Unit 5 1844-1877 A Senor Escoba Preduction.
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Transcript of Unit 5 1844-1877 A Senor Escoba Preduction.
Unit 5 1844-1877A Senor Escoba Preduction
Nat Turner’s Rebellion
Rebellion started on the morning of August 22, 1831
60 whites were killed Some had previous
connection to Turner himself
Men, women, and childrenBacklash towards slaves
Many not even connected to the rebellion at all
The South becomes “The South”
Slavery was not exactly the same everywhere in the South
Upper South (VA, NC, TN, & AR) – variety of crops including wheat, tobacco, vegetables and livestockCrops did not necessarily need slave labor
Lower South ( SC, GA, FL, AL, MS, LA, and TX) focused on cotton and sugar as cash cropsThese required a large amount of (slave) labor
Upper South + Lower South = New South
King Cotton
With more land comes more farmingWith more farming comes more cottonBy 1830s “King Cotton” was bornPossibly 50% of all farmers in the Lower South had no slaves
Major plantations did require slaves however
1860 – More acres of corn than cottonCorn used to feed livestock
Southern Connections
Upper & Lower South connected more than realized3/5 ClauseAbolition criticismInternal slave tradeEconomic benefit of slavery
North & South Slowly Split
Industry and urbanization consume the NorthThe South remains rural and dependent on agricultureSmaller factories existed in SouthSome slaves worked in factories – Which worried some slave owners
Education- Southern literacy rates lower and compulsory education nonexistant in the South Plantation children sometimes taught. Slaves not taught
Plantations
Early planters lived in small houses on the plantation
Later there are larger houses that are incredibly expensive
Debt a serious concernCreditors and changing prices of cotton
Plantation Life
Plantation life often very difficult on the women involved in itHouse management (especially in the west)
Multiracial children from slaves
Small Slaveholders & Yeomen Farmers
88% of all slave holders had less than 20 slaves
Small slaveholders worked side by side with the slaves
Small slaveholders in the area of the yeomen did not intend to necessarily become large planters
Yeomen farmers – non slave holding family farmers
Pine barrens
Pine barren people – people who would often squat on land and plant to surviveCrude farmsSmall cabins for housing
Often appeared poor in terms of items owned
Southern Conflict
Planters & urban industry – Whig PartyBankingEconomic protection
Yeomen farmers – Democrats Self-sufficiencyEconomic independence
Conflict over slavery
The Impending Crisis of the South- Hinton Helper Called on non slaveholders to end slavery
Non slaveholding Southerners – Did they simply agree with slavery but were unable to afford it?Social subordination aspect to slavery
Fear of effects of possible emanicipation
Proslavery argument
George Fitzhugh Comparison between Northern factory workers and Southern slaves – Claimed slaves were actually better off
Slaveholder was “humane” in the sense he/she cared for the slave..
Religious leaders in the South cite scripture and point to historical slavery
Open discussion on legitimacy of slavery silenced in the South
Southern Violence & Honor
Southern code of honor – sense of exaggerated prideDemonstrate superiority to prove they were not similar to slaves
ReputationDuels. – I told you they were real!
Some misunderstandings were taking care of before duels began
Others were often more violentTo many going to the law was viewed as cowardly
Life Under Slavery3 Main determining factors that determined quality of slaves lifeType of agricultureRural or urbanWhen they lived
Early 1700s – More women than men, different languages and cultures, new to slavery, small farms
1830s – Plantation culture, English speaking, more slavery family, equal number of genders
Slave Labor
Brutal work. Brutal punishments.Religious aspectVarious types of work ranging from field work to blacksmithsSlaves with skill were deemed to have a higher value
Slave LaborFamily structure was present but maintaining family ties was often extremely difficult
Inhumane conditions – slaves often experience cholera, dysentery, and diarrhea
Urban slaves had more freedomLess immigrants that needed jobsSlaves often not owned by factory owner Factory owner would have be forced to improve conditions to protect slave
Free Blacks & Slave Resistance
Some African Americans were NOT slavesMore likely to be in cities if in the SouthSome were highly successfulOften linked to slave revolts & suspicion
Denmark Vesey incidentSlave bought his freedomThreatened to seize weapons and provoke uprising
Underground RailroadHarriet Tubman
New Immigrants to the US
1815-1860 – 5 million immigrants enter the United States4.2 million between 1840-1860 3 million between 1845-1854
Huge expectations in the USAExpectations don’t meet realityPort cities in Europe in horrible shape
German Immigrants
1860 – There was no “Germany”Settled in areas of Northern Mississippi River, Ohio River, Illinois, Ohio, Wisconsin, and Missouri
Included a variety of religion (Catholics, Protestants, Jewish people, etc.)
Many were farmers and others were in tradeGerman immigrants form small towns that were rather self-sufficient
Levi Strauss – DENIM JEANS! AMERICA!
The Irish
Irish settle in Northern & New England citiesEarly Irish immigrants Protestant and later immigrants tended to be Catholic
Irish potato famine pushes many to leave Ireland and more elsewhere
Many Irish started in lower level employmentStereotypes? ..That are kind of true?
Irish competed directly with free African Americans in the North for jobs
Anti-Immigrant Sentiment
Nativism – ideology against immigrants
A number of negative actions taken against immigrants
New Irish Catholics help spur a Protestant backlashOrder of the Star-Spangled Banner (1854 – “Know Nothings”
Immigrant Politics
Most German and Irish immigrants were DemocratsWhigs were anti-slaveryViewed as the common man’s party (Jackson)
Whig’s education platform viewed as anti-German & anti-Irish
Whigs pro-temperance
The “Far” West
US population bulk to the east of Missouri, Arkansas, and Louisiana
Adams-Onis Treaty of 1818 – US and British joint control of Oregon CountryTemporary agreementSpain gives up claims to Oregon Country
1820 – Mexican IndependenceObtain all lands that were previously controlled by Spain
Western Trade
Americans trading with CaliforniaSanta Fe Trail – linking Santa Fe to St LouisIssues with MexicoPeso issuesTrade concerns
Fur trading
Into the West
California, Oregon, and New Mexico all popular destinations for Americans
A number of different trails lead into the westGuidebooks would help “guide” people along the way
Journey remained incredibly difficultDonner party resorted to cannibalism Really? – Yes.
From Spain to MexicoFall of Spanish mission system with Mexican independence
Mexico attracts American immigrants by offering empresarios (land grants) in Coahuila-Texas
1829 – Mexico ends slavery1830 – Mexico closes Texas border to American immigrantsMany immigrants were southern farmers w/ slaves
1834 - Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna (President of Mexico limits power of various Mexican areas Including Texas!
Texas Revolution
Tejanos – Native TexansModerate Texans like Stephen F. Austin support radicals after Santa Anna invades TexasTejanos retreat to the Alamo (modern day San Antonio Feb 1836)
Texas Revolution
March 2, 1836 – Texas declares independence from Mexico
March 6, 1836 – Alamo is taken over by Mexican forces
Sam Houston is chosen as the leader of Texan military forces
Huge Texan victory at San JacintoDefeat much of Santa Anna’s forcesCapture Santa AnnaSanta Anna forced to sign treaty to recognize Texas
More Whigs. More Problems.Election of 1840 – William Henry Harrison elected POTUSDies within a month of inauguration IF IT’S COLD WEAR A JACKET PEOPLE
John Tyler (VP) becomes POTUSFormer Democrat Uses veto power on a number of Whig bills
Webster-Ashburton Treaty- US border Maine & Canada
Tyler wants a second term....HOW? – Texas annexation
More Texas. More Problems.
Pres. Tyler starts propaganda campaign to convince America to annex Texas
Slavery existed in TexasNorthern abolitionists fear Texas is simply a ploy to extend slaverySome believe Texas could be multiple states Balance of power could be thrown off
Martin Van Buren AND Henry Clay come out against Texas annexation Could cause sectionalism!!!!!!
Election of 1844
Henry Clay – WhigChanges his mind on annexationFears of sectionalism
James K. Polk – DemocratSupporter of immediate annexation
Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny – notion that the United States should possess all land in the North America John L. O’Sullivan
Religious aspectTrade routesRacism aspect“Uncivilized”
Polk & Oregon
President Polk expresses ideas that ALL of Oregon should be apart of the United StatesUse of force is a possibility
“54 40’ or Fight!”Compromise line of 1846Continues the Treaty of 1818 line
Origins of Mexican-American War
Texas became a serious issue in relations between US & Mexico
President Polk election sparks annexationPolk claims the Texas border is at the Rio Grande NOT the Nueces River River (previous border)
July 4, 1845 – Texas convention votes to accept annexation
General Zachary Taylor – Sent South of Nueces RiverSent to provoke Mexico
Origins of War
If US forces could provoke Mexico in Texas, then attack Mexico Ports of San Francisco and San Diego
Brief negotiations with MexicoUS wanted Texas annexation and payment to gain NM and Cali
Mexican forces cross Rio Grande and attack US troops“American blood has been shed on American soil”
Army vs. Army
United StatesExcellent generals and tacticsAdvancements in artilleryIssues with supply lines
Mexican ArmyOutnumber the US armyFighting on own landPrevious experience in Texas (Texas Revolution)
Mexican American War
General Taylor has early victories in Texas
President Polk fears Gen. Taylor will be a future Whig presidential candidatePolk gives half of Taylor forces to General Winfield Scott
Gen Taylor wins again at Battle of Buena Vista
California falls easily to the USJune 1846 –”Bear Flag Republic”
Endgame.
Gen. Winfield Scott leads the charge to capture Mexico City
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo – Feb 2 1848US pays Mexico $15 millionMexican cession – California, Nevada, Arizona New Mexico, part of Colorado, and part of Wyoming
Some angry that it did not include ALL of Mexico
Serious questions remain over slavery….
Wilmost Proviso
Wilmot Proviso – Democratic congressman David Wilmot proposes that slavery would be BANNED in all land gained from Mexico
People freak out!Remember the Missouri Compromise?!Was that even constitutional?
Election of 1848
Zachary Taylor – Whig PartyMartin Van Buren – Free Soil PartyLewis Cass- Democratic Party Taylor wins!
California Gold Rush
Tons of people flock to California in order to find goldNot everyone is nice….California grows rapidly
California & New Mexico Issue
War ends – 15 states had slavery 15 did not
Popular sovereignty – the concept that each state could vote for itself on the issue of slavery
President Taylor – California and New Mexico should apply as FREE STATESSouth panics and hates this notion
Compromise of 1850Meeting in Nashville, TN to avoid secessionHenry Clay, Daniel Webster, and John C. CalhounClay’s Compromise fails – goes against
Pres. TaylorStephen A. Douglas – US Senator from Illinois
Inserts popular sovereigntyCompromise of 1850
California – Free StateUtah & New Mexico Territories – Popular sovereignty
No slave trade in DCFugitive Slave Law
Fugitive Slave Law
Southerners could go into the North seeking runaway slaves
Slaves could not have trial by juryCourts
Receive $10 if ruled a slaveReceive $5 if ruled free
Fines and punishments for those who help slaves escape
Fugitive Slave Act
Northerners now experience the horrors of slavery1854 Boston mob attempts to free Anthony Burns
Pres. Fillmore uses federal troops to end mob and force Burns into slavery
Personal-liberty laws – laws aimed to limit the powers of the state in terms of stopping state officials from enforcing the law
Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)
Novel by Harriet Beecher StoweShows the horrors of slavery to an audience that had not previously noticed
1852- 300,000 copies Stage performances of novel“So you’re the little lady that started this war..”
Election of 1852
Whig sectionalism – disagree on slavery Winfield Scott as Whig candidate
Endorses Compromise of 1850Hurts party because now they can’t blame Democrats
Democratic sectionalismFranklin PierceWhy him? – Because no one hated him
The Whigs are pretty much over.
Kansas-Nebraska Act
Sen. Stephen A. Douglas – wants the railroad to the west to go through Chicago, IL
Proposes to create new territories of Kansas & NebraskaThe South would FREAK OUT if this happened…Losing the Pacific Railroad AND there would be more free territory
Douglass claims this would void the Missouri Compromise
Free-Soil Rebuttal
Free-soilers come out against K-N Act
It voids the Missouri Compromise, therefore possibly allowing slavery!
Slavery slowed process of whites because slaves would work for free and whites wouldn’t
Further Manifest Destiny
Gadsden Purchase – Purchase of land from Mexico intended for Southern railroad
Cuba? Ostend Manifesto – US justification for the US to buy Cuba
Why Cuba? – Land for slavery!Use force if necessaryDoesn’t really happen
The Know-Nothings
“I know nothing”Primary purpose was to remove immigrant and Catholic influence in the US
Surprising large amounts of pull for a few years
Rise of the Republican Party
Republicans rise after K-N Act and fall of Know-Nothings
Republicans against the Compromise of 1850Some wanted to continue to use the Missouri Compromise
Abolitionists and free-soilers Competing with Know-Nothings (anti-Catholic & pro-temperance
Avoids tariffs and banking (Controversial)
Kansas Gets Crazy
Many people move into Kansas following the K-N ActAbolitionists from New England & “Border Ruffians” from MissouriLecompton, KS – Proslavery groupTopeka, KS –Anti-slavery group
Bleeding KansasLawrence, KS – Anti-slavery forces were gaining weapons“Beecher’s Bibles”
Lawrence is taken over by Lecompton (proslavery) forces“Sack of Lawerence”
John Brown – abolitionist credited with responsibility of “Pottawatomie Massacre” of 5 Lecompton men
Popular Sovereignty fails!Pres. Pierce aligns himself with Lecompton gov’t
US gov’t aligned with slavery?!?!?!
Caning of Charles Sumner
Charles Sumner – Republican Sen. From MA“The Crime Against Kansas” SpeechCalls out Sen. Andrew Butler of SC “the harlot, slavery”
Preston Brooks – Representative from SC Relative to ButlerAttacks Sumner with cane and seriously injures Sumner
Republicans focus on attacking southern plantersDo not address morality of slavery
Election of 1856
Republicans – John C. FremontKnow Nothings – Millard FilmoreDemocrats – James Buchanan“Non-interference”
James Buchanan wins!Know Nothing Party has collapsed
Dred Scott v. Sanford (1857)
Dred Scott was a slave that was taken from Missouri (slave state) to Illinois & Wisconsin territory (free area)Northwest Ordinance of 1787Missouri Compromise (1820)
Scott was currently a slave again in MissouriRuling – Scott COULD NOT sue for freedom
No black (slave or free) could be a citizen in the United States
Missouri Compromise was unconstitutionalStates could not choose to allow slavery or not
Lecompton Constitution
Lecompton ConstitutionProtection to current slave holdersKS would vote on slavery
Pres. Buchanan is in favor of itAlienates northern DemocratsStephen Douglas (Dem) speaks out against Buchanan
Kansas votes down the constitutionStatehood delayed
Lincoln-Douglas Debates, 1858
US Senate - IllinoisStephen A. Douglas –Democrat
Current US SenatorPopular sovereigntyFreeport Doctrine- States could choose to simply refuse to give legal protection to slavery
Abraham Lincoln – Republican (Former Whig)“House Divided” Speech“I am not, nor ever have been in favor of bringing about the social and political equality of the white and black man”
Harpers Ferry
John Brown leads a raid at Harpers Ferry, VA on October 16,1859
Attempt to get federal arsenal and arm slaves
Brown tried and executedHero to the NorthTerrorist to the South
Election of 1860
Republican –Abraham LincolnSouth had right to have slavery BUT Congress must stop expansion
Northern Democrat – Stephen A. DouglasPopular sovereignty
Southern Democrat – John BreckinridgeProtection of slavery in territories
Constitutional Union – John BellPreservation of Union – No stance on slavery
LINCOLN WINS
Secession
SC, AL, MS, FL, GA, LA, & TX declare secessionConfederate States of AmericaSen. of Mississippi
Lincoln states in his inaugural address that he will NOT support amendment that would prohibit slavery in a stateHe isn’t going to end slavery…but not let it expand
VA, NC, TN, & AR reject secession
The Unity of Disunion & Union
The Upper South had closer ties to the North The Lower South would always have a market for cotton
Hinton Helper’s The Impending Crisis of the South
Lincoln believes the majority of the South is not in favor of secession
Crittenden (proposed) CompromiseFinancially support slaveholders with escape slaves
Reinstitute the Missouri Compromise
Fort Sumter
President Lincoln informs South Carolina that he intends to resupply Fort Sumter in harbor of Charleston, SC
April 12, 1861 – Confederate forces attack Fort Sumter
Lincoln calls for 75,000 troops to suppress Southern rebellion
VA, NC, AK, & TN all leave and join the Confederacy in response
WAR!
Mobilization for War US military small and spread out at start of war
Never issued a draftConfederate military very small and new
No tax structure, no navy, small gunpowder making capabilities, disconnected railroads, and lack of equipment
Large number of volunteers at start of warNumbers decrease as the war continues and more casualties occur
April 1862 – Confederacy uses draft (conscription)70-80% of qualifying white southerners served in Confederate Army
Mobilizing for War
Southern shortages for equipment and suppliesFood, uniforms, shoes, and weapons
1863 – Confederate Congress - Impressment ActTake food from farmers at predetermined prices
Impress slaves into the army1863 – US Congress – Enrollment Act
Paying for the War
USA & CSA both sell war bonds to raise moneyTaxes uncommon
US – Legal tender ActAllows US government to issue paper money – “green backs”
Confederate inflation caused by the South printing too much money (CSA $1 in 1861 cost $46 in 1864)
Political Leaders Abraham Lincoln – POTUS
Cautious in actionsCommunication with both sides of Republican PartyBrings critics into cabinetCriticized by Radical Republicans (Salmon Chase, Charles Sumner, & Thaddeus Stevens)
Jefferson Davis – President of Confederate States of AmericaDavis – Independence of CSAConstant struggle with Alexander Stephens (CSA VP) – Values states rights & slavery
Issues controlling Southern politics
Lincoln’s Border Control
Lincoln suspends habeas corpus in MD and DEPeople can be arrested WITHOUT proof of committing a crime
MD & DE stay with UnionLincoln protects Kentucky
Kentucky originally neutralStations Gen. Grant near Kentucky in case CSA invades
Missouri stays with UnionWest Virginia formed from Virginia
Refused to secede
Advantages, Tactics, & Tech
North had a large number of advantages (pg. 438)
New technology including submarines, repeating rifle, Gatling gun, and rifled barrels
Rifles – they work great now!!Rifling – grooves inside of a barrel to make the projectile (minie ball) in a straight shot
Increased accuracy of rifles leads to more trenches in battle
Anaconda Plan
Created by Gen. Winfield Scott
Blockade of Southern ports by navy
Invasion of Mississippi
Early Battles1st Bull Run – Confederate Victory in Northern VA (USA) Gen. McClellan takes over for Gen. McDowell
Gen. McClellan starts Peninsula Campaign to attack South & Richmond, VA
Richmond, VA is protected by the SouthMcClellan pulled back by Lincoln
Antietam – Stops Lee’s push North
“Cotton Diplomacy”
South warns Britain and France of a cotton embargoPossible economic damage
Britain & France DO NOT formally recognize CSATrent IncidentShip issues
Emancipation & Change
Radical Republicans want Lincoln to push abolition – He refuses. (Quote on pg. 447)
1861 – Union – Confiscation Act (first)USA confiscation of all property used in military rebellion
Slaves were not free1862 – Union – Confiscation Act (second)
Confiscation of propertySlaves that were “confiscated” were now free!!African American soldiers in Union army
Emancipation & Change
Emancipation Proclamation – Jan. 1, 1863Comes after Antietam (Union victory)Ended slavery in states OF REBELLIONExempted Union slave statesExempted Confederate states under USA control (TN, WV, southern LA, and parts of VA)
DID NOT PERMANENTLY END SLAVERY IN THE UNITED STATES
After the Emancipation Proclamation, the Union was fighting to end slavery
Proclamation also pushes away European involvement in the war
Freedmen’s Bureau
Established towards the end of the war to help the well being, education, and employment of further slaves
40 acres of land could be leased to freed slave or southern UnionistPotential to buy after 3 years
African American Soldiers
Some Union resentment of African American soldiers
Less likely to be on the front linesAfrican American soldiers more likely to die than whitesDisease spread in barracks rapidly
Most famous was 54th Massachusetts RegimentGlory
African American soldiers guaranteed freedom in 1864 if they fought for CSA
Shifting Tides of WarMay 1863 – Chancellorsville, VA– Confederate victory
CSA General Stonewall Jackson diesGen. Lee (CSA) invades the North in need of supplies
Also an attempt to get US forces out of the western area of war Wanted a victory on northern soil to demonstrate that the CSA
should be recognized by Europe July 1-4, 1863 – Gettysburg, PA – Union Victory
50,000 dead Lee retreats into Virginia Gettysburg Address
Shifting Tides of WarVicksburg, MS falls to Union on July 4, 1863
Union now controls Mississippi RiverAnaconda Plan
Union victories at Gettysburg & Vicksburg
The War Economies - USA
Most industries made huge gains from the war
Railroads help link factories to the front lines
United States Military Railroads Pacific Railroad Act -1862
Development of transcontinental railroadUnion Pacific and Central Railroad Corp.
The War Economies - USA
High tariffs and taxes hurt lower classes in the USA
Homestead Act – 1862160 acres of public land for “free” if they settled on the land for 5 years
Encourages westward expansion’Morrill Land Grant Act – 1862
Public lands given for the use of public universities
The War Economies - USA
High tariffs and taxes hurt lower classes in the USA
Homestead Act – 1862160 acres of public land for “free” if they settled on the land for 5 years
Encourages westward expansion’Morrill Land Grant Act – 1862
Public lands given for the use of public universities
The War Economies - CSA
Southern industry actually increases out of necessity
Union controls Upper South – Where most of the food was grownFood shortages lead to riots
1864 – Half of all Confederate soldiers were missing from units (farm issues)
Southern states actually bought food from the North…
Other Stuff
NYC Draft RiotsUnited States Sanitary CommissionWoman’s National Loyal League
Eastern Theater – 1864U.S. Grant is promoted to the rank of lieutenant general
Grant has a number of battles directly with Lee and other Confederate forces
Grant become famous for his will to attackLoses 7,000 men in a SINGLE HOUR at Cold Harbor
Lincoln and Grant agree that an attacking army would be necessary for victory
Atlanta would fall
Election of 1864
Pres. Lincoln receives the Republican nomination againSouthern Unionist Andrew Johnson VP
Democrats are furious with Lincoln over Emancipation ProclamationClaim that abolition was not necessary in many cases
Nominate George McClellanLincoln wins!
Reelection aided by the fall of Atlanta
Sherman’s March
William T. Sherman – USA – general in the South
Atlanta falls is burned after it falls to Union forces
Sherman’s famous march to sea From Atlanta to Savannah,
GA Intention for mass
destruction to force the South to lose the will to fight
Mass destruction (Ex: “Sherman neckties”)
Advances into SC and VA
Endgame.
Lee eventually surrenders to Grant at Appomattox Court House, VA on April 9, 1865Lee surrounded Major end to combat although some surrendered later
No treaty signed.Grant allows Lee’s men to return home
Lincoln Assassination
April 14, 1865 – Lincoln assassinated at Ford’s Theater John Wilkes Booth
Assassination plot also goes after others
Andrew Johnson becomes President
Lincoln’s PlanDec. 1863 – Proclamation of Amnesty & ReconstructionSouthern states to rejoin if 10% of population take an oath of allegiance to Union and accept emancipation
This group would make loyal state gov’tNo African American suffrage
Confederate officials and military officers would apply for pardons
July 1864 - Wade-Davis bill Military governor Half declare allegiance
Johnson ReconstructionPres. Johnson previously served as US Senator and military governor of Tennessee
Johnson against planter aristocracyFormer owner of slaves, Johnson accepts emancipation as a policy when it is handed down
Johnson PolicyAdmit states – after they declare secession illegalStates ratify the 13th Amendment (ending slavery)Wealthy Southerners, CSA officers, and CSA officials not allowed Would need a presidential pardon
“Black Codes”
Those 7 states admitted wanted to restrict African Americans
Radical Republicans are furious!Codes established:
Segregation in public Interracial marriageCourt testimony by African Americans
Not all came to be put still serious issue
President Johnson vs. Congress
President Johnson angers Radical RepublicansJohnson vetos Freedmen’s Bureau Act
Civil Rights Act of 1866African Americans have same civil rights as others and guarantee equal protection under the law
Vetoed by Johnson…override by CongressCongress overrides the Supplementary Freedmen’s Bureau Act
14th Amendment
Declares that citizens born or naturalized in the US are citizens (including African Americans)
No denial of rights of due processIf a state denies African American MALES the right to vote, Congress can cut their representation
Amendment disqualified any prewar office holders who supported Confederacy from gov’tUnless congress removes it for them
Reconstruction Act of 1867
Law vetoed by Johnson and then overridden by Congress
Invalidated previous state governments created under Lincoln and Johnson
Military districts in the SouthStates must have:
State convention to create new state constitutionState legislature approves 14th AmendmentUS Congress would readmit states to Union
More radical than Johnson OR Lincoln’s Plan
Impeachment Crisis
Tenure of Office Act – President could not remove cabinet member without approval of Congress…
Johnson removes Sec. Of War Edwin Stanton anyway..Appoints Grant but Grant later resigns
Johnson tried for impeachment but IS NOT impeached…
…But his time as a President would not continue much longer
15th Amendment
Proposed to prohibit the denial of suffrage by states
DID NOT restrict office holding rules DID NOT restrict voting restrictions
Literacy testsProperty requirements
Women upset because “male” mentioned in 15th Amendment
Reconstruction South
“Carpetbaggers” – Northerners who came to the South looking to gain wealth and power“Scalawags” – Southerners who sought to profit from Republican rule in the South