UNIT 3UNIT 3::

The clause complex The clause complex as a combination of as a combination of clauses and process clauses and process

configurationsconfigurations

CLAUSE

TAXIShypotaxis

parataxis

LOGICO

SEMANTIC

TYPE projection

expansion

idea

locution

elaboration

extension

enhancement

TWO WAYS OF EXPANDING THE MESSAGETWO WAYS OF EXPANDING THE MESSAGE

PARATAXIS PARATAXIS

We refer to clauses as being initiating or continuing.

HYPOTAXISHYPOTAXIS We refer to clauses as being ‘dominant’ or ‘dependent’

CLAUSE CLAUSE COMPLEXCOMPLEX

THE CLAUSE THE CLAUSE COMPLEXCOMPLEX

TWO OR MORE UNITS RELATED THROUGH

PARATAXIS OR HYPOTAXIS

PARATAXIPARATAXISS

Relation between clauses

of equal grammatical

status

HYPOTAXISHYPOTAXIS

Relation between clauses

of unequal grammatical

statusdominant

Dependent/Hypotactic

It refers to the dependency status of clauses in a complex

TAXISTAXIS

system of interdependency

•PARATAXISPARATAXIS

one clause follows on from another.

1. JUXTAPOSITION

2. COORDINATION

3. LINKING BY CONJUNCTIONS LIKE “SO” OR “YET”

Represented by cardinal numbers1,2,3…

She is Lisa ;

she is my best friend.

The analysisThe analysis

1

2She is Lisa

and she is my best friend.

1

2

She is my best friend

so I consider her my ‘sister’.

1

2

•HYPOTAXISHYPOTAXIS

one clause depends on another.

Represented by Greek letters:dominant clause

... hypotactic clause

The analysisThe analysis

Since she is my best friend, I love spending time with her.

Lisa shows me her friendship

by always giving me her support.

Going home,

I met Lisa.

Lisa has to study hardif she wants to pass the exam.

Practice: Parataxis and Hypotaxis

identified(i) Sam bought the tickets and Sue parked the

car.(ii) Sam bought the tickets while Sue parked the car.(iii) Highwalking is largely safe, but there are risks.(iv) There are risks in highwalking and we have to educate people about these risks.(v)We have to educate people about the risks in highwalking, if we are going to improve safety.(vi) A boy saved the life of his siblings yesterday, when fire broke out at their homes.(vii) He is the greatest artist I’ve ever known; his art is indeed unsurpassed.

Sam bought the tickets

and Sue parked the car.

A I

II

1

2

B I

IISam bought the tickets while Sue parked the car.

α

β

Highwalking is largely safe,

but there are risks.

C I

II

1

2

There are risks in highwalking

and we have to educate people about these risks.

D I

II

1

2

We have to educate people about the risks in highwalking,

if we are set on improving safety.

E I

II

α

β

A boy saved the life of his siblings yesterday,when fire broke out at their homes.

F III

αβ

He is the greatest artist [[ I’ve ever known]];his art is indeed unsurpassed

G I

II

1

2

LOGICO-SEMANTIC LOGICO-SEMANTIC RELATIONSRELATIONS

They represent the way the speaker sees the connections to be made between one clause and another.

TWO KINDS OF LOGICAL TWO KINDS OF LOGICAL RELATIONSRELATIONS

EXPANSIONEXPANSION

• ELABORATION• EXTENSION• ENHANCEMENT

PROJECTIONPROJECTION

• LOCUTIONS• IDEAS

EXPANSIONEXPANSION

It links processes by

providing additional

information in three

different ways:

ELABORATIOELABORATIONNIn an elaborating complex an

initial clause is restated,

exemplified, commented on or

further specified by another. It

is represented with an equal

sign: =

ELABORATIOELABORATIONNThe second clause is a sort of

paraphrase or afterthought of the first.You can think of Elaboration as the

“that is to say” relationship

This stew is awful,

= it’s too saltyShe came to the meeting with her

dog, =which surprised everybody

Four types of relationship are involved :

specification restatement exemplification comment

ELABORATIOELABORATIONN

This test is difficult; it’s too long and has several questions we have not discussed in class.

Specification

This test is difficult; it’s too long and has several questions we have not discussed in class.

=

Restatement

This test is difficult; it’s really complicated.

This test is difficult;

it’s really complicated.=

Exemplification

I’ve played in several orchestras; I’ve played in the Darwin Symphony and the Brisbane Sinfonia.

I’ve played in several orchestras;

I’ve played in the Darwin Symphony and the Brisbane Sinfonia.

=

Comment

Tom has refused to help us, which shows that he is still angry.

Tom has refused to help us,

which shows that he is still angry. =

EXTENSIONEXTENSIONThis extends the meaning of one clause by adding something new. The second clause adds a new, but related meaning to the first.

It involves “and”, “but” and “or”.

Extension is less frequently realised in combination with hypotaxis. Typical hypotactic linkers are: while, whereas, without, instead of , rather than, except for, apart from, as well as, besides .

EXTENSIONEXTENSION

It is marked by a + sign

EXTENSIONEXTENSION

I play a French horn

or I could lazily watch TV

and my sister plays oboe+

I could practise this evening

+

she sings in a choir.

instead of studying for the exam.

slamming the door behind him.

Besides doing embroidery and playing tennis,

+

I will watch TV this evening

+

He left,

+

ENHANCEMENTENHANCEMENTThe meanings included as enhancement are those of time, place, manner, cause, concession and condition.

Enhancement is most frequently found in combination with hypotaxis, although paratactic links with ‘so’ and ‘and then’ are common.

It is marked through an x sign

then, I went to rehearsal

because it was a public holiday

ENHANCEMENTENHANCEMENT

I lectured all day,

x

We didn’t have rehearsal on Monday

x

Cook the meat

and then went to the rehearsal.

Temporal

until it is tender

x

x

I lectured all day

Conditional

or else you won’t make as much progress as you want to.

I will go to the party provided that he comes along.

Practise regularly;

x

x

Causal (reason/purpose)

so he was very tired.

in order that her parents would be proud of her.

He was very tired as he had worked all day long.x

He had worked all day long, x

She studied hard x

Concessive

yet/still he is very considerate and thoughtful.

In spite of being only 10 years old, he is very considerate and thoughtful.

x

He is only 10 years old; x

wherever night fell.

SpatialShe was welcome wherever we went.x

They stopped

x

(by) working hard.

Manner

I’m developing a more pleasing sound

by changing my embouchure.x

He is getting ahead in life x

parataxis 1 2 3…

TAXIS

hypotaxis …

TO SUM UPTO SUM UP

elaboration =

LOGICO Expansion extension +

SEMANTIC enhancement x

RELATIONS

Projection

This test is difficult;It’s really complicated

TAXIS & EXPANSIONTAXIS & EXPANSION

She is Lisa ;

she is my best friend.

IA

II

1

2=

B I

II

1

2=

This test is difficult; it’s too long and has several questions [[we have not discussed in class.]]

C I

II

III

1

2= 1

2+

PRACTICEPRACTICE

Apply the syntactic and L-S analysis to the following clause complexes.

1.If it’s in your family, you must consult a doctor or you will endanger future generations.

If it’s in your family,

You must consult a doctor,

or you will endanger future generations.

A I

II

III

x

1

2+

1.- Subsequently released, he escaped to England.

2.- Secure the clamp plate to cylinder block and connect the LT and HT leads to coil and plugs.

3.- The high-tension (HT) cables should be kept clean by wiping them periodically with a petrol soaked cloth.

4.- Jogging is bad for you; it jars your spine and damages your feet when you run on a hard surface, which can be a problem for life.

PROJECTIONPROJECTIONIt links clauses by having one process projected through another either by quoting or reporting.

It occurs through Mental and Verbal processes.LOCUTIONS LOCUTIONS occur after verbal processes.IDEAS IDEAS occur after mental processes

A projected locution is marked with “

The conductor said: “ “the next concert is in July”

A projected idea is marked with ‘

I thought ‘ that the next concert was in July

whether/if they would surrender.

to go to the park.

He said “I will never surrender”.

AI

II12“

He said that he would never surrender

BIII

“He asked C

III

“

He said/ordered “Go to the park”.

He told us/commanded us/ordered us

D

E

I

I

II

II

12

“

“

TAXIS & PROJECTIONTAXIS & PROJECTION

The babysitter said“don’t make a noisewhen you come in tonight”

I

II

III

A 12

” Toxic algae is poisoning our drinking water”, health experts warned yesterday.

B I

II

1

2

Water companies claim that there is no threat to public health once drinking supplies have been filtered.

CI

II

III

“x

“

“x

He wanted

He thought ‘What a good idea!’

A I

II

12‘

He thought that was a good idea.

B I

II

‘

He thought to himself ‘Keep quiet!’

C I

II

1

2‘

his friends to help. D I

II

‘

TO SUM UPTO SUM UP parataxis 1 2 3…

TAXIS

hypotaxis …

elaboration =

LOGICO Expansion extension +

SEMANTIC enhancement x

RELATIONS locutions “

Projection

ideas ‘

PRACTICEPRACTICE1.‘I’m sorry to interrupt you in this vital discussion,’

said Annie.2.They asked if they could state their case, which

was quite a straightforward one but the director just said, “you’ll have to ask John; he’s the boss.

3. Notices, which warn water-sports enthusiasts of the danger, have been already posted at most of the reservoirs. They have also been posted at 78 other lakes and rivers.

4. ‘Won’t you sit down for a minute?’ Annie said to the official.

5. Fiona asked Geoffrey why he wasn’t wearing a sports jacket