Unit 6: Cold WarChapter 18

Essential Question:Explain how the Soviet Union and the US differing political ideologies led to numerous power struggles and proxy

wars.

1

Origins of the Cold WarOrigins of the Cold War

Cold War(1945-1991) – The US and the United Soviet

Socialist Republic (U.S.S.R ) emerge from WWII as two “Superpowers” with vastly different political and economic systems

– Neither nation directly confronts the other in war

Origins of the Cold WarOrigins of the Cold War

Containment Policy– Truman created measures to prevent

the spread of communist rule to other countries

Truman Doctrine– A U.S. policy created by Truman that

provided economic and military aid to free nations (non-communist) threatened by internal or external opponents

Marshall Plan– a US plan created by Secretary of

State George Marshall that provided aid to all European nations that needed it and to stop the Communist party from growing in Europe

Origins of the Cold WarOrigins of the Cold War

The (North Atlantic Treaty Organization) NATO Alliance

– Fear of the Soviets leads to NATO

– Western European nations join with the US and Canada to form a defensive military alliance to stop Soviet aggression

The Cold War Heats UpThe Cold War Heats UpKorean War

• In 1950 North Korea invades South Korea and begins the Korean War

• South Korea asks UN to stop the invasion

–Settling for Stalemate• In 1953 a armistice (peace

agreement) is signed between North and South Korea

• The Korea Peninsula is divided along the 38th parallel line which established a demilitarized zone

The Cold War at HomeThe Cold War at HomeJoseph McCarthy

Joseph McCarthy was a Republican senator, who was an anti-communist activist and believed communist were taking over the government

McCarthyismA practice by McCarthy that created unfair tactic of accusing people of disloyalty or being communist without providing evidence

McCarthy’s DownfallIn 1954, McCarthy wrongly accuses several members of the US Army of being communist on TV. He finally loses public support and the senate condemns him for improper conduct

Eisenhower and the Cold WarEisenhower and the Cold WarEisenhower becomes the 34th president (1953-1961)

– Dwight David "Ike" Eisenhower was a five-star general in the United States Army during WWII

– He was the last to be born in the 19th century

Eisenhower Doctrine₋ A doctrine created by

Eisenhower that stated the U.S. would defend the Middle East against an attack by any communist country

Warsaw Pact₋ A military alliance formed in 1955

by the Soviet Union and its Eastern European satellites; formed because West Germany was allowed to rearm and join NATO

Unit 6: Cold WarChapter 20

Essential Question:Explain how the Soviet Union and the US differing political ideologies led to conflict in

Cuba.

8

Kennedy and the Cold WarKennedy and the Cold WarKennedy becomes the 35th president (1961 –1963)

– John F. Kennedy defeated Richard Nixon in the 1960 U.S. presidential election

– He was the first President to have been born in the 20th century, and the youngest elected to the office, at the age of 43. He was also the youngest to die

– Kennedy was assassinated on November 22, 1963, in Dallas, Texas. Lee Harvey Oswald was charged with the crime but was shot and killed two days later by Jack Ruby before any trial.

– Kennedy is the only Catholic, and the first Irish American, president

Kennedy and the Cold WarKennedy and the Cold War

Foreign Policy in Latin America•During the Cold War the US intervened in Latin American affairs when the US self-interest were involved

•The US tried to stop the spread of communism in Latin America countries

Origins of the Cold WarOrigins of the Cold War

Bay of PigsBay of Pigs– Revolutionary leader Fidel

Castro overthrows the Cuban government and declares Cuba a communist country

– Cuban exiles and the Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) plan to invade Cuba to overthrow Castro’s regime

– Plans go wrong and the Cuban exiles are captured or killed

– The result was a huge propaganda victory for Castro and a severe embarrassment for the administration of U.S. president John F. Kennedy

Origins of the Cold WarOrigins of the Cold WarCuban Missile Crisis

– In 1962 there was a major confrontation between the U.S. and the Soviet Union over the presence of Soviet nuclear missiles in Cuba

– Pres. John F. Kennedy placed a naval blockade around the island, and for 13 days the U.S. and the Soviet Union hovered on the brink of war

– Soviet premier Nikita Khrushchev finally agreed to remove the missiles in return for the U.S. to withdraw its own missiles from Turkey and to never invade Cuba

– The incident increased tensions during the Cold War and fueled the nuclear arms race between the two countries

Unit 6: Cold WarChapter 22

Essential Question:What were the origins and

consequences of the Vietnam war?

13

Vietnam WarVietnam WarJohnson becomes the 36th president (1963 –1968)

Lyndon B. Johnson succeeded to the presidency following the assassination of John F. Kennedy, completed Kennedy's term and was elected President in the 1964 Presidential election

–Johnson was greatly supported by the Democratic Party and, as President, was responsible for designing the "Great Society" legislation that included:

•laws that upheld civil rights, Public Broadcasting, Medicare, Medicaid, environmental protection, aid to education, and his "War on Poverty."

Vietnam WarVietnam WarVietnam War(1954-1975)

• The Vietnam War was the longest war in which the United States took part

• Communist-ruled North Vietnam wanted to end U.S. support of the non-communist South Vietnam and to unite the north and south into a single nation

• The United States and the South Vietnamese army tried to stop them

Vietnam WarVietnam War

Gulf of Tonkin Resolution•A resolution adopted by congress in 1964, giving the president broad powers to wage war in Vietnam

•American troops began to be increased to Vietnam

Vietnam WarVietnam War

War Divides the Nation

•Hawks favored sending greater forces to win the war

•Doves strongly opposed the war and believed the US should withdraw from Vietnam

Vietnam WarVietnam WarAfrican-American in the Vietnam War•Many AAs leaders opposed the Vietnam War because a disproportionate of AAs served in ground combat•20% of American soldiers killed are African-Americans •African-Americans only made up 10% of US population•Defense Department corrects this problem by instituting the Draft Lottery in 1969•Racial tensions are high in many platoons and add to low troop morale

Vietnam WarVietnam War1968•Johnson announces he will not run for reelection due to opposition of the war•On April 4, 1968 Martin Luther King Jr. is killed outside a motel in Memphis, Tennessee•Robert Kennedy began a campaign for the presidency and was a front-running candidate of the Democratic Party, but on June 6, 1968 he was fatally shot •10,000 protestors go to Chicago to protest the war in Vietnam; police beat them and a riot ensues•Richard Nixon wins the presidency

Vietnam WarVietnam War

End of Vietnam War•On January 15, 1973, President Nixon announced the end of offensive operations against North Vietnam

•January 27, 1973, he withdrawals the remaining American troops

•On April 30, 1975, North Vietnam captures Saigon, the capital of South Vietnam

•Vietnam becomes a communist country

Vietnam WarVietnam War

Outcomes of the Vietnam War•Over 58,000 Americans die in the war•Returning veterans face indifference and hostility in US•US Government abolishes the military draft•Americans are more cautious about foreign affairs and they don’t trust the government•US learns that superior military technology does not guarantee victory