Unit 6 Grammar Forms & Functions 3

MODALS PART 1

Unit 6 Grammar Forms & Functions 3

Introduction to Modal Verbs & Phrases

Use modal verbs WITH a main verb.

Subject + Modal + Verb = You should see a doctor.

Subject + Modal + NOT + Verb = They can not play baseball.

Yes/No Questions: Modal + Subject + Verb = Can you swim?

Wh- Questions: Wh- Word + Modal + Subject + Verb = When should we eat?

Modals Modal Phrases

can/couldmustwillshouldwouldmay/might

be able tohave tobe going tobe supposed toused tobe allowed to

Can, Could, Be Able To = Express Ability

“Can” can talk about ability in the present and future

“Could” can talk about ability in the past

“Be able to” also expresses ability – not used as frequently as “can” and “could”

Use “was able to” or “were able to” for opportunity that resulted in action – not “could”

Use “will be able to” about an ability that we do not currently have but will have in the future

Sometimes have to use “be able to” instead of “can” such as with other modals

Usually use “can” or “could” with stative verbs like “see, hear, smell, taste, understand, and remember.”

Correct. Should be modal (Can) + subject

(you) + verb (go).A. Can you go on

Saturday?Incorrect. Should be

modal (Can) + subject (you) + verb (go).B. Can you on Saturday go?

Correct. “Not” goes between the modal and

the verb.A. They could not find

the right exit.Incorrect. “Not” goes

between the modal and the verb.

B. They could find not the right exit.

Correct. The modal should go in front of the

verb.B. She can ride a

bicycle.Incorrect. The modal

should go in front of the verb.

A. She ride a bicycle can.

Verbs followed by infinitivesClick on the correct sentence.

Click to go to next slide.

Incorrect. Try again.

C. Both are correct.





Correct. Use “be able to” with another modal

like “might.”A. We might be able

to finish soon.Incorrect. Use “be able to” with another modal

like “might.”B. We might can

finish soon.

Correct. Use “could” for past abilities.

B. She could jog three miles before she hurt

her knee.Incorrect. Use “could”

for past abilities.A. She can jog three miles before she hurt

her knee.

Both are correct. Use “can” or “will be able

to” to express ability in the future.

A. When Tom comes, he will be able to help

you.

Both are correct. Use “can” or “will be able

to” to express ability in the future.

B. When Tom comes, he can help you.

Correct. See explanations

.C. Both are

correct.







Must, Have To, Have Got To = Obligation and Necessity

“Have to” is more common than “must” in spoken English (hafta)

“Must” is used on forms, signs, notices = formal situations

“Must” = necessity comes from speaker >> You must turn in your paragraphs next week.

“Have to” = necessity comes from outside the speaker >> I have to write my paragraph (because the teacher said so).

“Must” can show urgency >> We must get her to the doctor now.

“Have got to” is informal English

No past form of “must” or “have got to” >> “have to” can be used in the past

“Have got to” can become a contraction; “have to” cannot be a contraction

>> I have to buy a computer. >> I’ve got to buy a computer.

Correct. “Have got to” can be contracted, but “have to” cannot be

contracted.

Incorrect. “Have got to” can be contracted, but “have to” cannot be

contracted.

A. I’ve to borrow money for a car.

B. I’ve got to borrow money for a car.

Incorrect. Do not use “have got to go” in past

tense.A. I had got to go early last night.

Correct. Do not use “have got to go” in past

tense.B. I had to go early

last night.

Both are correct. “Have to” and “must” express

obligation.

A. The last person to leave must lock the

doors.

Both are correct. “Have to” and “must” express

obligation.

B. The last person to leave has to lock the

doors.


.C. Both are

correct.







Not Have to, Must Not = Prohibition and Lack of Necessity

“Not have to” means “not necessary because there is another possibility”

“Must not” means “do not do something because it is not allowed or it is against the law”

Do not use “must not” with adults usually

“Not have to” can be used in past, present, and future

“Must not” is only used in the present or future

Incorrect. Need a main verb to go with the

modal “should.”B. Billy, you should not near the fire.

Correct. This means the help is not necessary,

but it would be allowed.B. You don’t have to

help me today.Incorrect. “Must not” does not have a “to”

between them.A. You must to not

help me today.

Correct. “Did not have to” is the past form of

“not have to.”

A. I did not have to renew my driver’s license this year.

Incorrect. There is not a past form of “must not.”

B. I did must not renew my driver’s license this year.

Correct. Of course, “Billy” is a child or else

we would not talk to him like this.

A. Billy, you must not go near the fire.









Should, Ought To, Had Better = To Give Advice

Use “should” more than “ought to”

“Had better” to express a strong recommendation in a specific situation

“Had better” is present or future, not past

Use “should” for questions, not “had better” and usually not “ought to”

Correct. We use “should” in questions.

A. Should we go together?

Incorrect. Do not use “had better” in

questions.B. Had we better go

together?

Correct. “Had better” can be contracted down

to “ ‘d.”B. You’d better leave now, or you’ll be late.

Incorrect. “Had better” is present and future

tense.

A. You have better leave now, or you’ll

be late.

Both are correct. Both are giving advice.

A. You should learn to drive.

Both are correct. Both are giving advice.

B. You ought to learn to drive.


.C. Both are

correct.







Should Have, Ought To Have = Regret or a Mistake

Modal + “have” + past participle = a perfect modal >> I should have gone there.

Do not write “should of” instead of “should have”

“Should have” or “Ought to have” refer to the best thing to do, but it wasn’t what we did.

Correct. “Should have” is one of the perfect

tense modals.B. I should have

brought more money.Incorrect. “Should of” is

not grammatically correct.

A. I should of brought more money.

Correct. “Ought not to have” for the negative.

A. He ought not to have said that.

Incorrect. “Should not” does not have a “to”

after it.B. He should not to

have said that.

Correct. The verb should be in the past

participle form.

A. When should I have repaired the

car?

Incorrect. The verb should be in the past

participle form.B. When should I

have repair the car?Incorrect. Try again.








Be Supposed To = Expectation

“Be supposed to” talks about what we expect to happen because it is normal or part of an arrangement or duty or custom

There often is a difference between what is supposed to happen and what really happens

“Was supposed to” or “were supposed to” for past tense

Both are correct. “Be supposed to” shows

expectation and “should” represents

advice.

A. You are supposed to take something for the host when you go

for dinner.

Both are correct. “Be supposed to” shows

expectation and “should” represents

advice.

B. You should take something for the

host when you go for dinner.


.C. Both are

correct.

Incorrect. Use “was supposed to” or “were supposed to” for past

tense.

A. She is supposed to call yesterday, but

she didn’t.

Correct. Use “was supposed to” or “were supposed to” for past

tense.

B. She was supposed to call yesterday, but

she didn’t.Incorrect. Try again.



Click to end show.

Unit 6 Grammar Forms & Functions 3

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