Evolution of ‘Disaster Management to Disaster Risk Management’
Unit 3 Disaster Management
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Transcript of Unit 3 Disaster Management
DISASTER MANAGEMENT www.reavan.com
UNIT THREE: AWARENESS OF RISK REDUCTION
As per the Syllabus According to our Omnibus
Trigger mechanism
Constitution of trigger mechanism
Risk reduction by education
Disaster information network
Risk reduction by public awareness
Trigger Mechanism
Risk Reduction by Education
Risk Reduction by Public Awareness
Disaster Information Networks
TRIGGER MECHANISM
Introduction * Need * Activities/Components * Constitution of Trigger Mechanism
1. INTRODUCTION
Trigger Mechanism is a quick response mechanism, which would spontaneously set the vehicle
of management into motion on the road to disaster mitigation process.
The trigger mechanism has been envisaged as a preparedness plan whereby the receipt of a
signal of an impending disaster would simultaneously energise and activate the mechanism for
response and mitigation without loss of crucial time.
The Trigger Mechanism is in essence, the Standard Operating Procedure (SOP) in disaster
management in which the implementation of efforts on ground is well laid down.
2. NEED
As and when a disaster takes place, be it natural or man-made, the managers struggle to mitigate
its effects on human lives and material losses. The immediate response in all disasters has more
or less the same parameters. These are to provide rescue and relief and save the precious human
life. Thus, the emergency response of the disaster managers is a factor independent of the types
of intensity of the disasters. This is the need for trigger mechanism.
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3. ACTIVITIES/COMPONENTS OF TRIGGER MECHANISM
The Trigger Mechanism requires the disaster managers to:
1. Identify disasters and their probability of occurrence
Identification of hazards and vulnerability of areas/people to the hazards
Preparation of District Profile or Area Profile which includes hazards,
vulnerability and records of previous disasters
Developmental Process and Notable changes in the area
2. Evolve an effective signal / warning mechanism
Use of traditional/mordern methods of communication to alert the people
Can be availed from agencies like IMD,CWC,AIR,DD etc
3. Identify activities
Co-ordination, Command and Control
Rapid Assessment of Damage
Restoration of Power, Communication and Surface Transport
Deployment of Search/ Rescue Teams and Medical Teams
Arranging water and food
Setting up Temporary Shelters
Maintenance of Sanitation and Hygiene
Identification and Earmarking of Resources
Maintenance of Law and Order
4. Identify sub-activities under each activity
Each activity will generally involve three to six sub activities
All sub activities need to be listed under respective main activity
Eg. Medical Assistance is main activity. Sub Activity – arrangement of doctors,
arrangement of medicines, travel of doctors, needs of doctors, inventory and supply of
medicines etc.
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5. Define level of response
Lower impacts of disaster, lower the level of response. More impacts of disaster, more
the level of response. The Levels are named
L0 – normal situation or no disaster
L1 – disaster can be managed at district level
L2 – disaster can be managed at state level
L3 – disaster can be managed at national/international level
6. Specify authorities for each level of activity and sub-activity.
Every activity is assigned to specific authority. Since many authorities/departments will
be involved, all details of authorities should be specified and each authority allotted a
unique ID. Like activities and sub activities, authorities should be mapped with sub
authorities
7. Determine the response time for each activity
In emergency time is always the essence
For each activity/sub activity quick response time not more than 20 minutes should be
fixed
Every authority should be aware of the response time and act accordingly
8. Work out individual plans of each specified authority to achieve as per the QRT
Plan for each activity and its sub activities so that the activity is done within the response
time
List the various resources required for accomplishment
Clearly establish the authorities and provide him required powers to arrange for resources
The identification and earmarking of resources should be based on availability and
functionality
9. Have Quick Response Teams for each specified authority
A Special Team (Quick Response Time) having complete knowledge and skills can be
allotted for each authority
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The team should have training and preparedness drills. They should always be in
communication with each other and the specified authority
10. Have alternative plans and contingency measures
Sometimes plans may get struck due to Octopus Effect or poor planning or absence of
authority etc. and trigger mechanism may get stopped
To avoid this, alternative plans and contingency measures should also be thought in
advance. Plan B is essential for any plan
11. Provide appropriate administrative & financial delegations
Necessary to ensure administrative, financial and legislative provisions
Delegations should be well defined and clearly laid down so that everyone is aware of
their own delegations and common delegations
12. Undergo preparedness drills
The Quick Response Team should undergo preparedness drills and carry out mock
exercises.
The teams should update their methodology after the drills and exercises.
Even the authorities can undertake this preparedness drills.
4. CONSTITUTION OF TRIGGER MECHANISM
The term constitution of trigger mechanism refers to the process of constituting (establishing,
appointing; and formation) of trigger mechanism for a particular disaster. The general flowchart
for trigger mechanism can be given as follows
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Any trigger mechanism, involves a network of people, operating as given by the following flow
diagram
There constitution of trigger mechanism may vary
1. When early warning signals are available
2. When early warning signals are not available
Where Early Warning signals are available
At the National Level, nodal agencies have been designated for generating/forecasting of events
of natural disasters. The onset of disaster shall be indicated through forecasting by the Nodal
Agencies with respect to their hazards, as per laid down protocol. In such a case, the first and
foremost task shall be informing the community likely to be affected by the disaster through a
warning system and undertake evacuation When such early warning signals are available, the
constitution of trigger mechanism can be explained as per the following flowchart.
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Where Warning Signals are not Available
In disaster situations where no early warning signals are available, the primary objective of the
trigger mechanism shall be to mount immediate rescue and relief operations and set the process
in as quickly as possible. The following procedure outlined by the flowchart shall be followed in
such situations:
RISK REDUCTION BY EDUCATION
Introduction * Formal Education * Informal Education* Examples * People Involved * Model Curriculum
1. INTRODUCTION
Education is an important aspect of the development process and it has a direct bearing on the
knowledge and attitude a country possesses on disaster management, environmental issues,
energy conservation etc.
The disaster risks can be reduced through a proper scheme of education – formal and informal. A
formal education means what you learned in school or college through organized programmes.
Informal education means what you learned by studying on your own initiative or through non
organized programmes.
The DRR by Education programmes are very important because they
(1) augment capacity building of a nation/state/region in DRR
(2) induce community based disaster management programmes
(3) help in establishing disaster preparedness and mitigation
(4) enable easy reach of Government initiatives in DRR
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2. FORMAL EDUCATION
Formal curriculum integration of disaster risk reduction may be introduced in the following
means
Certificate Courses refers to conducting special certificate courses on Disaster Management by
organisations like NDMA or NDMI for a short period of time and making it compulsory for high
level managers and engineers. This is intended in the case of higher education and not for
schools and undergraduate colleges.
Curriculum Integration refers to an approach that makes use of specially developed units
concentrating on disaster risk reduction and fitting them into several specific course curriculums,
for a specific duration. For example, when a ECE student studies Satellite Communication, a unit
or a portion of a unit may be related to the disaster risks associated with the concept of satellite
communication. Similarly when the student is pursuing a course on Fiber Communication, the
applications of fiber communication specifically with disaster risk reduction may be made a part
of the syllabus.
Curriculum Infusion is a more comprehensive approach that distributes disaster risk reduction
as one course/subject of the curriculum, using lessons, readings, activities and problems,
enriching the existing curriculum rather than displacing it.
Stand-alone courses refer to specialized course curricula focused on disaster risk reduction. In
some countries where curriculum permits, these courses may supplement the existing curriculum
at specific grade levels, like in India where it is introduced as elective courses.
Extra-curricular integration is a compromise where needed disaster management content is
slipped in to the school day in form of extracurricular activities for which credit is assigned and
awarded. For example, in a private university in India each student has to spend 20 hours a
semester in disaster management related studies and submit an assignment for which credit of 2
points is awarded.
3. INFORMAL EDUCATION
Informal education can take many forms, offering fun and engaging many ways to introduce
important knowledge, skills and competencies for people of all ages. Some of the means are
Distribution of written materials, Use of Posters and Signs, Email campaigns
Creative educational materials like toys, games, documentary, short films, storybooks,
comics, puzzles, and computer games etc
Cultural and performing arts like song, poetry, dance, puppetry, magic, street theatre etc
School/College Club Activities.
Projects/Assignments related to disaster management for students/ society members/
employees
Inter school or Open Competitions and Awards related to disaster management
Community fairs and “open house” Exhibitions related to disaster risk reduction
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4. EXAMPLES
There are many examples for DRR through education in informal and formal means of
education. Some examples in India are highlighted herewith.
Disaster Management – Indian CBSE Experience
The Government of India in its Tenth Five Year Plan emphasized the need for integrating
disaster management in the existing education system in India. As one of the important
initiatives, the inclusion of disaster management in the curriculum of schools has been
recommended to the Boards. In a first ever attempt by any educational institution in the country,
the Central Board of Secondary Education (CBSE) has integrated a short course on Disaster
Management in the school curriculum from the year 2003-04 onwards.
The Board has introduced the subject on Disaster Management as a frontline curriculum in
Social Science for classes VIII in the year 2003, for class IX in 2004 and for class X in 2005.
The Board has developed the curriculum, course content and the pedagogy with support from
Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India and United Nations Development Programme(UNDP).
From this year 2009-10 onwards, it has been made practical-based and chapters on disaster have
been incorporated in other parts of the subject. Moreover, schools have also been instructed to
introduce project work and assignment. The internal assessment for the same will be sent to the
board at the time of annual examinations in class X.
The curriculum on Disaster Management contains the following topics:
● The nature and types of hazards
● Natural and man-made disasters and need for their management
● Efforts made in various regions for disaster preparedness and mitigation
● Role of community and schools in Disaster Management.
● Partnership with various Government and Non-Government agencies.
● Use of modern and scientific technologies to combat disasters and
● Survival skills
Disaster Management – Anna University of Technology Coimbatore
The Anna University of Technology, Coimbatore has introduced a course on disaster
management as a part of curriculum for engineering and technology students studying in its
nearly 200 constituent colleges.
The course has been made a mandatory course for EEE and ECE students at their penultimate
and final semesters respectively. It has also been introduced as an elective course for other
branches like CSE, IT, Bio Medical Engineering, Chemical Engineering and Textile Technology.
The course contents include all major topics like fundamentals of disaster management,
technologies in disaster management, disaster development linkage, trigger mechanism, DRR
initiatives through awareness, community participation, earthquake and tsunami hazards etc.
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5. PEOPLE INVOLVED
For the success of the disaster risk reduction through education, there should be active
involvement among five sections of the society
1. The Government , at all levels, Central/State and District Level
2. The News and Information Media, at all levels, both the print and audio/visual media
3. Administrators and Teachers
4. NGOs and Community Based Organisations
5. People, Students in particular
If the involvement of all sections of the society is available for this project, then disaster risk
reduction through education will become a big success.
6. MODEL CURRICULUM
A model curriculum for Disaster Management should involve the following whether it is
curriculum infusion or integration or stand alone/certified course. The subject should be taught
with more of a practical outlook than theoretical basis.
1. Introduction to Disasters
2. Types of Natural and Artificial Disasters and counter measures
3. Disaster Management
4. Initiatives for Disaster Management at Various Levels
5. Technology in Disaster Management
6. Disaster Risk Reduction through Education and Awareness
7. Community Participation in Disaster Risk Reduction
8. Disaster Preparedness Activities in the particular region
9. Emergency Response in the particular region
10. Financial and Legal Measures to support Disaster Risk Reduction
RISK REDUCTION BY PUBLIC AWARENESS
Importance * Aim * Responsibility * Aspects * Existing Programmes
1. IMPORTANCE OF PUBLIC AWARENESS FOR RISK REDUCTION
Wide international and local experiences in disaster management have emphasizes the
importance of public awareness in coping with crisis situations.
There exists a strong connection between public awareness and virtually every other aspect of
disaster management
If the public awareness level is high regarding impending disasters, the losses will be reduced
and the entire process of disaster risk reduction will become easy and simple.
2. AIM OF PUBLIC AWARENESS PROGRAMME
The aim of public awareness programs is to promote an informed, alert, and self-reliant
community, capable of playing its full part in support with government, in all relevant disaster
management matters
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In line with the above aim, most countries recognize that community members need to know the
following facts in relation to possible disaster impact.
What the disaster will do?
The best immediate action to take, personally and by families!
What the government has planned to do to help the community?
How best to help other members of the community?
How to participate effectively in the disaster communication and warning process?
What to do during emergency response?
How to improvise shelter and food until assistance is available?
3. RESPONSIBILITIES OF PUBLIC AWARENESS PROGRAMME
Thee responsibility for public awareness programs needs to be clearly defined.
It is probably best to place responsibility with the authorities who are into training. It is
also better to have separate teams for training and awareness and enable them compete
with each other, provided there are adequate financial resources.
The overall responsibility should rest with the NDMA or SDMA and the organisations
should have a definite annual plan and budget for public awareness programmes.
4. ASPECTS OF PUBLIC AWARENESS PROGRAMME
Normally, the following main aspects of public awareness programs need to be clearly
established:
The information which needs to be communicated to the public,
The format in which the information is to be communicated
The channel/medium which is to be used to convey the information to the public.
The maintenance of awareness programmes
In establishing these main program aspects, it is beneficial to consider to the following factors
Extent of Government and Community involvement:
Community experience of disaster
Expectancy and dependency factors
Financial Assistance
Program Themes
.
INFORMATION TO BE COMMUNICATED TO THE PUBLIC
The information to be communicated to the public can be divided into various categories namely
Basic Community Needs
Information on Government Assistance Programs
Seasonal Preparedness Reminders
Post-Impact Information
Early Warning Systems and Emergency Operation Centres
Community responsibility for taking action on receipt of information
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INFORMATION FORMAT
The format for communicating information to the public (as distinct from the channels used) can
vary from place to place and depending upon the disaster and vulnerability. Some possible
options are:
Notices;
Posters;
Cartoons;
Photographs;
Films, film clips, videos;
Short radio or television features;
Talks or presentations;
INFORMATION CHANNELS
The following are examples of public awareness information channels which have been used in
various countries to communicate information
• Telephone directories (for display of notices and posters)
• Shopping bags (for posters, cartoons and photographs)
• Existing government programs (on, say, health education)
• Radio and television (radio and television features may be broadcasted/telecasted)
• Cinema Shows (a short film of a previous disaster during intervals)
• Special information displays (especially National Days/ Disaster Days/Remembrance Days)
• Police information channels;
• Use of popular sporting events, etc. to display posters or banners.
• Community gatherings/meetings of various kinds (Rotary Clubs, Social Clubs etc)
• Print media (Posters, Cartoons in Newspapers/Magazines)
• Church, Temple, Mosque, Mission and similar sources;
• Voluntary organizations (especially if they are coordinated under disaster support system)
• School and College programs.
Using the information channels, the programmes should be organized in a themed and
continuous manner and not as one time or ad hoc manner. Eg. a series of radio broadcasts,
repeated and suspense publicity in the print media, School programs throughout the year etc.
It is also important to check, where possible, the effectiveness of public awareness programs.
This particularly applies to the ability of programs to gain and maintain the interest of the people
who are being targeted. It is also advisable to check periodically whether the information being
conveyed by programs is being received by the public in its intended sense.
MAINTENANCE OF AWARENESS LEVELS
The public awareness programmes do not end with conveying information. Rather they are the
starting point.It is also the duty of authorities to ensure the maintenance of adequate awareness
levels. Otherwise, programs will likely become stale and public interest will fade. The authorities
Should keep a watch for any innovative ideas which may help to renew or freshen up awareness
interest. He/she shall ensure that awareness programmes are linked to purchase and dispose of
FMCG products and household products. In fact, the watchfulness by the responsible disaster
management authority is the best insurance for maintaining public interest.
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DISASTER INFORMATION NETWORKS
Definition * Classification * Goals * Benefits * Data in DIN * Examples
1. DEFINITION
Disaster Information Network can be defined as a robust, integrated, virtual network for
exchange of timely, relevant information that can be used during all phases of disaster
management to save lives and reduce economic loss.
2. CLASSIFICATION
NDIN (National Disaster Information Network): A specific, country focused Disaster
Information Network. e.g. the US-National Disaster Information Network, CARDIN (Caribbean
Disaster Information Network), Indian Disaster Resource Network etc.
RDIN (Regional Disaster Information Network): The network of NDINs among the nations in
a particular continent or geographic zone. e.g. the South Asian Disaster Knowledge Network,
Regional Disaster Information system of Latin America
GDIN (Global Disaster Information Network): The network of NDINs among the nations of
the world. (www.gdin.org)
3. GOALS OF DIN
The overall goal of DIN is to reduce disaster losses. This is achieved by the following
objectives.
To improve decision making before, during, and after emergencies through improved
access to and quality of information
To provide information products that are specifically designed to meet the needs of users
To promote efficiency and cost effectiveness
To stimulate and facilitate mitigation
4. BENEFITS OF DIN
Making disaster information readily available for any needs
Leveraging the efforts and experiences of existing DINs
Supporting timely and co-ordinated disaster response
Creating synergy to derive new information related to disaster
5. DATA AVAILABLE IN DIN
Information Needs of Disaster Managers
The information needs of disaster managers fall into two distinct, but closely related, categories
of activities namely
· pre-disaster activities: analysis and research (to improve the existing knowledge base), risk
assessment, prevention, mitigation and preparedness
· post-disaster activities: response, rehabilitation and reconstruction.
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Data Available for Decision Makers
international, national, regional, local maps showing how hazards vary in space & time;
estimates of probability of occurrence of hazardous events;
estimates and examples of potential effects, especially for structures;
real-time display of what is happening during the course of a disaster;
systems for contingency planning;
codes, standards, and construction methods for structures;
Data Available for Users
1. Base Data
Topography, Political boundaries, Public land survey system, Geographic names, Demography,
Land ownership/use, Critical facilities etc
2. Scientific Data
Hydrography/hydrology (surface and subsurface flows and levels), Ocean levels and tides, Soils
Rock types/ages/properties/structure, Meteorology and climatology, Archaeology, Seismology.
Wildlife and biodiversity details etc
3. Engineering Data
Control structures like dams, levees etc., Pump stations, Building inventories/codes, Offshore
facilities, Transportation, bridges, tunnels, Utility infrastructure, pipelines, power lines,
Communication systems etc.
4. Economic Data
Financial Insurance: holdings, losses, Exposure, resources availability and distance etc.
5. Environmental Data
Threatened and endangered species, Hazardous sites, Water quality, Critical areas etc.
6. Response Data
Evacuation routes, Management plans, Aircraft routes, Personnel deployment, Equipment
deployment, Warning system, Shelters, Monitoring system, Loss estimate etc.
6. EXAMPLES OF DIN
There are many famous disaster information networks. Some of the prominent DINs are
USDIN (United States Disaster Information Network)
CARDIN (Caribbean Disaster Information Network)
ADMIN (Australian Disaster Management Information Network)
IDRN
IDKN
DISANET
The Indian Disaster Information Systems will be briefly discussed in the following paragraphs.
INDIAN DISASTER RESOURCE NETWORK
India Disaster Resource Network (IDRN), a web based information system, is a platform for
managing the inventory of equipments, skilled human resources and critical supplies for
emergency response.
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The primary focus is to enable the decision makers to find answers on availability of equipments
and human resources required to combat any emergency situation. This database will also enable
them to assess the level of preparedness for specific vulnerabilities.
IDRN is a national initiative collaborated by National Informatics Centre of Government of India
and UNDP. For corporate participation, IDRN has recently collaborated with BAI(Builders
Association of India) and CII(Confederation of Indian Industry)
IDRN has so far more than 80000 records from more than 530 districts
The data are obtained at district levels, digitized and verified at the State Level and integrated
with the national database available with National Informatics Centre and Ministry of Home
Affairs. The data transfer can be explained through the following illustration
It can be accessed at www.idrn.gov.in
INDIAN DISASTER KNOWLEDGE NETWORK
India Disaster Knowledge Network (IDKN) is a web portal, that offers a broad array of resources
and services, such as knowledge collaboration, networking, maps, emergency contact
information system and several other valuable information related to natural disasters.
It provides a platform to share knowledge and create an environment to learn about disaster
management through interactive process. There are more than 20 knowledge partners in IDKN
which includes IITs, CWC, GSI, NDMI etc
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The main goal of IDKN is to create an easy to use unified point of access to disaster management
knowledge and services and facilitate in accelerated and improved quality of disaster mitigation
and response. IDKN is a part of South Asian Disaster Knowledge Network (SADKN).
The activities and functioning of IDKN in India can be illustrated as follows
It can be accessed at http://saarc-sadkn.org/countries/india/default.aspx
DISANET
DISANET is "Information Network for Natural Disaster Mitigation and Management".
This project is INDO-JAPAN collaboration project. The project will bring together researchers
from IIT-Madras, IIT-Kanpur and other research institutions in India and Japan, with IIT-H and
Keio University as nodal agencies. Hyderabad-based National Geographical Research Institute
and Earthquake Research Institute of the University of Tokyo will also be part of the project.
The key aspects include addressing a robust sensor network for pre-disaster monitoring, rapidly
deployable communications and database system for post-disaster relief and key deliverables in
the form of a deployed emerging communications system.