Unit IV1800-1836

Part 1

Review Election of 1800 (The Revolution of

1800) Campaign centered on taxes from war

and Sedition Act Little change Tariff went up Whiskey tax abolished Naturalization back to 5 years

Amendment 12 Judiciary Act 1801 & the Midnight

Judges Marbury v Madison 1803: established

Judicial Review

The Federalists

Had solved every major problem of the Confederation period but will never win another election because they lost the public trust

NOTE: In some states electors were chosen by popular vote rather than being chosen by state legislators

Jefferson

VP was Aaron Burr (until election of 1804)

Sec. of State was Madison Sec. of the Treasury was Al Gallatin

Republicans tried unsuccessfully to impeach federal judges who had imprisoned journalists under the Sedition Act. Especially Chase

Jefferson and the Enlightenment

Was a Deist Well-rounded: inventor, scientist,

linguist, agriculturalist, architect

Was Laissez-Faire: Downsize the Government, Downsize the Army Dismantle the Navy: could not due to

the war with the Barbary Pirates (We needed the Navy in 1812)

Jefferson’s Goals

Participation of the common man in government (when he was educated and sufficiently informed)

The eventual end of slavery Women’s education: the Republican

Mother Payment of debts No entangling alliances Saw a largely agricultural U.S. with

support from industry

Education

Jefferson called for education for all but states not ready to support public schools

Few opportunities for women Most high schools and universities

affiliated with a religious domination University education available to

prosperous MEN BUT universities no longer just for

the ministry

Science curriculums

Were offered due to the influence of the Enlightenment

Benjamin Rush founded the first university medical school at University of Pennsylvania in the early 19th Century

Most lawyers still apprenticed and not university trained

1819 Dartmouth College v Woodward

Marshall ruled that a charter is a contract and that states may not interfere into a contract

Background: Dartmouth College in NH was a private school with a charter

The Republican dominated state legislature tried to turn Dartmouth into a public institution

Marshall said, “No.”Many who had held back will now be

willing to investIn industry. The Dartmouth case was

important for corporations

Cultural Changes

To this point, the U.S. followed Europe’s lead in terms of the arts

Now: some independence

The Hartford Wits: (Washington Irving, Barlow, Brown) a group of writers from Conn with a unique American style

Religion

By 1790 only 10% were attending traditional Churches

Due to the influence of the Enlightenment

Instead “rational” religions: Deism, Unitarianism

Calvinism was just about gone Salvation through the Grace of God

will be replaced with faith and free will

The Second Great Awakening

A reaction to the Enlightenment A religious revivalism to stop the flow of

rationalism in religion Preachers: Dwight (Presbyterian) Cartwright: the circuit-riding

preacher Asbury (Methodist)Salvation now available to allLarge Camp Meetings (25,000)

The Second Great Awakening

Women became more involved in the Churches

Black ministers had their own Great Awakening

Native Americans had Great Awakenings too

Neolin: Delaware Indian Prophet Handsome Lake: Seneca Tribe

Industrial Revolution

In England: Textiles biggest industry Steam Power: 1769 Watt’s Improved

Steam Engine was a big deal

In America: Slow growth due to the influence of Republicans

BUT immigrants from England brought the technology

Sam Slater brought plans to the spinning mill

American Innovations

Oliver Evans: Flour Mill, improved steam engine and first engineering text: The Young Millwright’s and Miller’s Guide

Eli Whitney: The Cotton Gin 1793 Within 10 years cotton production

increased eight fold = Slavery more important than ever

NOTE

As New England continues to industrialize and as the South embraces the cotton gin and slavery two different American societies continue to grow farther and farther apart

Transportation

By 1793 America had more ships involved in international commerce than anywhere else in the world in proportion to the population.

Toll Roads beginning in 1792 Steam Ships by 1815 (Fulton’s

Clermont) Canals by 1825 (Erie Canal in NY

built by 1825) Railroads hot stuff by 1850’s (began

by 1828)

The Cumberland Roadaka National Road

From Cumberland, Maryland to Wheeling, Va.

Proposed by Gallatin Approved by Republican Congress

and Jefferson Cost (federal $) $ 20 million so not

built until later…1811-1818 NOTE: No provision in the

Constitution for use of federal funds for internal improvements

NOTE Under Jefferson, the Republican

Congress was willing to vote to federally funded roads because farmers (Western Republicans) needed this help

Federalists in New England wanted federally funded roads as well to get to raw materials (cotton and wool) faster and to get their finished goods to market faster.

Southerners (Republicans) did not need roads as they had E & W navigable rivers. Also, they were afraid that the tariff might go higher to fund improvements.

Foreign Affairs under Jefferson

War with Tripoli (the Barbary Pirates!) 1801 Pirates cut down American flagpole

at U.S. Consulate in Tripoli and threw camel dung at it signaling they wanted to raise the cost of the tribute

Pirates captured The Philadelphia and crew (307)

Pirates wanted $3 million in ransom Admiral Preble with The Constitution

bombed the snot out of Derna, Tripoli’s major port

As bombing continued, ransom demand decreased

War with the Barbary Pirates

Stephen Decatur great American naval hero.

Captured two pirate ships and set The Philadelphia afire so that it couldn’t be used against us

1805 peace settlement. U.S. paid $60,000 in ransom

Madison will finish off the pirates in his term

The Barbary War

The war with the Barbary pirates was important because:

It saved the navy from being abolished.

We will need a navy for the War of 1812

Also: it revealed the power of the President in an undeclared war

The Louisiana Purchase The Treaty of San Ildefonso 1800: Spain

secretly gave the Louisiana Territory to France (Napoleon)

Spain believed the land only valuable as a buffer between the U.S. and Mexico

Jefferson worried about having a new aggressive neighbor…what about the Right of Deposit?

NOTE: Jefferson’s CHIEF concern was western trade

Louisiana Purchase

Jefferson sent two diplomats: Livingston and Monroe to France to make Napoleon an offer:

$10 million for New Orleans and Florida

Florida was Spanish but we figured Napoleon could bully Spain into letting us have it.

Louisiana Purchase

Napoleon was short on $ He was having trouble re-enslaving

population in Haiti

Napoleon’s counter offer: $15 million for entire Louisiana Territory! Also, inhabitants to become U.S. Citizens

Monroe and Livingston not authorized for more BUT

Louisiana Purchase

It was a sweet deal! Too good to pass up…

The Treaty was brought to Jefferson

Issues: Only congress has the power to naturalize citizens…not the President

Also…there is nothing in the Constitution that says a President may acquire land this way (or any other way)

Jefferson’s Quandary

Jefferson still considered himself to be a strict constructionist (the federal government can only do what is spelled out in black and white in the Constitution)

Jefferson would have liked for congress to amend the Constitution so that it WOULD be in black and white BUT there was no time! Napoleon might change his mind! He was not a patient man! What to do?

Jefferson signed the treaty

Although it did go against his principles

Hamilton urged him to do it for the good of the country

Other Federalists not so happy. (later)

The treaty DID increase the security of the U.S.

It was certainly strategically located. Boundaries were unclear

1804 Election

Republicans: Jefferson (162)Federalists: Pinckney (14)

Jefferson dropped Burr from the ticket.

New VP was Clinton

Exploratory Expeditions1804-1806

Louis and Clark were supposed to:

Find the source of the Mississippi River Find a route across the Rockies to the

Pacific Observe the customs of the Indians

Explorations Zebulon Pike was supposed to find the

source of the Mississippi Claimed that the area between the

Mississippi and the Rockies was unfit for human habitation

Same opinion of Stephen Long, an explorer in the 1820’s

Jefferson: A perfect spot for the Indians! All kinds of Indian removals will be

sanctioned beginning at this point.

Internal Dissension The New England Federalists were a

minority in Congress Were not happy with the Louisiana

Purchase (although Hamilton supported it)

They knew that as states entered from the West, they would be Republican states

And that Federalist power would continue to diminish over time

Claimed the Louisiana Purchase was unconstitutional based on strict construction!

Essex Junto

New England Federalists formed Essex Junto in 1804

They schemed to form a confederacy of New England states and leave the union

They knew that they would need New York if they were going to make it

A gubernatorial election in NY was at hand

The Essex Junto

They planned to recruit Aaron Burr to run for governor of NY (but he was a republican!)

Proposal: if Burr would agree to become a Federalist and run for governor of NY and win, then he would be President of the new confederation

Burr was power hungry and agreed to the plan

Earlier

The Essex Junto had offered the same proposal to Hamilton

Hamilton turned them down

But now…Hamilton knew about the conspiracy.

Hamilton exposed the plan and blasted Burr whenever he could

Burr lost the election and the Essex Junto fell apart

Aaron Burr His father was the second President of

Princeton (then, College of New Jersey) Burr’s mother was the daughter of

Jonathan Edwards Burr was an officer in the American Rev.

and served with distinction under Benedict Arnold

Burr saved his regiment at the Battle of Long Island

Burr served at Valley Forge with distinction

As President of the Senate: “His fair and judicious manner was recognized even by his bitterest enemies…he helped to foster tradition in regard to that position…generous to a fault..devoted to family”

Hamilton hated Burr Hamilton continued to insult Burr in

public and in the press even after the failed New York election.

In the end, Burr challenged Hamilton to a duel

So Hamilton got to choose the weapons

Although Hamilton had a fine set of his own dueling pistols, he chose to use a set owned by his brother-in-law, Church

Why did Hamilton hate Burr so much?

Burr was an attorney. One of his clients was the Manhattan

Co. which had been given a contract by New York State to provide clean drinking water.

The Charter included a provision allowing the company to establish a financial institution…a bank (later the Chase Manhattan Bank)

This bank would be competition for Hamilton’s BUS!

The Duel Dueling was illegal but Burr had little

choice. He was baited and insulted publically

Hamilton had mentioned Burr’s “despicable character” in an editorial in the Albany Register

Hamilton brought down the gun and it fired high into the trees

Burr shot Hamilton in the liver Hamilton, before he died, said, “I never

meant to fire.” Burr took off (he was still VP)

Burr was vilified by the history books, Jefferson,

everyone BUT in the 1970’s the Smithsonian asked

Burr’s great-great granddaughter for permission to examine the pistols which were in the vault of the Chase Manhattan bank

The Smithsonian discovered that the pistols had been modified with a hair trigger mechanism

Hamilton knew it, Burr and most others did not

That’s why Hamilton chose these pistols!

The Duel Normally, pistols had a 10-12 pound pull

(a lot for an index finger) These pistols were modified with a hair

trigger Hamilton must have been nervous and

the gun went off too soon

Church had killed a man in England earlier with the pistols

Hamilton’s son had used these pistols earlier but died in his duel much like his father did!

Burr’s conspiracy in the West

Burr was indicted for murder but ran away West

He conspired with others: A Spanish minister, an English minister, the Governor of Louisiana Territory, Wilkinson, and others to: Conquer Mexico Have Western States and Louisiana

territory succeed from the union Form another country with Burr as

king!

Jefferson’s Reaction

Jefferson offered blanket pardons to anyone who would turn states evidence against Burr

Used federal Marshalls and federal funds to find witnesses against Burr (found 140)

Burr’s whereabouts …the worst kept secret of the day

Wilkinson was a turncoat. Sent frequent missives to Jefferson regarding Burr’s actions and movements

Burr was brought to trial for treason

Marshall was the judge Marshall loved to bait Jefferson Marshall openly sided with Burr Disallowed many witnesses To be guilty of treason…one must have

two witnesses to the same act Marshall disallowed supporting

witnesses so Burr was acquitted

The End of Burr

Burr went to France and tried to convince Napoleon to conquer Canada and let Burr rule it

Napoleon was not interested

Burr returned home, changed his name, practiced law in New York and died.