شاشة كمبيوتر

مع الشركات والدول والمؤسسات مثل s'يمكن استحدام

The government's decision the company's system

رات الزمنية مثل مع التعبي s'يمكن استخدام

Tomorrow's world last Saturday's news

كالتالى hasاو isبدل s'يمكن استخدام

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He has studied Arabic he's studied Arabic

He is clever he's clever

يمكن استخدامs'بعد اسمين متتاليين للتعبير عن الملكية

Ali's sister's party

Language notes *Adopt يتبنى *adapt to يتكيف مع

She couldn’t give birth so she adopted a child from an orphanage

He liked my idea so he adopted it

To lead a happy life you have to adapt yourself to life changing s

*rob يسرق شخص او مكان steal يسرق شئ They robbed the bank of a million pound

My friend magdi was robbed of his wallet

They stole my car

The thief stole all my savings

General exercise on unit two Rewrite the following sentence 1-after he had made the plan he discussed it with his friends [until]

2-i went for a swim when I had finished my work [didn’t]

3-when the doctor arrived the patient had already died [before]

4-he apologized to he as he trod on her shoes [as soon as

5-the firemen arrived but the fire went out [by the time]

6-h ate my supper but before that I had my shower [after]

7- He went home and had lunch [after] [having]

8-we finished our work then we sat down to talk [no sooner]

9-when he saw his uncle, he ran away [on]

10-while she was eating her lunch, she fainted [just as][during]

Supply the missing parts in the following dialogue

Travel agent: good morning…………………………………………….?

Customer: yes I'd like to book a holiday to Luxor, please

Travel agent:…………………………………………………………………?

Customer: yes, it's Romaysaa Ahmed El-Sayed

Travel agent:……………………………………………………………………?

Customer: from the 2nd of June to the 1st of July 27, 2009

Travel agent: fine…………………………………………………………..?

Customer: with Egypt air if possible

Answer the following: 1-why did Oliver grow up in a workhouse?

2-how was Oliver a victim to hard life's conditions?

3-what secret did Monks hide from Oliver?

4-who kidnapped Oliver and took him back to Fagin?

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Unit three "the power of the mind"

IFلو ثلاثة حالات شرطية وحالة واحدة صفرية ifحالات ل 4هناك

الصفرية ifحالة والاحداث غير موجودة حيث ان تلك الحالة تعبر عن الحقائق العلمية الثابتة ifتعتبر فيها

whenبــ ifيكون مضارع بسيط ويمكن استبدال ifلذا فان طرفي جملة الحقيقية

If مضارع بسيط , مضارع بسيط

If water freezes, it turns into ice

If the tree is evergreen, it doesn't lose all its leaves.

If you heat metal, it expands

When I feel tired, I go to bed حالات IF الشرطية

If مضارع بسيط, will + المصدر If ماضى بسيط, would + المصدر If had + p.p., would have + p.p.

الحالات الشرطية الأولى If فاعل ,مضارع بسيط will مصدر

If جملة أمر .…, مضارع بسيط

If مضارع بسيط, Don't +inf…. نهى If مضارع بسيط …... please رجاء

: تستخدم الحالة الأولى للتعبير عن .If you study, you will succeedتعبر عن التنبؤ والوعود -1 لو كانت فى الجملة كلمة تدل على المستقبل -2

If I meet him tomorrow, I will invite him to party. maybe – perhaps – probablyإذا وجدت فى الجملة كلمة تدل على الاحتمال -3

Willمكان mayلذلك يجوز استخدام و

Perhaps it will be raining if so we will stay at home [if]

If it rains , we [will/may] stay at home .

If the traffic is slow , I may arrive late

ifفي الحالة الاولى بدل should يمكن استخدام

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Should +فاعل , المصدر+فاعل +will + مصدر

Should he play, we will win.

لو كانت جملة جواب الشرط ليس بها فاعل نضع المصدرIF you have exam , study hard

If you meet Ali , don’t tell him any thing about our plan

If بسيط ماضى , would + inf الحالة الشرطية الثانية : Ifفاعل ……… were ,فاعل .…… wouldتعبر عن الاستحالة :

* I am not Amr Diab to sing.

If I were Amr Diab, I would sing.

* Ali isn't a mechanic to fix my car.

If Ali were a mechanic, he would fix my car.

wereوالبدً بـ ifويمكن حذف Were Ali a mechanic, he would fix my car

I would , If I were youالمصدر + : تعبر عن النصيحة You should study hard [IF].

If I were you, I would study hard.

الثانية للتعبير عن المضارع أى عن أحـداث ييـر محتملـة الحـدوث فـى if* تستخدم حالة الوقت الحاضر

فــى الحالــة الثانيــة مــع ضــرورة تحويــل المثبــت ifكانــت الجملتــين مضــارع تســتخدم * لــو بجملة السبب ثم النتيجة ( ifلمنفى والعكس ) تتبع

Adel doesn't study so he fails [IF] .

If Adel studied, he wouldn't fail.

بيمكن بدً الجملة اي في الحالة الثانية ضياعة بممتبو ifلو كانت جملة If past simple ,S + would + Inf = Were فاعل +To مصدر +فاعل would ,مصدر+

[were] If he played, we would win

Were he to play, we would win.

if محلها ومنها ما يلي : وتحل هناك كلمات تعادل (as long as \in case \in condition that\ supposing \ suppose that…etc

If Heba studied hard , she would get high mark

In case Heba studied hard , she would get high mark

Suppose that Heba studied hard , she would get high mark

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Unless = if …….not

If he didn’t phone , I wouldn’t come [ unless]

Unless he phoned , I wouldn’t come

: adviceالنصيحة :

هناك اكثر من طريقة لعمل النصيحة ومنها : You should + مصدر you should help the poor

You ought to + المصدر you ought to be polite

You are supposed to + مصدر you are supposed to study

It's advisable to + مصدر it's advisable to pray

I advise you to + مصدر I advise you to come early

If I were you , I 'd مصدرif I were you , I 'd try again

Language notes * take +فترة زمنية+to + المصدر - يستغرق فترة زمنية ل

The train arrives in Tanta in two hours [ takes]

The train takes two hours to arrive in Tanta

*spend +فعل + فترة زمنية +ing يستغرق فترة في

He studied for a long time [spent]

He spent a long time studying

Go on - يستمر في عمل امر ما & go on to +مصدر ينتقل لعمل اخر

He greeted me then he went on reading his book

After eating he went on to wash the dishes

Analyze يحلل او يفسر & examine - يفحص شئ او يفتش شخص

They analyzed my blood to know the virus

The doctor examined his leg and sent him for x-rays

Method & طريقة منهجية علمية way طريقة عمل شئ ما& means او اداة وسيلة

Is there a new method of teaching history ?

The best way to learn language is to live in a foreign country

Money is not an end but it is a means to an end

Make +الصفة +المفعول

Eating a light meal makes you energetic and cool

Successful ناجح a success -عمل ناجح /بمثابة النجاح

Mr Nasser is a successful teacher

He made a profit so his work is a success

15

General exercise on unit three Rewrite the following sentence 1-samir may come early tomorrow . in that case he will find me at home [ if]

2- I am not rich so I can't spend my holiday abroad [ if ]

3-perhaps it will be fine tomorrow if so we will go to the country [ if]

4-you should wear glasses [if ]

5-tourists come to Egypt as it has a fine weather [if]

6-i don’t offer him food because I don’t know he is hungry [ if]

7-unless he watered the plants , they would die [ if]

8-i advise you to take some rest [if]

9-don’t go near the dog as it may bite you [if ]

10 you can go for a swim because it's fine [ if

11-if he studied he would come first [ were]

12- I am not a millionaire to buy this car [ if ][ were ]

Read the following text and fill in the gaps Hundreds of years ago , scientists studied the human brain . they wanted to

find out ……1…..everyone's brain is the same size , they …..2….that the human

brain is about two percent of the body's weight . in fact , it ….3….about 1400

gram . the brain has billions of nerve…….4……they …..5-…….neurons . the brain

never sleeps ;it sends and receives …..6…..twenty four hours a day

Answer only four 1-how many senses do we have ?

2-what does the brain act as ?

3-which of the five senses is the most important ?why /

4-why do we think senses must work together/

5-how does the brain help us to learn and remember ?

6-how would our life be without senses?

Write a paragraph on "the role of youth in building the Egyptian

society "

Write what would you say in the following situations

1-you modestly tell your friend that you are good at English

2-your father is a heavy smoker

3-you saw a blind man crossing the street offer help

4-someone came to visit you

5-you cant hear what the teacher is saying

6-you want to interrupt your teacher to ask a question

Translate into Arabic

We should try to conserve the environment as much as possible , we

shouldn’t pollute it , we should keep the gardens and streets clean

and we shouldn’t throw litter into them

16

Unit four "people and their lives"

The present perfect tense زمن المضارع التا م

يعبر زمن المضارع التام عن حدث انتهي منذ فترة وجيزة وهناك اثر يدل علي حدوثه

: تكوينه

يتكون المضارع التام من I – we – you – they اسم جمع-+ have + P.P

He – she – it - اسم مفرد+ has + P.P

- They have watched TV.

- We have cooked lunch

- I have studied the problem.

- She has booked a room

- Ayman has seen a spider

- He has moved to Luxor

ما يدل علي زمن المضارع التام ( just – already – yet – ever – never – since – for – lately – recently

– so far – up till now – throughout history – over ages ………

already –just تستخدما في الجملة المثبته بينhave اوhas والتصريف الثالث

I have just ironed my clothes

She has already swept the floor.

Yet حتى الان وتاتي في اخر الجملة المنفية او السؤال : ىتستخدم بمعن

They haven't phoned us yet

Has she sent the letter yet ?

He is still painting his room [yet]

He hasn’t finished painting his room yet

Ever تستخدم بمعني من قبل وتاتي وسط السؤال وتتبع بالتصريف الثالث وعند الاجابة

neverنضع بدلا منها Noعليها بــ

Have you ever travelled by balloon?

No, I have never travelled by balloon.

recently –lately تستخدما بمعني في الايام القليلة الماضية تاتيا اخر السؤال ولكننا

في الجملة المثبتة recentlyفي الجملة المنفية اما latelyنستخدم

Have you phoned her (lately – recently)?

I have answered a question recently

They haven't visited us lately.

كلاهما ياتي قبلهما جملة في المضارع التام ولكن الفرق بينهما (منذ for– sinceلمدة )

فيما ياتي بعدهما.

17

Since ( تاريخ – last –o'clock - then – شهر -يوم – جملة في الماضي ….etc.

For ( مدة – the last – hour – a long time – ages ………. Etc.

Aya has moved to Cairo for seven years. (since)

Aya has moved to Cairo since 2001

It's ten o'clock . she has slept for 2 hours (since)

She has slept since eight o'clock.

ان يأتى بعدها ال تكون ماضى بسيط ويمكن since*لوجاءت جملة بعد

( v + ing )

He hasn’t come since you fired him.

Since going to Cairo. She has stayed there.

مكان a short time ago –a moment ago –just nowعند إستخدم (1

just يوضعوا أخر الجملة ويصبح زمن الجملة ماضى بسيط

He has just arrived → he arrived a short time ago.

They have just phoned -they phoned a moment ago

يحول زمن الجملة للماضي البسيط alreadyمكان before nowعندإستخدام (2

He has already finished →he finished before now.

صعب نستخدم الطريقة التالية → for since لوكان التحويل من( 3

لو كانت المدة لا يمكن تحويلها الي تاريخ نستخدم التركيبة التالية نة اي ا

It ( is – was – has been ) مدة since ماضي بسيط

He hasn't travelled for ages (since)

It is ages since he travelled.

He hasn’t studied for along time. ( since )

- It is along time since he studied.

sinceمحل whenاستخدام

ماضي بسيط when ماضي بسيط last فاعل

The last time ماضي فاعل when ماضي بسيط

ماضي بسيط hasn't – haven't + P.P since فاعل

He hasn't helped her since she was ill.

He last helped her when she was ill.

The last time he helped her when she was ill.

* He hasn’t washed since he was ill.

He last washed when he was ill.

The last time he washed when he was ill.

18

enwhمكان wasمتبوعة بتعبير زمني عند التحويل نضع sinceاما لو كانت

I haven't phoned her since last week (last)

The last time I phoned her was last week.

I last phoned her was last week.

The last time I phoned her was a week ago

* Aya hasn’t cooked since 2000.

Aya last cooked in 2000.

forمكان agoاستخدام

مدة P.P for + ( have – has ) فاعل

ago المدة ماضي بسيط فاعل

I have travelled for 2 years ( ago )

I travelled 2 years ago

مدة P.P for + ( haven't – hasn't ) فاعل

ago مدة ماضي last فاعل

I haven't slept for 2 hours

I last slept 2 hours ago

مدة been + v+ ing for + ( haven't – hasn't ) فاعل

ago مدة started + v + ing فاعل

ago مدة + مصدر + began to فاعل

I have been learning English for a year

I started learning English a year ago

I began to learn English a year ago

الفرق بينgone to (have / has و )( have / has ) been to أن

ذهب إلى مكان ولم يعد منه أما الثانية ذهب لمكان ما وعاد الاولى

منه

He travelled to Cairo and came back ( been )

He has been to Cairo.

He traveled to London and still there [ has]

He has gone to London

التام المستمرالمضارع The present perfect continuous

يعبر عن احداث بدات في الماضي ومازالت مستمرة وستستمر في المستقبل [Have – has ]+ been + v + ing تكوينه

I have been reading

She has been watching TV

They have been learning English

He has been living her for 2 years

ما يدل عليه :

19

متبوعة بتعبير زمني allكلمة -1

They have been reading all day

I have been sleeping all night

شيء او حدث بدا في الماضي ولازال مستمرا وسيستمر في المستقبل -2

They have been learning Arabic for 12 years

We have been living in Cairo for seven years

I started working in this factory in 2000 [ since]

I have been working in this factory since 2000

hereاو nowلو وجدنا معهما since / forمع -3

Ahmed has been reading for two hours now

It has been raining for three hours now

They have been living here since 1999

حدث وانتهي ولكن له تاثير علي الحالة الحالية للتعبير عن نشاط -4

I am tired. I have been working all day

He is late, he has been sleeping all night

His hands are dirty . he has been repairing his car

يستخدم المضارع المستمر مع الافعال التي تستغرق وقت طويل مثل -5Wait - live – work – travel – read – sleep – stay – mend – swim – stand –

I have been waiting for two hours

They have been sleeping for along time

بدلا منه تام المستمر ولكن تستخدم مضارع تامحالات عدم استخدام المضارع ال لا يستخدم مع افعال الادراك والمشاعر والحواس والتملك -1

I have remembered what happened all the week

All the week I have understood what had been said in class.

عند ذكر عدد مرات القيام بالفعل -2

He has written two letters all the night

They have seen that film six times all that week

2- suggestion الاقتراحات : لعمل الاقتراح هناك اكثر من طريقة

Let's + مصدر let's go to cinema

Shall we + مصدر shall we go to cinema

You "can – could" مصدر you could go to cinema

"What – how" about + v + ing how about going to cinema

Why don’t you / we + inf ?- why don’t we go to stadium ?

للموافقة علي الاقتراح نقول

20

Good idea – wonderful – fantastic – great idea – I feel like that –

I am very keen – I'd love to

: ض الاقتراح نقوللرف

I'm sorry I can't – I'd love to but – I'm busy – I am afraid I can't – I

wish I could but – I don't fell like that

EXCERSISE

1-YOU suggest going to cinema

2-you suggest watching the match with your friend

3-your friend suggested having lunch with him 4-your friend suggested going to the sea but you have exam tomorrow

Language notes Expertise خبرة او مهارة في اداء عمل

Experienceخبرة )مهارة او معرفة تكتسب(

---Expertير خبWe have the expertise to help us run our own business

My father has a long experience in teaching we consider him an expert

General exercise on unit four

Read the following text then fill in the gaps Last week we wanted to break the routine of our life .my friend and I

decided to go …..1….. a walk along the foot of the hill near our village . it

was……2….and we enjoyed ourselves . When we got tired, we took some

…..3…..we saw a rabbit . it was nice we wanted to catch ….4… and take it with

us , but it ran and disappeared in a ...5…. in the hill

Write a paragraph about tourism in Egypt

Re write the following sentences using words between brackets

1- I haven’t met him for two months [since]

2- I haven’t eaten in this restaurant for ages [ its ]

3-he is still doing his homework [yet]

4-it hasn’t rained for years [the last]

5- He has just arrived [ a moment ago]

6-he started working in this factory in 1990 [ since]

7-he has learnt English for seven years [ ago]

8- I last played tennis when I was young [haven’t ]

9-he has an experience in computer [ expert]

10- Let's go for a walk [suggested ]

Translate into Arabic

Indeed health is a crown on the heads of healthy people so

countries and governments do their best to ensure good health for

their people it's said" prevention is better than cure"

21

Unit five Ernest Hemingway

بمعنى جدا تأكيد" لل soيمكن استخدام "صفة + -

The story is so boring

The match was so exciting

لو انتهت الجملة الاولي بصفة "soصفة that"استخدام

The story is very interesting I read it twice (so ……….that )

The story is so interesting that I read it twice

لو انتهت الجملة الاولي باسم او بصفة متبوعة باسم موصوفt such ……..thaاستخدام

He is a tall man . he picks apples (such )

He is such a tall man that he picks apples

The suit is so heavy I can't carry it (such)

It is such heavy suit that I can't carry it

-ملحــــــــوظة:So long = such a long time & so far = such a long way

So (many – much) = such a lot of

I haven't seen him so long that I haven't recognized him

I haven't seen him for such a long time that I haven't recognized

Why did you buy so much food ?

Why did you buy such a lot of food ?

" tooصفة to"استخدام

couldn't او can'tمكان toنستخدم بمعني جدا لدرجة انه لا يستطيع وتحل

He is very old that he can't walk (too)

He is too old to walk

الصفة ( بمعني بدرجة كافية لـــ enough toاستخدام ) المصدر +

He is very clever . he can pass the exam easily (enough)

He is clever enough to pass the exam

: tooبدلا من not enoughاستخدام

ونعكس الصفة v . to beننفي

He is too fat to run (not)

He isn't thin enough to run

Similarity التشابة

هناك اكثر من طريقة للتعبير عن التشابة او تساوي طرفين في صفة ما ومن تلك الطرق ما يلي

الطرف الثاني asالصفة verb to be "as" الطرف الاول

الطرف الثاني as الاسم من الصفة have /has/ had" the same"الطرف الاول

الاسم من الصفة have the sameالطرف الثاني andالطرف الاول

22

الاسم من الصفة are of the same الطرف الثاني andالطرف الاول

Like الطرف الثاني ,الطرف الاول "verb to be " الصفة

Ali is as old as Mona [ the same} {like} Ali has the same age as Mona

Ali and Mona have the same age

Ali and Mona are of the same age

Like Ali , Mona is old

Magdi and Fatma are of the same height {as} {like}

Magdi is as tall as Fatma

Like Magdi , Fatma is tall

The house is as expensive as the villa {the same }

The house and the villa are of the same price

The house has the same price as the villa

يمكن نفي التشابة بأكثر من طريقة اهمها ما يلي الطرف الثاني asالصفة verb to be "not [as /so ]"الطرف الاول الطرف الثاني asالاسم من الصفة have the same [don’t /doesn’t /didn’t ]الطرف الاول

الطرف الاول and الطرف الثاني[ don’t / didn’t] have the same الاسم من الصفة

الاول الطرف and الاسم من الصفة are "not of the same" الطرف الثاني

Hend doesn’t have the same age as Mona

Hend and Mona aren’t of the same age

Hend isn’t as old as Mona

Hend isn’t so old as Mona

Hend and Mona don’t have the same age

Comparative المقارنة

هناك نوعين من الصفات "صفات من مقطع واحد وصفات من اكثر من مقطع وعلى ذلك

هناك اسلوبين للمقارنه بين الصفات ومنهما :

لو كانت الصفة من مقطع واحد تقول " verb to be"الطرف الاول الصفة + er than الطرف الثاني

لو كانت الصفة من اكثر من مقطع تقول الطرف الثاني than الصفة verb to be " more /less "الطرف الاول

The pen is more expensive than the pencil {The pencil………}

The pencil is less expensive than the pen

The pencil is cheaper than the pen

ولذلك عكسنا طرفي الجملة more عكس less نلاحظ ان

ة يجب عكس طرفي الجملة كما يليمكان جملة المقارن not as لو طلب منك استخدام Cairo is hotter than London [not as ] [ less]

23

London isn’t as hot as Cairo

London is less hot than Cairo

نلاخظ انة يمكن استخدام lessمكان صفة المقارنة حتى ولو كانت من مقطع واحد

بدون اضافات مع ضرورة وضع الصفة Hend is taller than Sahar [less][ not as]

Sahar isn’t as tall as Hend

Sahar is less tall than Hend

Sahar is shorter than Hend

وايضا استخدام عكس الصفة " لا نبدل الاطراف not as لو طلب استخدام

Hala is fatter than Mona [not as thin as]

Hala isn’t as thin as Mona

هناك بعض التعبيرات تستحدم للتعبير عن مقدار الصفة ومنها ما يلي A lot /much لو كان الفارق بين الطرفين كبير

A bit - غير كبير يلو كان الفارق بين الطرفين بسيط ا

The lion is much more dangerous than the dog

The lion is a bit more dangerous than the tiger

Diamond is a lot more expensive than iron

ملاحظات على المقارنة 1-لو انتهت الصفة بحرف ساكن وقبله حرف واحد متحرك يضعف الحرف الساكن عند

er اضافة

Hot hotter fat - fatter thin thinner

ierونضع للصفة y وقبلها حرف ساكن تحذف الY 2-لو كانت الصفة منتهية ب

Lucky -luckier heavy -heavier easy easier

"if 3-يمكن استخدام المقارنه للتعبير عن السبب والنتيجة اي بدلا من" الشرطية

The more جملة السبب , the more جملة النتيجة

The صفة+er جملة النتيجة ,جملة السبب

If you eat a lot , you will be fat [ the more]

The more you eat , the fatter you will be

Hard study leads to high marks [ the]

The harder you study, the higher marks you will get

The superlative التفضيل

نعني بالتفضيل ان الشخص او الشئ المفضل هو الاكثر في امتلاك الصفة

بين الصفات ومنهما : تفضيل هناك اسلوبين لل

لو كانت الصفة من مقطع واحد تقولThe الصفةest

24

لو كانت الصفة من اكثر من مقطع تقولThe [ most / least ] الصفة

The lion is the most dangerous animal

The plane is the fastest

Amira is the cleverest girl in the class

استخدام no بدلا من اسلوب التفضيل

باقي الجملة +التمييز +اسلوب تفضيل +"verb to be" +المقارنة

No + التميز+ "verb to be"+ اسلوب مقارنه +than + لمقارنالاسم ا

The Nile is the longest river {No}

No river is longer than the Nile

Water is the cheapest liquid [ No ]

No liquid is cheaper than water

No man in the city is more courageous than Gamal [ the ]

Gamal is the most courageous man in the city

ever – never المقارنة والتفضيل باستحدام have /has"ever +p.p" +فاعل ثان +التمييز +اسلوب تفضيل+" verb to be" +الفاعل الاول

+صفة بدون اضافات have –has "never +p.p+a/an"+الفاعل الثاني تمييز +like+ فاعل اول

Ali is the cleverest boy I have ever seen [ never]

I have never seen a clever man like Ali

I have never watched a funny film like that [ ever]

This film is the funniest film I have ever seen

Zewil is the most important person I have ever met [ never]

I have never met an important person like zewil

الصفات الشاذة Positive comparative superlative

Good

Bad

Much /many

Little

Far

late

Better than

Worse than

More than

Less than

[ farther/further] than

[ later /latter] than

The best

The worst

The most

The least

The [ farthest/furthest]

The latest/the last

Ali is the best student in our class [no]

25

No student is better than Ali

NO student is as good as Ali

Adverbs الظروف

ظروف منتظمة و ظروف شاذة -1الظرف مشتق من الصفة والظرف نوعان

للصفة كما يلي Ly اولا الظروف المنتظمة : وهي عبارة عن اضافة

Quiet quietly quick quickly slow -slowly badbadly

اما الصفة فتصف شئ او شخص نضع الظروف لوصف الفعل Ali is polite {politely} - Ali speaks politely

اما الظرف جاء قبلة فعل verb to be"" نلاحظ ان الصفة جاء قبلها

He is slow { slowly } he walks slowly

He is angry {speaks} - he speaks angrily

ملاحظات ly عند اضافةe احذف ال le 1-لو انتهت الصفة ب

Horrible horribly probable -probably incredible incredibly

Kids are incredible learners for languages [ incredibly]

Kids learn languages incredibly

ily وقبلها حرف ساكن تحذف ونضع للصفة y 2-لو انتهت الصفة ب

Happy happily angry -angrily funny -funnily

he is angry {speaks } he speaks angrily usually –probably –possibly definitely 3 - الاحتمال او التكرار مثل تاتي صفات الشك/

قبل الفعل وليس بعد الفعل-it is probable he will buy a car [ probably ]

He will probably buy a car

- he prays as usual '[usually ]

- he usually prays

lyللتحويلها الى ظرف تاخذ شكل الشبة جملة الظرفية التالي ب الصفات المنتهية اصلا-4

In [ a-an ] الصفة way

He is friendly in speaking [ a friendly]

He speaks in a friendly way

More examples

He drives carefully [ driver ]

He is a careful driver

The player was bad when he played [ badly]

The player played badly

He runs quickly [runner]

He is a quick runner

26

She sang beautifully [ was]

She was beautiful in singing

The minister spoke clearly [clear]

The minister was clear in speaking

هناك بعض الظروف يتغير شكلها عند التحويل من صفة لظرف -1ثانيا الظروف الشاذة :

Good well

He is a good player [well] he plays well

She cooks well [a good] she is a good cook

او تختلف عن شكل الصفةظروف لا تتغير -2 Fastfast latelate hard -hard early -early

He is fast [runs] he runs fast

He is a hardworking person [works ]he works hard

ظروف الدرجة

فة وهي ظروف توضع قبل الصفة او الظرف بهدف تحديد الدرجة التي وصلت اليها الص Absolutely - extremely /very –quite …etc ومن تلك الظروف

He is extremely exhausted so he can't work any more

The film is quite interesting

He is very cold

She is extremely freezing

Exercise on unit five Rewrite the following sentences using the words between brackets

1-Hany is the youngest pupil in the class [younger]

2-he is younger than his sister [as]

3-ali is the oldest man in the town [No…]

4-new York is the most intelligent city in the world [more]

5-the house and the villa are the same price [expensive]

6-Ali is a better actor than Ahmed is [Ahmed isn’t ]

7-the train isn’t so fast as the plane [ not as ]

8-the Nile is the longest river in the world [No]

9-h have never met a funny face like Amer's [ ever met]

10- I haven’t heard such amusing story [the most ][

Write a paragraph about tourism and how to encourage it

Answer the following questions

1-why did Santiago feel great pain ?

2-how long hasn't he caught a fish ?

3-the old man and the sea is a story of a fight between man and

nature? who can win at last?

4-what happened to the fish at night ?

Translate into Arabic

27

The government is setting up giant projects to provide job

opportunities for the youth to face unemployment

Unit six tomorrow's world

s'استخدامات s' : هناك اكثر من ا ستخدام لـ

تستخدم فى التعبير عن الملكيه حينما توضع بعد اسم الشخص او الشيء ونسأل عن .2 ? whose whose book is thisبــ الملكية

It is Ali's book

الجمع sبدلا من 'sللاسم نضع s'لو كان جمع بدلا من وضع

The boys' shoes are new

He bought pupils' bags

للتعبير عن الملكية s'يمكن وضع Sلو كان الاسم عن جمعة لا نضيف له

There are the children's buses

He sells women's clothes

لاخر اسم مثل s'لو كان الاسم متكون من اكثر من مقطع نضع الـ

Mohamed Ali's pen قلم محمد على / my mother in law's sister.

بعد المهن للتعبير عن مكان العمل s'يمكن استخدام

The butcher's محل الجزار/ the grocer's محل البقاله/ the chemist's صيدلية لو كان الاسم مركب أي متكون من كلمتين مثل s'لا نستخد

Shopping center مركز التسوق computer screen شاشة كمبيوتر

كالتالى hasاو isبدل s'يمكن استخدام

He has studied Arabic he's studied Arabic

He is clever he's clever

تستخدم s' الملكية مع الكلمات الزمنية المفردة لتمليكها مثل

Yesterday's …/..today's…/a day's /next week's

I had a holiday for a week [a week's holiday]

I had a week's holiday

تستخدم 'sالملكية مع الكلمات الزمنية ة لتمليكها في حالة الجمع

I need eight hours' sleep= sleep eight hours

I bought a fridge with three months' holiday

s' قبل صيغة التمييزالعددي نضع –بعد المدة ولا نضعa/an في حالة وجود

We are going on a journey which will last for seven hours

-We are going on a seven –hour holiday

-we are going on seven hours' holiday

Some people only work three days every week

Some people only work a three- day week

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Some people work three days' a week

our school lesson last 45 minutes

At school , we have 45 –minute lessons

At school , we have 45 minutes' lessons

The future simple tenseزمن المستقبل البسيط

يستخدم زمن المستقبل البسيط للتعبير عن أحداث متوقعة الحدوث فى المستقبل

تكوينه : يتكون زمن المستقبل البسيط من :

will& المصدر + shall( / المصدر + am – is – are) going to/ المصدر + المضارع المستمر / المضارع البسيط

tomorrow –تاريخ مستقبل – soon –next –in the futureكلمات دالة على المستقبل )

1will +inf . للتعبير عن أحداث نتوقع أو تتنبأ بحدوثها فى المستقبل-1

The plane will take off soon.

I think they will visit us tomorrow.

We predict he comes next week [ will]

He will come next week

. للتعبير عن القرارات السريعة الفجائية2I'll have tea.

Oh ! what a nice dress. I will buy it.

. للوعود والتهديدات3I will dismiss you if you come late again

If you work hard, I will give you a promotion.

I promise to give you a present [ will]

I will give you a present

I threaten to fire you [ will ]

I will fire you

للعرض والطلب .4A : will you open the door ?

B : ok . I will open the door.

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: تستخدم مع بعض الأفعال التى تعبر عن الاحتمال والشك ومنها -5( think – expect – hope – be afraid – I am sure – probably –

perhaps )

I hope El Ahli will win the next match.

I think she will have a baby soon.

فى الحالة الأولى ifالروابط التى تعادل . تستخدم فى جملة جواب الشرط مع بعض 6( If – after – before – as soon as – when – until ) مضارع بسيط أو مضارع تام, will + inf

We will start as soon as she arrives.

When she has cooked, she will sleep.

They won't pray until they wash.

lShalاستخدامات فقط للتعبير عن : I , weتستخدم للتعبير عن المستقبل مع الضميرين : ? Shall we have a party الاقتراحات -1 ? Shall I clean your table لعمل العروض -2 ? I shall buy a car soon للتعبير عن المستقبل -3

going toاستخدامات وتتبع بالمصدر v. to beأن تسبق بـ : يجب

decide -intend –plan تعبر عن نية مسبقة لعمل شئ وتحل محل الأفعال -1I am saving up. I am going to buy a car.

I don’t intend to do this work again [ am]

I am not going to do this work a gain

لحدوثتعبر عن أشياء أوشكت على ا -2It's cloudy. It is going to rain.

I feel hot. I am going to be sick

The sky is full of clouds [ going ]

The sky is going to rain

.

: استخدام المضارع المستمر يعبر عن شئ تم الإعداد له من قبل

I am traveling tomorrow. I have got the tickets.

I am having exam next week.

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I arranged to travel tomorrow [ traveling]

I am traveling tomorrow

We booked the tickets to travel to Luxor [are]

We are going to travel to Luxor

: استخدام المضارع البسيط مستقبل ونسبة تأكد حدوثه عالية لوجوده فى جدول مواعيد يعبر عن شئ سيحدث فى ال

The plane takes off at two tomorrow.

The final exam takes place next May.

Language notes

Electric -" ًكهربي "اجهزة تعمل بالكهربا Electrical كهربي "تصف الكهرباء نفسها باعطالها والاشياء التي توصل بها

Electric [car –light – machine ……etc]

Electrical [equipment –wiring –signal –engineer ….etc]

Affect -يؤثر effect-- تاثير

Smoking affects our health badly [effect] Smoking has a bad effect on our health

General exercise on unit six *Write a paragraph on your plans for the next summer holiday *rewrite the following sentences using the words between brackets

1-karim has just bought his plane ticket to France [flying]

2-all the arrangements have been done for Mubarak's visit to America [ is]

3-i have arranged to meet you tomorrow [meeting]

4-the government is planning to build blocks of flats for youth [going ]

5- I am going to get married tomorrow [ intend ]

6-Our team will win the match [predict]

Write one word in each gap: Most tourists nowadays are seldom rich . they are either students

…1…hard working employees . so what ….2-….needed isn't expensive

hotels ….3-….clean ,comfortable places to sleep and eat in

them…..4…..reasonable prices . this …..5……Egyptians to travel more and

more around …..6-….lovely country .

Answer only four 1-why is it important to find source of fuel that is cleaner /

2-how can we solve the problem of air pollution

3-what is the advantage of the car that uses petrol and electricity ?

4-what is the replacement for the petrol /

5-what do electric cars run on?

Translate into English

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ل قنبلة نتيجة للازمة الاقتصادية وحالة الكساد العالمي زادت معدلات البطالة والفقر لتشك

موقوتة تهدد امن واستقرار الامم و الشعوب Unit 7 health and safety

Modals

هناك استخدامات كثيرة للافعال الناقصة

او القدرة او الاستطاعة : هناك اكثر من طريقة للتعبير عن القدرة * الاستطاعه ومنها

Can + inf

Be able to + inf

Be capable of + v + ing

"Have – has" the ability to + inf

"Have – has" the capability of + v + ing

Ali can run

Ali is able to run

Ali is capable of running

Ali has the ability to run

للتعبير عن القدرة في الماضي نستخدم

Could + مصدر / was – were + able to + مصدر

Aya could wash dishes

Aya was able to wash

Aya was capable of washing

" Will be able to+مصدر "عن القدرة في المستقبل للتعبير

Tomorrow he will be able to travel

Next year I think I will be able to do the pilgrimage

2- suggestion : الاقتراحات

هناك اكثر من طريقةلعمل الاقتراح

Let's + مصدر let's go to cinema

Shall we + مصدر shall we go to cinema

You "can – could" مصدر you could go to cinema

"What – how" about + v + ing how about going to cinema

للموافقة علي الاقتراح نقول Good idea – wonderful – fantastic – great idea – I feel like that –

I am very keen – I'd love to

لرفض الاقتراح نقول :

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I'm sorry I can't – I'd love to but – I'm busy – I am afraid I can't –

I wish I could but – I don't fell like that

3- t offer and Reques العرض و الطلب

Can

I + المصدر ?

You

May

Will

Could

Would

Would you mind + v + ing ?

Would you mind if I مصدر ?

Can I borrow your pen ?

Would you lend me your pen ?

Would you mind lending me your pen ?

يقة لعمل النصيحة ومنها : : هناك اكثر من طر adviceالنصيحة :

You should + مصدر you should help the poor

You ought to + المصدر you ought to be polite

You are supposed to + مصدر you are supposed to study

It's advisable to + مصدر it's advisable to pray

I advise you to + مصدر I advise you to come early If I were you , I would + مصدرif I were you I'd avoid looking at the sun

ملحـــــــوظة : للتعبير عن شيء كان من المفترض عمله في الماضي should have + p.pنستخدم

دم تعبير عن شيء كان من المفترض ع shouldn't have + p.pولكنه لم يحدث اما

عمله You shouldn't have told lies

You should have told the truth

: المقصود بالالزام هو ضرورة القيام بعمل شيء Necessityالالزام

من تعبيرات الالزام ما يلي Necessary – important – vital – part of duty - …..etc.

must + inf الفاعل مضارع

Have to – has to + inf

Have – has got to + inf

Is

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Was مصدر had to الفاعل ماضي

Will be مصدر will have to الفاعل مستقبل

It's necessary to study hard

You must study hard / you have to study hard

It was necessary to brush your teeth

You had to brush your teeth

: un necessity عدم الضرورة

اي ان الشخص غير مضطر لعمل شيء ما

Don't – doesn't" have to" مضارع

"needn't " مصدر

"haven't – hasn't" got to

Is not'

مصدر Didn't have to ماضي

Needn't have + p.p

Wasn't

Won't have to Won't be مستقبل

It is not necessary to take umbrella

You don't have to take umbrella / you needn't take umbrella

It wasn't important to run

You didn't have to run / you needn't have run

للتعبير عن التحريم prohibitionالتحريم

It's forbidden to مصدر it is forbidden to smoke

You aren't allowed to مصدر you aren't allowed to smoke

It isn't allowed to مصدر it isn't allowed to smoke

You must not + مصدر you mustn't smoke

Deductionالاستنتاج

هو استنباط معلومة جديدة من جملة معطاة

ـــارعمضـ النسبــــــة ماضـــــي

90 % Must be Must have + p.p

70 % May be / could by May have + p.p

Could have + p.p

30 % Might be Might have + p.p

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Can't be / couldn't be Can't / couldn't have + p.p عكس %100صفر % او

It's definitely he is ill he must be ill

It is probable he travelled he may have travelled

It is certain he didn't take the car he can't have taken car

He is happy (can't) he can't be sad he must be happy

للأمر neverو alwaysاستخدام جملة الامر للنهى قبل neverقبل جملة الامر المثبت اما alwaysتستخدم

Always study hard. Always help the poor.

Always pray always be careful.

Never leave anything on the gas when you are out.

Never eat lots of sweets

Never put off until tomorrow what you can do today

لا تؤجل عمل اليوم الى الغد

Language notes Up to date عصري او حديث Up date يطور شئ او يحدثة

Out of date شئ فات اوانة Expired - شئ منتهي الصلاحية

You have to be up to date and always try to update yourself to

adapt the changes of the life

I cant eat that food it is expired

Infected -ملوث عن طريق الهواء

Infectious معدي Infection عدوى

His cut has been infected

Many infections spread among people because of bad sanitation

Cold and flue are infectious

Bookshop مكتبة تبيع الكتب

Stationery -مكتبة ادوات مدرسية

We buy books from bookshops whereas we buy rulers and pencils

from the stationery

Part time لجزء من الوقت

Temporary -" مؤقت " لفترة من الوقت

Permanent بشكل دائم او مستمر

He can't get buy on his small salary so he will search for a part

time job

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When he graduates he want to take a permanent job

Students look for temporary jobs in summer holiday

General exercise on unit seven Rewrite the following sentences using words between brackets

1- I am sure Tamer isn’t over forty [can't]

2-i think he is definitely a doctor [must]

3-i think he is definitely un happy [can't

4- I suppose it is possible the thief had a key [might]

5-i think he was ill [must]

6-he can read and write [able to ][capable of]

7-perhaps he missed the train [might ]

8-computer enabled us to store information [We………]

9- it isn’t important to send the parcel today [have]

10-is it necessary for him to send you a telegram [does]

11-it was necessary to return home before ten [you…]

12- did you have to wait a longtime for the bus [ was ]

13-will you have to report this accident to the police [necessary]

14-it is forbidden to smoke in hospitals [mustn’t] [allowed]

15-it is advisable to come home on time [should] [if]['d better]

Write a paragraph about epidemic diseases that broke out

through the world these days

Write one word in each gap:

I applied ….1…a job there because I wanted to ….2….for modern

organization that works with foreign companies. …3….. Company

also offered to train me. I was very …4…in that ….5…I know that

learning ….6….the job will help me in the future

Supply the missing parts in the following dialogue

A: good afternoon, can I help you?

B: yes please, I'd……………………………………………………….

A: that's fine …………………………………………………………..?

B: yes it's Hassan Mosa

A: ………………………………………………………………………….?

B: from 14th June to the 10th July

A: I see ……………………………………………………………………?

B : four me , my wife and our two children

Answer these questions :

1-why mustn’t we leave dirty dishes lying around?

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2-why is it important to follow Hygiene rules?

3-why must we never eat food that smells bad?

4-how should we keep our food?

Unit eight "William Shakespeare "

.if had p.p., would have + p.p الثالثة : ifحالة

تعبر عن ندم على شئ حدث أو لم يحدث فى الماضى لو كانت الجملة فى الماضى تستخدم الحالة الثالثة مع تحويل المثبت لمنفى والعكس

* I didn't pass exam because I didn't study hard.

If I had studied hard, I would have passed exam.

ثم الفاعل فالتصريف الثالث hadوالبدً بـ ifيمكن حذف Had I studied hard, I would have passed exam.

للحالـة ingمتبوعـة باسـم أو بفعـل بـه if it weren't forأو withoutيمكن اسـتخدام الثانية

If Ahmed played, we would win.

If it weren't for Ahmed's playing, we wouldn't win.

متبوعـة if it hadn't been forأو withoutالثالثـة يمكـن اسـتخدام ifولو كانت حالة ingباسم أو بفعل به

Without computer, we wouldn't have stored information.

If it weren't for a computer, we wouldn't have stored information.

--

Language notes

Error - خطأ يؤدي الى ضرر mistake خظأ لا يؤدي الى ضرر كبير I took her bag by mistake

The doctor's error caused the patient's death

Capture يأسر شخص في حرب \يستولي على مكان \يأسر حيوان Captivated يعجب ب \ يأسر بالجمال He was captured by the enemy forces ]

I am still captivated by her beauty

Diary مفكرة يومية dairy - معمل البان

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I write my secrets in my diary

They send milk to the dairy to make dairy products

General exercises on unit eight Finish the following dialogue

Host : good evening Hani , do come in

Hani : …………………………………………..

Host : ……………………………………………..?

Hani : I prefer strong coffee

Host :why couldn't your wife come with us ?

Hani : she has to stay with our son , he ……………………

Host : oh! Is it serious?

Hani : No,……………………………cold

Write what would you say :

1-you are introduced to your brother's friend

2-you stepped on some one's foot on the metro 3-You don’t have enough time to buy a t- shirt. Express wishes using if

4-your friend's hand writing is illegible. Criticize him politely

* write a paragraph about "how will education be different in the

future"

Answer the following questions

1-what did king Lear decide to do when he became old ?

2-was Lear fair for what he had done? Why /

3-who really loved king Lear and who didn’t /

4-how did cordelia try to help her father at the end of the play?

5-what did cordelia tell her father in prison ?

Rewrite the following sentences:

1-they didn’t win because they didn’t train hard [ if]

2- Hard work was the key to my success [ if]

3-if he hadn’t helped me , I wouldn’t have achieved my goal

[without]

4-i didn’t offer him food because I didn’t know he was hungry [ if ]

5-i went for a swim, because it was fine [ if ]

6-she failed in the exam because she didn’t study hard [ if]

7-he was ill because he ate much cake [ if ]

8-if he didn’t phone , he wouldn't come [ unless]

9- In case he had come late, you would have sacked him out[ if]

10-there was a fog so he arrived late [if ] [ if it hadn’t been for ]

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Translate into English

تساعد اجهزة الكمبيوت الانسان في كافة نواحي الحياة الوقاية خير من العلاج

Unit 9 "it's a small world "

"toالمصدر + "او يمكن ان يتبع الفعل بــ … ingلات يتبع فيها الفعل هناك حا

والمصدر لو toلو كانت الجملة تعبر عن معني عام وتتبع بــ ingنضع للفعل

كانت تتحدث عن مناسبة محددة I go swimming in the sea every evening

I'm very hot I will go to swim

I like watching TV

When I fell bored I like to watch TV

toو المصدر يتبع الفعل بــ toو المصدر يتبع الفعل بــ toحالات يتبع فيها الفعل بــ -1

والمصدر لو كان يعبر عن المستقبل او لو جاء بعد اي من هذه الافعال التالية Agree – arrange – dare – refuse – afford – promise – manage –

deserve – attempt – threaten – offer – hope – want – wish –

pretend – learn – 'l like – 'd prefer – 'd love –

I hope to see you again

They managed to pass exam

I'd like to go out

I'd prefer to leave now

He decided to wait

ingفعل بفعل به حالات يتبع فيها ال -2

ومنها ingهناك بعض الافعال تتبع بالفعل وبه Avoid - suggest – dislike – regret – fancy – give up – deny – go

on – recommend – enjoy – prevent – miss – risk – keep on

I can't imagine living alone

Fancy having a cup of tea now

I felt sorry that I sold my car [regretted ]

I regretted selling my car

I decided to stop smoking [ give up]

I decided to give up smoking

: و منها ingتعبيرات تتبع بالفعل وبه

Look forward to – get – be used to – object to – be accustomed

to – it's no use – I can't help – I can't stand – can't bear – it's no

good – busy – worth – feel like

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I look forward to travelling abroad

I can't stand working day and night

It's no use listening to nonsense

I usually visit my friends [accustomed]

I am accustomed to visiting my friends

etc -watch –hear –See… ومنها : ingهناك افعال تتبع بالمفعول ثم الفعل وبه

I saw Ali reading a story

They heard her crying

( ويتغير معناها toا وان تتبع بــ ) المصدر + ingهناك افعال يمكن ان تتبع بالفعل وبه

Stop to + يتوقف لكي يقوم بعمل شيء معين المصدر

Stop + v + ing يتوقف عن عمل شيء ما اي يقلع عنه

He stopped to have a sandwich when he felt hungry

When he become ill, he stopped smoking

Forget to + نسيت ان افعل شيء ما اي اني لم افعله مصدر

Forget + v + ing نسيت اني قد مغلق شيء ما اي اني قد فعلته ولكني نسيت

I forget closing the door معناها اني اغلقت الباب ولكنى نسيت ذلك

I forget to close the door لانمعناها اني نسيت ان اغلق الباب اي ان الباب مفتوح ا

Remember to + يتذكر شيء ثم يقوم بعمله الان المصدر

Remember + v + ing يتذكر شيء فعله من قبل

I remember to send the letter معناها اني تذكرت اولا ثم ارسلت الخطاب

I remember sending the letter تذكرت اني قد ارسلت الخطاب من قبل

Regret يندم to + نادم انه مضطر لعمل شيء المصدر

Regret + v + ing نادم علي شيء عمله

I regret to tell the police about him انا مضطر لابلاغ الشرطة عنه I regret selling my car , it was excellent

Try to + يحاول ان المصدر

Try + v + ing يجرب عمل شيء

The tried to fix the window but he failed

He tried using the new medicine

Language notes توضعby قبل وسائل المواصلات في حالة عدم وجود اي كلمة بينهما

By car by train by taxi by plane ………..etc

توضعon قبل وسائل المواصلات في حالة وجود فاصل بينهما

On a plane on my bike on the bus on the train ….etc

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Car/ taxi في حالة وجود فاصل خصوصا مع in توضع

I go home in my car

هناك اكثر من طريقة يمكن استخدامها للتعبير عن بعض المميزات ومنها

- One of the main advantages of شيء is that جملة كاملة

The advantages of شيء is that جملة كاملة

The good thing about شيء is that جملة كاملة

……………………… brings many benefits to شيء

هناك اكثر من طريقة للتعبير عن العيوب ومنها

1. The disadvantages of شيءis that جملة كاملة

2. One of draw back of شيء is that جملة كاملة

3. Un fortunately جمــــلة كــاملــة

One advantage of computer is that it stores information

One disadvantage of computer is that it wastes time

One of the main advantages of mobile phones is that it is useful

at emergencies

One draw back of mobile phone is that it causes accidents while

driving

التعليق على الرأي :

للموافقه على الراي هناك نوعين وهماAgreeing but not strongly

موافقة ولكن ليست بقوة

Agreeing strongly

الموافقة بشدةI suppose so.

You could be right.

May be

I agree with you

You're right

Absolutely

I agree completely

لعدم الموافقة هناك طريقتينDisagreeing strongly

عدم الموافقة بقوة

Disagreeing politely

عدم الموافقة بادبRubbish!

No, it is not it is ……………

No , I disagree

I don't think so

Yes / ok but …………….

I know that but …………..

You're right but ………….

I don't think that's right

التعبير عن مميزات وعيوب

Advantages and disadvantages

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General exercise on unit nine

Write what would you say in the following situations 1-your friend thinks that having too many children is a burden for

the family

2-your friend thinks that TV is a bad invention , you don’t agree

3-your friend thinks that smoking is a good habit you disagree

strongly

4-you think that what your friend has just said was wrong

Rewrite the following sentences

1-the mobile disrupts lessons {drawback}

2- The telescope helps us see the moon [advantage]

3-mobile phones are portable [benefits]

4-the calculator saves time [One…….]

5-he didn’t agree to take the money [ refused]

6-it would be pleasant to go to the concert [look forward to ]

7-let's go to cinema [ suggested]

8-we were surprised that he passed the exam [ didn’t expect]

9-do you want to eat now ? [would ]

10-it isn’t a good idea to travel during rush hour [ avoid] Write a paragraph about the advantages and the disadvantages

of TV

fill in the gapes in the following paragraph

in many countries people depend -----[1]---computers to do work.

Computer can help doctors to---2---diseases. In the future

computer ---3--- play an important ----4-----in our life so we think the

computer is the ----5---wonderful invention so the ministry of

education provided schools ----6---computers

translate into Arabic

1- we learn languages to be able to communicate with foreigners

and to continue our higher studies

2- sleep is one of the ways by which nature renews our energy

and refreshes our minds

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Translate into English

اود ان اصبح مترجم فوري او ان اكون روائيا مشهورا-1

Readings

Reading on unit one

w about Nabawia Mosa ?what do you kno -1 -she was the first girl to go to high school

-she was the headmistress of El Mohamadia school

-she wrote many books about girl's education

?what do you know about Dr zahi Hawas -2

he is famous Egyptian archaeologist , he is interested in giving

back our treasures and statues like Rosetta stone

?what formed the underground water -3

Millions of years ago there was a heavy rain in the western desert;

water was stored under the sand of the desert

desert ?how often does it rain in the western -4

once every 20-50 years

what do you know about Dr Farouk El Baz ?-5 he was born in zagazig , he is a space scientist and geologist ,he

is the director of remote sensing in Boston university in USA

?what was his role in Apollo -6

he advised astronauts how to land on the moon ,how to collect

the lunar soil ,and how to take photographs on the moon

how did he help Egypt? -7

He used the remote sensing and photos from the satellites to

locate the places of underground water and oil

w about Rami Ashour ?what do you kno-8

He is international famous squash player, he won an important

championship in Canada ,at the age of 16 he became the

youngest player to win the men's world junior squash

championship , he lost to Amr shabana in 2006 ,his father was

an expert squash player

Reading on unit two

?where was Oliver Twist born and brought up -1

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in a work house because his mother bore him there

why did he escape to London ?-2

because he was punished severely in the work house because he

asked for more food

?how did Jack Dawkins try to help him -3

he gave him food and took him to Fagin

? how was Fagin a bad man-4

he taught children how to be thieves

?how was Mr. Brown low a kind man -5

he didn’t let the police arrest Oliver and also he adopted him by

food and took him to his house

?how did Billsiks kidnap Oliver from Brown low's house -6

while Oliver was looking through the window , Billsiks kidnapped

him and took him to Fagin

? what happened to Oliver at Mrs. Maylie's house-7

he was shot while they were robbing the house where she lived

with her niece Rose

? how were they kind-8

when he told them that he didn’t want to be a thief they believed

him and let him live with them

?s house 'what happened to the gang at Mrs. Maylie-9

they were all arrested

what did Oliver at the end of the novel?-10

He discovered that monks was his half brother ,Rose was his

mother's sister ,and Mrs. Maylie was his mother's aunt

? why did Monk's want to put Oliver into troubles -11

to take their father's money for himself

why did Dickens's father go to prison ?-12

because he feel into debt so Charles went to work in London's

factories then as a clerk then as a journalist to earn his living

?what was the pen name for Charles -13

he wrote under the pen name of Buzz

?ame one or two of Dickens's master piecesn-14

Great expectations , Oliver twist ,hard times ,David copper field

Reading on unit three

why is the brain more powerful and more complicated than -1

computer ?

Because it acts by itself and controls the whole body

44

2-how many cells does the brain have ?

It has about one hundred billion of cells

how can the brain control our five senses and the body ?-3

Senses send messages to the brain then the brain receives the

message and analyses it and sends another messages to the

senses ?what happens when you put your hand in hot water -4

Your hand sends a message to the brain says "very hot "then the

brain analyses it and send another message to you means take

your hands out

how long does it take for these messages ?-5

Only a part of second

what are the five senses ?-6

Sight , smelling , hearing , touching ,and tasting

? what does the brain control-7

It controls many things like our temperature ,heart ,breathing

,digestion…

?mber How does the brain help us to learn and reme-8 It acts as a store for past memories

how can we experience things?-9

By using our senses

Reading on unit four

1-what do you know about Abu Heif's childhood ?

He was born in Anfoushi area in Alex. In 1929 ,he was the tenth

of twelve sons , his father was a primary school teacher . Abu Heif

won the Egyptian primary school swimming

45

7-what proved that Abu Heif was generous?

He gave the money he won as a prize to the family of English swimmer

drowned while crossing the channel

8-what qualities made Abu heif a hero?

Determination, national pride, generosity and loyalty

9- How is the life of famous people different when they lose fame?

When Abu Heif was famous m everyone wanted to see and meet him but

when he was ill in hospital and lost his fame, only few visited him in

hospital till he died

10-When did he die?

In April 2008 with heart attack

11-what was the nickname of Abu Heif?

He was nicknamed "the crocodile of the Nile"

12-what should be done to heroes?

Pension should be given to them; their names should be given to public

places

old man and the sea " ive" thefReading on unit

way?What do you know about Ernest Hemming He was born in Chicago in 1899; he was the second of six children

-he loved outdoor life like camping, walking and fishing

-at the age of 18 he left school during the first world war and joined the

red cross , he was the first one to be wounded

-he worked as a journalist then as a fiction writer

way?What are the main novels for hemming -2

A farewell to arms and the old man and the sea

Manolin?what was the job of Santiago "the old man "and -3

Santiago was a fisher man and manolin was his apprentice

why did manolin have to leave Santiago despite loving him?-4

Santiago didn’t catch a fish for more 84 days so Manolin's parents asked

him to work for another person

courageous? dhow was Santiago helpful an-5

After 48 days with no fish he sailed along way out to the sea a lone to

catch fish

46

sea?what happened on his first day on the -6

He caught a big fish "marlin"

fish?why couldn’t he pull the -7

It was very big and he wasn’t strong enough to pull it

pain?why was Santiago in great -8

Because he had the fishing line around his body

why could he pull the marlin and kill it on the third day /-9

Because the marlin became very tired

was thinking of the money he would while Santiagowhat happened -10

get?

Sharks attacked the marlin, he could kill seven sharks but during the

night more sharks came and ate the marlin

e?homwhat was he pulling when he got -11

Only the Skelton of marlin

once?12 why did he go to bed at

Because he was completely exhausted

of marlin / Skeltonwhat did manolin do when he saw the -13

He ran to Santiago's home as he was worried about him, he gave

Santiago tea, bread and newspapers

He also promised to sail with him the next time

Reading on unit six

people?how is pollution a big problem to the environment and -1

Because it can damage our health and environment badly, for example if

you sit in traffic jam in Cairo, your lung will be filled with fumes

pollution?how did scientists try to solve the problem of -2

They designed vehicles that run on natural gas and others can burn

petrol efficiently

cars?of the early electric are the disadvantageswhat -3

They couldn’t store as much fuel as petrol vehicles

-they couldn't travel as far or fast as petrol cars

how will hybrid cars be economical?-4

They will use batteries then use petrol when the battery is empty, they

use fuel so they can go farther using the same amount of petrol

oil?did scientists try to find a replacement for how-5

Cars can run on vegetable oil planted by farmers

New cars are being worked on to make its energy from oxygen and

hydrogen

Reading on revision B ''a farewell to arms ''

47

It tells the story of Hemming way himself what happened to Fredrick Hennery in the war in Italy?-1

He was badly wounded in leg and was sent into special hospital in Milan

where he met Catharine

what did Hennery and Catherine do?-2

They escaped to another country where they married and lived happily in

a small mountain village till Catherine died

Unit seven

flue? birds'how can people catch -1

They catch birds' flue, if they are near infected birds

?recent outbreak of birds flu where was the-2

It started in2003 in Asia. And then in Africa and the Middle East

what kind of birds can catch birds flu?-3

All wild birds and farm birds like chickens, ducks,…etc and animals like

the domestic cats

what should people do to protect themselves?-4

If you have touched an infected bird, you must wash very well then you

must see the doctor

what are hygiene and sanitation?-5

Hygiene is personal cleanliness but sanitation is public cleanliness

how can infectious pass from one person to another ? -6

Because of bad sanitation and hygiene, if a child has a dirty hand, it will

be covered with millions of germs

what might happen if a child with a dirty hands gave another child a -7

piece of sweets?

That child might be sick as he ate the germs of another child

les of hygiene?are thee ru illness? Whathow can we avoid -8

-wash your hands before meals

-take a bathe more often in hot weather or when you have been running

or been to the gym.

-make sure that flies and other insects don’t land on your food as they

eat dirt

-don’t leave dirty dishes lying around as they would attract flies

–never eat food that smells bad because it might be poisonous

Don’t eat food from a tin if the tin is damaged

clean?what would happen if the hospital wasn’t -9

Wounds might be infected then the ill person dies

Lear"unit eight "king Reading on

Shakespeare?what do you know about William -1

He was born in start ford on April 1564. His father was a glove maker

48

William left school at the age of 14 because of a financial problem

He married Anne Hathaway and had three children

He worked as an actor then he wrote poems like "venues and adones"

He had a theater group called king's men

He worked on Globe Theater near river Thames

Shakespeare?what are the master works of -2

King Lear. Romeo and Joliet, Macbeth and mid summer nights dream

? Learwho was king -3

He was the king of Britain

what did he decide to do ?-4

He decided to give his country to his three daughters "Goneril, Regan and

cordelia"

what did he ask them to tell him ?-5

He asked them to tell him how much they love him

why did he give Goneril and Regan and deprived cordelia ?-6

Regan and Goneril told him that they love him very much "in fact they didn’t "whereas cordelia couldn’t express her real love so he was angry with her

what happened to cordelia ? -7

She married the duke of France

thing?friends treat him after losing every Lear'show did -8

They became unfriendly to him

a mistake ? committeddiscover that he Learhow did king -9

Regan and Goneril treated him very badly till he wandered the streets

like beggars and the only one that helped him was cordelia

father?how did cordellia try to help her -10

She fought her two sisters ' armies but she was defeated and was

imprisoned with King Lear

what did cordelia tell her father in prison ? -11

She told him that she loved him very much

the world in ten minutes " "aroundReading on unit nine

what is the bad side in the life in London /-1

Prices are sky high, traffic is terrible, public transport is expensive an

slow and the underground is very crowded and dirty

London?what can you enjoy seeing in -2

Historic buildings and wonderful places to visit like museums, theater

and beautiful shops and big parks

York? Newdo you know a bout What -3

It is the biggest city in USA

It is the most important business center and a busy port

It has the statue of liberty "the symbol of freedom"

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It has many skyscrapers like the empire state building Paris?what do you know about -4

It is the capital of France, people think it is the most beautiful city in the

world; every year more than two million tourists visit it

Paris?is the symbol of What for? /famous Pariswhat is -5

It is famous for Eiffel tower which is a tall metal structure

What do you know about Tokyo? -6

It is the capital of Japan. It is very overcrowded. It is Japan's main

business centre. It has the worst pollution as it is always filled with traffic. It

is the home of the emperor

famous?so Cairowhy is -7

It has the largest population in Africa; it is a tourism center as visitors

from all over the world come to see building from ancient times like the

pyramids

Reading on revision c

city ? Mexicowhy is pollution so bad in -1

Because there are mountains all around the city so there isn’t much wind

pollution?do there to cut peoplewhat did the -2

They moved factories from city center to land outside

-they planted trees around and a long the road

They put colored signs to represent who can drive their cars on that day

why did they fail to reduce pollution ? -3

Poor people didn’t go to their work on the days of their signs and rich

people bought another sign so pollution became worse

how could London succeed to cut pollution ?-4

They made drivers pay to drive during working hours but driving at

weekends is allowed

?what can pollution cause-5

Brain damage from lead dioxide, it also can cause cancer