The Market Revolution (1820-1850). 1.Population growth 1800 = 5.5 million to 33 million by 1861 13...
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Transcript of The Market Revolution (1820-1850). 1.Population growth 1800 = 5.5 million to 33 million by 1861 13...
The Market Revolution The Market Revolution (1820-1850)(1820-1850)
The Market Revolution The Market Revolution (1820-1850)(1820-1850)
1. Population growth• 1800 = 5.5 million to 33 million by 1861• 13 states to 33 states by 1861 • Expansion of cities
2. Flow of Immigration – 1830’s to 1860’s• Why? Potato famine and European problem
• Irish• German
• Hated by “Nativists”
3. Transformation of American Industry• Industrial Revolution – why?
• American System• Sectionalism
• Industrial pioneers
5.3
mil
lion
Population Growth from 1620 to 1860
City growth
Westward expansion Growth of cities and states by
1850
Sources of Immigration,
1820-40
Sources of Immigration,
1820-40
Sources of Immigration,
1840-60
Sources of Immigration,
1840-60
Settlements of ImmigrantsSettlements of Immigrants
•Irish in Northeastern cities: New York and Boston
•Germans would settle in Midwest
A shift from goods made by hand to factory and mass production
Technological innovations brought production from farmhouse to factories Invented in Britain in 1750; smuggled to U.S. Beginning of US Factory System
US slow to embrace factory system Scarce labor Little capital Superiority of British factories
Erie Canal SystemErie Canal System
Principal Canals in 1840Principal Canals in 1840
HighwaysBad roads made transportation highly
unreliable
The National Road begun in 1811 and completed by 1832 Connected Maryland to Illinois. Built by US government
Cumberland (National Road), 1811
•Help unite the country as well as improve the economy and
the infant industry.
•Because of the British
blockade during the War of 1812, it was essential for
internal transportation improvements.
Map rr
•Telegraph revolutionized communication
•Would replace the Pony Express by
1861
Trails
•Built first textile mill in 1793 in Pawtucket, Rhode Island.
•Born in England on June 9, 1768 and worked in British factories. •Slater came to US to make his fortune in the textile industry.
•Slatersville Mill was the largest and most modern industrial cotton mill
of its day
Samuel Slater was the "Father of the "Father of the American Factory American Factory
System."System."
Early Textile LoomEarly Textile Loom
The Lowell MillsThe Lowell MillsAmericans beat the British at their
own game, made better factoriesFrancis C Lowell (a British
“traitor”) came over here to build British factories met up with Boston mechanic, Paul Moody Together they improved the mill and
invented a power loom that revolutionized textile manufacturing
The Lowell System Lowell,
Massachusetts, 1832
Young New England farm girls Supervised on and off the job Worked 6 days a week, 13 hours a day Escorted to church on Sunday
Women & the EconomyWomen & the Economy1850: 10% of white women working for
pay outside home Vast majority of working women were single Left paying jobs upon marriage
“Cult of domesticity” Cultural idea that glorifies homemaker
Empowers married women Increased power & independence of women in
home led to decline in family size
Workers & Wage Slaves
Workers & Wage Slaves
With industrial revolution, large impersonal factories surrounded by slums full of “wage slaves” developed
Long hours, low wages, unsanitary conditions, lack of heat, etc.
Labor unions illegal
1820: 1/2 of industrial workers were children under 10
Workers & Wage SlavesWorkers & Wage Slaves1820s & 1830s: right to vote for
laborers Loyalty to Democratic party led to improved
conditions Fought for 10-hour day, higher wages, better
conditions
1830s & 1840s: Dozens of strikes for higher wages or 10-hour day 1837 depression hurt union membership
Commonwealth v. Hunt Supreme Court ruled unions not illegal
conspiracies as long as they were peaceful
•1830s, Industrialization
grew throughout the North…
•Southern cotton shipped to Northern
textile mills was a good working relationship.
Resourcefulness & Experimentation
Resourcefulness & Experimentation
Americans were willing to try Americans were willing to try
anything. anything.
They were first copiers, thenThey were first copiers, then innovators. innovators.
Americans were willing to try Americans were willing to try
anything. anything.
They were first copiers, thenThey were first copiers, then innovators. innovators.1800 1800 41 patents were 41 patents were approved.approved.
1860 1860 4,357 “ “ “4,357 “ “ “
1800 1800 41 patents were 41 patents were approved.approved.
1860 1860 4,357 “ “ “4,357 “ “ “
•Eli Whitney’s cotton gin revolutionized the cotton industry.
•He is also noted for the concept of mass production and
interchangeable parts by creating dyes for pistols and rifles.
•Very important early pioneer in America’s industrial revolution.
Cotton Production
The invention which changed
the South, cotton and slavery.
Whitney Ends the Fiber Famine
Cotton gin invented in 1793 50 times more effective than hand picking
Raising cotton more profitable South needs slavery more than ever for “King Cotton”
New England factories flourish with Southern cotton
1807, Fulton's Clermont, was the first commercially successful and reliable
steamboat. Steam boat would revolutionize water travel.
The steamboat was often the only mechanical means of river travel and freight transportation
from 1808 through 1930.
1807, Fulton's Clermont, was the first commercially successful and reliable
steamboat. Steam boat would revolutionize water travel.
The steamboat was often the only mechanical means of river travel and freight transportation
from 1808 through 1930.
John Deere & the Steel PlowJohn Deere & the Steel Plow
Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper
Cyrus McCormick& the Mechanical Reaper
Samuel F. B. MorseSamuel F. B. Morse
1840 – Telegraph1840 – Telegraph
“WHAT GOD HATH WROUGHT”“WHAT GOD HATH WROUGHT”
Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858
Cyrus Field & the Transatlantic Cable, 1858
Elias Howe & Isaac Singer1840s
Sewing Machine
Elias Howe & Isaac Singer1840s
Sewing Machine
Perfected by SingerGave boost to northern industry
Became foundation for ready-made clothing industry
Led many women into factories
From left to right: Eli Whitney (cotton gin, interchangeable parts), Robert Fulton (steam boat), Thomas Edison (light bulb), Cyrus McCormick (reaper), Richard Hoe (automatic printing press)
From left to right: Eli Whitney (cotton gin, interchangeable parts), Robert Fulton (steam boat), Thomas Edison (light bulb), Cyrus McCormick (reaper), Richard Hoe (automatic printing press)