UNIT 6: DNA BIG IDEA: DNA contains the genetic information to produce proteins but must first be...
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UNIT 6: DNA
BIG IDEA: DNA contains the genetic information to produce proteins but must first be converted to RNA to do
so
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http://evolution.berkeley.edu/evolibrary/article/mutations_02
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Why do cells need DNA?
• DNA contains the information cells need to function and live.
• Two main roles for DNA are
1. Storing genetic info and to
2. “Read” and translated to make proteins
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DNA Replication
“It has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a possible copying mechanism for
the genetic material”~Watson and Crick
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Why do cells need to replicate (copy) their DNA?
• To make new cells and make sure all new cells have a complete set of the genetic info
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How do cells replicate their DNA?
1. The DNA double helix is
unwound by an enzyme.
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adds complementary nucleotides.
2. Another enzyme moves down the 2 original DNA strands and
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3. Two separate DNA molecules are formed, each withone new strand and one old strand.
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Replication Stats• 6 billion base pairs per cell.• All are replicated in a few hours. • Mistake happens one per billion
nucleotides.
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Mistakes = Mutations• Mutations are changes in the base
sequence of the DNA molecules.• This can have serious affects on
genes and the functions of cells.• Cancer is caused by mutations in
DNA.
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Mutagens
• Physical or chemical factor that increases the frequency of mutations.
• Examples: UV rays, X-rays, smoking
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3 Types of Mutations
• Insertion• Deletion• Substitution
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MUTATIONS
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DO NOW:
• What words do you think of when you hear the term mutations?
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Three Types
1. Substitute: one nitrogen base is substituted for another in the DNA strand
• Normal DNA:TAGCGCTAATCGCGAT
Mutated DNA:TAGCGCTAATCTCGAT
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Three Types
• Insertion: One nitrogen base is inserted or added to a DNA strand
• Normal DNA:TAGCGCTA
ATCGCGAT
• Mutated DNA:TAGCGCTA
ATTCGCGAT
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Three Types
3. Deletion: one nitrogen base is deleted from the DNA strand
• Normal DNA:TAGCGCTA
ATCGCGAT
Mutated DNA:
TAGCGCTA
ATCGCAT
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Substitution Examples
Normal DNA: DNA with Mutation:AAA ATG CTT AAA ATG TTT
mRNA: mRNA:UUU UAC GAA UUU UAC AAA
Amino Acid: Amino Acid:Phe-Tyr-Glu Phe-Tyr-Lys
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Create:
1. DNA strand with one base inserted
2. DNA strand with one base deleted
How does this effect amino acid sequence?
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Chromosomal Mutations
• Deletion: loss of a piece of chromosome
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Mutation Type 2 & 3
• Inversion: chromosomal segment breaks off, flips around backward, and reattaches
• Translocation: piece of one chromosome breaks off and reattaches to a nonhomologous chromosome
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Mutation Type #4
• Nondisjunction- chromosome fails to separate from it homologue
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Protein Synthesis
Transcription
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DNA vs. RNA
• Single stranded
• Ribose sugar• Uracil• Anywhere
• Double stranded
• Deoxyribose sugar
• Thymine • Nucleus
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3 Types of RNA
• Messenger RNA (mRNA): Carries information from DNA to ribosome for________________.
• Transfer RNA (tRNA): Transport _________________.
• Ribosomal RNA (rRNA): makes up the _____________.
protein synthesis
amino acids
ribosomes
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Part 1:Steps of Transcription1. An _________ attaches to a section of
DNA, separating the two strands. 2. The enzyme moves down the DNA,
building a strand of RNA that is __________________ to the DNA.
3. The enzyme reads a ________ code and the new strand of RNA is completed and moves into the _______________.
enzyme
complementary
STOP
cytoplasm
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Protein Synthesis
Translation
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The genetic code• The base sequence is read in groups
of ____________________________. • Each 3-nucleotide sequence is called
a _________. • Each codon encodes for a specific
____________or a ______or ______signal.
three adjacent nucleotides
codon
amino acid start stop
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Amino Acid
Anti-codon
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Steps of Translation
1. mRNA attaches to a ____________. Amino acids floating in the cytoplasm are transported to the ribosome by _______.
2. The first tRNA binds to the ______ codon: AUG.
ribosome
tRNA
start
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3. Another tRNA binds to the next codon and carries the appropriate amino acid. A __________________ forms between the two amino acids.
4. The first tRNA leaves and the ribsome moves across the next __________.
peptide bond
codon
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5. Another tRNA binds to the codon and attaches the corresponding amino acid. The __________________ chain continues to grow.
6. Finally, the ribosome reads the ___________________, and the polypeptide falls off the ribosome.
http://www.wellesley.edu/Chemistry/chem227/nucleicfunction/translation/prtsynth.mov
polypeptide
STOP codon
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Amino acid
tRNA
ribosome
mRNA
polypeptide
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The final step of protein synthesis:
The polypeptide made at the end of translation, folds into the proper ________, becoming a functional ________.
shape
protein
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The central dogma of biology
DNA RNA protein