Evolution of ‘Disaster Management to Disaster Risk Management’
Transcript of Evolution of ‘Disaster Management to Disaster Risk Management’
Evolution of ‘Disaster Management
to Disaster Risk Management’
Robin AgarwalResearch Associate & Program Coordinator
Seismic Zones in Gujarat
Managing disasters: Disaster Management Cycle
PreventionMeasurestakentoavoidtheoccurrence ofa disasterMitigationMeasureaimedatreducingtheimpactoreffectofdisasterPreparednessStateofreadinesswhichenablesstakeholderstomobilize,organizeandproviderelieftodealwithanimpendingoractualdisasterortheeffectofadisasterResponseMeasurestakenduringorimmediateafteradeclarationofdisastertodiminish,oralleviateanysuffering,pain,injuryordistressorhardshipcausedonaccountofthedisasterRecoveryTheactionstakenbythecommunityandallthegovernmentandthenon-governmentagenciestoresettheconditionafterdisasterandminimisethevulnerabilityofthesamekindofdisasterin future DMAct 2003
What is ‘Prevention & Mitigation’?
¨ Preventionexpressestheconceptandintentiontocompletelyavoid
potentialadverseimpactsofhazardous events.
¨ Mitigation: Incase,disasterriskscannotbeeliminated,preventionaimsatreducingvulnerabilityandexposureinsuchcontextswhere,asaresult,theriskofdisasterisremoved.
¨ Examples
¤ DamsOr Embankments
¤ Land- UseRegulations
¤ SeismicEngineering Designs
¤ Immunization
Prevention
Mitigation
What is ‘Preparedness’?
¨ Aimistobuildthecapacitiesneededtoefficientlymanagealltypesofemergencies andachieveorderlytransitionsfromresponsetosustained recovery
¨ Examples
¤ PreparationofDM Plans
¤ PlanTestingor Exercising
¤ Establishmentofinter-agency agreements
¤ Developmentofsystemsforpublicwarninganddistributionof information
¤ Emergency Communication
¤ EmergencyResponsePersonnel Training
¤ SecuringAdequate Resources
¤ Public education
What is ‘Response’?
¨ Focusedonimmediateandshort-term needs
¨ Examples¤ PublicWarning& Evacuation¤ Search& Rescue¤ First Aid¤ Arrangementsfor Shelter¤ Fatality Management¤ Sanitation¤ Law& Order¤ ResumptionofCritical Infrastructure¤ Media Management¤ VIP Visits¤ DonationManagement
What is ‘Reconstruction & Rehabilitation’?
¨ Restoringor Improving Economic,Physical,Social,CulturalAndEnvironmentalassets,systemsandactivities,ofadisasteraffectedcommunityorsociety,aligningwiththeprinciplesof SustainableDevelopment and“BuildBackBetter”,toavoidorreducefuturedisaster risk.
¨ Examples
q PrimaryRequirements(Water,Food, Shelters)q Waste disposalq Debris clearanceq Decontaminationq Environment clearanceq Damage assessmentq Reconstruction(Houses,RoadsandBridges,Industrial,CommercialandResidentialbuildings,drainagesystem etc.)
q RestoreResources(Electricity,water, gas)q Restore Communicationq Restoreallemergency servicesq RestarttheEducationcentres(Schools,colleges)
q Employment opportunityq Political stabilityq Cultural recoveryq TreatmentforPostTraumaticStress Disorderq Relocate community
From Disaster Management to Disaster Risk ManagementWe need to manage risks, not just disasters.
¨ Don’tyouthinkdisastermanagementismoreofareactivemeasure?Youare right!
¨ Takingcognisanceofthisandpoweredbytheresearchesthataregoingonaroundtheworld,
weareslowlyshiftingtowardsdisasterrisk management.
¨ DisasterRiskManagement(DRM)isprimarilythemanagementofdisasterrisksina
waysuchthatthoserisksneverbecomea disaster!
¨ Youmayhaveheardofaterm,DisasterRiskReduction.Whatisdisasterrisk reduction?
¨ DisasterRiskReduction(DRR)isallthatwedotoensurethatwehavemanagedthe
risksthatweknowaboutandbepreparedtodealwiththeonesthatwedonotknow
about.
From disaster management to disaster risk management
¨ DisasterRiskReductionisaimedatpreventingnewandreducingexistingdisasterrisk
andmanagingresidualrisk,allofwhichcontributetostrengtheningresilienceand
thereforetotheachievementofSustainable Development.
¨ Tosumit up,
DisasterRiskManagement(DRM) =
DisasterRiskReduction(DRR)+DisasterManagement (DM)
From disaster management to disaster risk management
Disaster Risk Reduction
Managing Disasters
Disaster Risk Management
Prevention of New
Risk
Reduction of Existing
Risk
Disaster Risk
Reduction
Resilience to disaster: Way forward¨ Resilienceistheabilityofasystem,communityorsocietyexposedtohazards to
¤ resist,¤ absorb,¤ accommodateto and¤ recover fromtheeffectsofthehazardinatimelyandefficientmanner,includingthroughthepreservationandrestorationofitsessentialbasicstructuresand functions
¨ Howdowebecomeresilient?Itisacomplexnetofmany elements.¤ Itismulti-disciplinary, trans-disciplinary.
n Technicalscience,socialscience,medicalscience,environmentalistsetc.,everyoneisinvolved,directlyorindirectly.
¨ Justtogetanideaofhowthiswill work:¤ Hazard->Earlywarning->Informationdissemination->Impact->Rescue&Relief->Reconstruction&Rehabilitation->Buildingbackbetter(AllthisisaccordingtoDMCycleandSFDRR)
Food for thought
¨ ThelevelofpreparednessofJapanisusuallyunderstoodtobeverygood.Thiscanbe
attributedtothefactthatitwitnessesearthquakeandtyphoonalmosteveryother
day.Toattainthatlevelofpreparedness,doesIndianeedtosufferthesame
frequencyofrecurring hazards?
¨ Again, it is inherent to a human to think that disaster will not happen to me and
thereby he or she lacks in preparedness. So, should one suffer a disaster to be
prepared?
DRM Cycle
The Paradigm Shift
Managing Disaster Managing Disaster Risks
UN/GAadoptedmeasuresregardingseveredisasters
•Assistance in casesof NaturalDisaster•Creation of theUnited NationsDisaster ReliefOffice (UNDRO)
1970 –1990
InternationalDecadeforNaturalDisasterReduction(IDNDR)
1990 -1999
¨ It started with the United Nations observing the 1990s as the International
Decade for Natural Disaster Reduction (IDNDR).
• Aim was to decrease the loss of life, property destruction and social and
economic disruption caused by Natural Disasters.
The Paradigm Shift
1960 -1970
¨ 1stWorldConferenceonNaturalDisaster,(May1994,Yokohama, Japan)
¨ AdoptedtheYokohamaStrategyforaSaferWorld:GuidelinesforNatural DisasterPrevention,PreparednessandMitigationanditsPlanof Action.
¨ Itwasthemainoutcomeofthemid-termreviewoftheInternationalDecadeofNaturalDisasterReduction(IDNDR)andestablished 10principles foritsstrategy,aplanofactionanda follow-up.
¨ InDec.1999UnitedNationsInternationalStrategyforDisasterReduction(UNISDR)
wascreated- successortothesecretariatofthe IDNDR
•1stWorldConferenceonNaturalDisaster•YokohamaStrategyforaSaferWorld
1994UnitedNationsInternationalStrategyforDisaster Reduction(UNISDR)
1999UNISDRcarriedoutareviewoftheYokohamaStrategyandPlanofAction foraSaferWorld
2003 -2004
The Paradigm Shift
¨ 2ndWorldConferenceonDisasterReduction(January2005, Kobe)¨ The HyogoFrameworkforAction(HFA)(2005– 2015): BuildingtheResilience ofNationsandCommunitiesto Disasters
¨ Prioritiesfor Action1. Makingdisasterriskreductionapriority;2. Improvingriskinformationandearlywarning;3. Buildingacultureofsafetyandresilience;4. Reducingtherisksinkeysectors;5. Strengtheningpreparednessforresponse
•2ndWorldConferenceonDisaster Reduction•HyogoFrameworkfor Action
2005 -2015 GlobalPlatformfor
DisasterRiskReduction2006-2007
The Paradigm Shift
Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction: Latest Framework of DRM
¨ 3rdWorldConferenceonDisasterRiskReduction(March2015, Sendai)¨ Adoptedthe SendaiFrameworkforDisasterRiskReduction(SFDRR) (2015– 2030)