Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.
-
Upload
cornelia-stevenson -
Category
Documents
-
view
216 -
download
0
Transcript of Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.
![Page 1: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Unit 2 NotesUnit 2 Notes
Cellular Transportation And The Cellular Transportation And The Cell CycleCell Cycle
![Page 2: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Cell TransportationCell Transportation: : 2 main types2 main types
1.1. Passive transportPassive transport: : Does notDoes not require require energy from the cellenergy from the cell
Moves downhill, Moves downhill, withwith the concentration the concentration gradientgradient
![Page 3: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Cellular Transportation Cellular Transportation Type 2Type 2
22. . Active TransportActive Transport: : Requires energyRequires energy to to
occur.occur.
Moves uphill, Moves uphill, againstagainst the concentration the concentration gradient.gradient.
![Page 4: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Passive TransportPassive Transport(No energy required)(No energy required)
3-Types3-Types
![Page 5: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
11stst Type Passive Transport Type Passive Transport
Simple DiffusionSimple Diffusion : Movement of any : Movement of any substance from areas of substance from areas of higher to lowerhigher to lower concentrationsconcentrations
diffusion animationdiffusion animation
![Page 6: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
22ndnd Type Passive Transport Type Passive Transport
Osmosis:Osmosis: Movement of Movement of waterwater from from areas of areas of higher to lowerhigher to lower concentrations concentrations
![Page 7: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
33rdrd Type Passive Transport Type Passive Transport
Facilitated diffusionFacilitated diffusion: Movement of : Movement of substances from substances from higher to lowerhigher to lower concentration with help from a protein concentration with help from a protein moleculemolecule
Animation: How Facilitated Diffusion WorksAnimation: How Facilitated Diffusion Works
![Page 8: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
2-Types of Active Transport2-Types of Active Transport (Energy Required)(Energy Required)
11. . ExocytosisExocytosis: The expulsion of particles : The expulsion of particles from the cell.from the cell.
2. 2. EndocytosisEndocytosis: surrounding and engulfing : surrounding and engulfing particles.particles.
PinocytosisPinocytosis: Cell drinking – the cell : Cell drinking – the cell takes in liquids.takes in liquids.
PhagocytosisPhagocytosis: Surrounding and : Surrounding and taking in of large particles.taking in of large particles.
![Page 9: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
PhagocytosisPhagocytosis
Animation: PhagocytosisAnimation: Phagocytosis
![Page 10: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Solute vs SolventSolute vs Solvent
SoluteSolute: The dissolved substance in a : The dissolved substance in a liquid.liquid.
SolventSolvent: The liquid that the solute is : The liquid that the solute is dissolved in: Usually waterdissolved in: Usually water
![Page 11: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Types of solutionsTypes of solutionsIsotonic solutionIsotonic solution
Concentrations of Concentrations of solute are equal in the solute are equal in the cell and the solution. cell and the solution. (cell=solution)(cell=solution)
Water moves back Water moves back and forth at the same and forth at the same rate. rate.
Water in =Water OutWater in =Water Out
![Page 12: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Hyp-O-tonic solutionHyp-O-tonic solution(Hyp-Ohh no I(Hyp-Ohh no I’’m swelling-tonic)m swelling-tonic)
HypHypOOtonictonic: Concentrations of solute are : Concentrations of solute are higher in the cell than in the solution (cell-higher in the cell than in the solution (cell-higher, solution-lower) higher, solution-lower)
Water moves into the cell.Water moves into the cell.The cell The cell swellsswells and can burst. and can burst.
![Page 13: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Hypertonic SolutionHypertonic Solution
Concentrations of Concentrations of solute are lower in the solute are lower in the cell than in the cell than in the solution (cell-lower, solution (cell-lower, solution-higher) solution-higher)
Water moves out of Water moves out of the cellthe cell..
The cell The cell shrinksshrinks..
![Page 14: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Limits to cell sizeLimits to cell size
A cells size is limited, so organisms grow A cells size is limited, so organisms grow by cellular division.by cellular division.
The cells of a baby are the same size as The cells of a baby are the same size as the cells of an adult.the cells of an adult.
![Page 15: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
So… Why CanSo… Why Can’’t cells just grow t cells just grow larger???larger???
![Page 16: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Three factors that limit the growth Three factors that limit the growth of cellsof cells
1. Diffusion across cell surface.1. Diffusion across cell surface.2. Shortage of DNA.2. Shortage of DNA.3. Surface to volume ratio.3. Surface to volume ratio.
![Page 17: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
DiffusionDiffusion
Diffusion is efficient over short distances, Diffusion is efficient over short distances, but becomes inefficient and slow over but becomes inefficient and slow over large distances.large distances.
So…cells that are large have a more So…cells that are large have a more difficult time getting nutrients into the cell difficult time getting nutrients into the cell and waste products out of the cell.and waste products out of the cell.
![Page 18: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
DNADNA
A cell cannot survive without sufficient A cell cannot survive without sufficient amounts of DNA to make necessary amounts of DNA to make necessary proteinsproteins
Unusually large cells must have multiple Unusually large cells must have multiple nuclei in order to supply needed DNAnuclei in order to supply needed DNA
![Page 19: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Surface Area to Volume RatioSurface Area to Volume Ratio
As a cellAs a cell’’s size increases, its volume increases s size increases, its volume increases faster than its surface areafaster than its surface area
![Page 20: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Cell ReproductionCell Reproduction
MitosisMitosis: Asexual reproduction (Cell Cycle): Asexual reproduction (Cell Cycle)
The process by which one cell divides into The process by which one cell divides into two cells, both identical to the original two cells, both identical to the original parent cellparent cell
![Page 21: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
The Dreaded The Dreaded ““CC”” Words! Words!
ChromatinChromatinChromosomesChromosomesChromatidChromatidCentromeresCentromeresCentriolesCentrioles
![Page 22: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
ChromatinChromatin
Relaxed DNA.Relaxed DNA.
![Page 23: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
ChromosomesChromosomes
Condensed DNA.Condensed DNA.
DNA that is preparing DNA that is preparing to undergo cellular to undergo cellular divisiondivision
Can now be seen with Can now be seen with a microscope.a microscope.
![Page 24: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Chromatids and CentromeresChromatids and Centromeres
Sister Chromatids: Halves of a duplicated Sister Chromatids: Halves of a duplicated parent chromosome.parent chromosome.
Centromeres: The structure that joints two Centromeres: The structure that joints two sister chromatids.sister chromatids.
![Page 25: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Chromatin and ChromosomeChromatin and Chromosome
![Page 26: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Centrioles- Produce the spindle Centrioles- Produce the spindle and aid in replicationand aid in replication
![Page 27: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
The Cell CycleThe Cell Cycle
The process of The process of asexuaasexual reproduction l reproduction (mitosis) of the cell(mitosis) of the cell
Contains Contains threethree major parts major parts
1. Interphase 2. Mitosis 3. Cytokinesis1. Interphase 2. Mitosis 3. Cytokinesis
![Page 28: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
The Cell CycleThe Cell Cycle
![Page 29: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Part One of the Cell CyclePart One of the Cell CycleInterphaseInterphase
The cell spends the majority of its life in The cell spends the majority of its life in interphase.interphase.
A time in which the cell is preparing for A time in which the cell is preparing for division.division.
![Page 30: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
InterphaseInterphase3-Parts3-Parts
G-1G-1: Maturation.: Maturation.
S-PhaseS-Phase: DNA replicates - makes a : DNA replicates - makes a duplicate copy of itself.duplicate copy of itself.
G-2G-2: Organelles replicate and final : Organelles replicate and final preparations for division.preparations for division.
![Page 31: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
MitosisMitosis
Division of the Division of the nucleusnucleus4-phases4-phases
PProphaserophaseMMetaphaseetaphaseAAnaphasenaphaseTTelophaseelophase
PMATPMAT
![Page 32: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Parts of MitosisParts of MitosisProphaseProphase
The chromatin The chromatin condense to form visible condense to form visible chromosomeschromosomes
The nuclear envelope The nuclear envelope begins to dissolvebegins to dissolve
The centrioles divide The centrioles divide and and beginbegin to migrate to to migrate to opposite sides of the cellopposite sides of the cell
![Page 33: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Parts of Mitosis Cont…Parts of Mitosis Cont…MetaphaseMetaphase
Centrioles have moved Centrioles have moved to opposite sides of the to opposite sides of the cellcell
The spindle has formedThe spindle has formed
Chromosomes are Chromosomes are lined up in the middle lined up in the middle of the cell across the of the cell across the equatorequator
![Page 34: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Parts of Mitosis Cont…Parts of Mitosis Cont…AnaphaseAnaphase
The centromeres split The centromeres split and the spindles pull and the spindles pull the sister chromatids the sister chromatids apart toward opposite apart toward opposite sides of the cellsides of the cell
![Page 35: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Parts of Mitosis Cont…Parts of Mitosis Cont…TelophaseTelophase
The chromosomes The chromosomes move to opposite move to opposite sides of the cell. sides of the cell.
The nuclear envelope The nuclear envelope begins to reform begins to reform around each set of around each set of chromosomes at chromosomes at opposite sides of the opposite sides of the cell.cell.
![Page 36: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
CytokinesisCytokinesis
Division of the Division of the cytoplasmcytoplasm
Begins to occur Begins to occur during telophaseduring telophase
Different in plants and Different in plants and animal cellsanimal cells
![Page 37: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Cytokinesis Cont…Cytokinesis Cont…
Animal cellsAnimal cells: the plasma membrane : the plasma membrane pinches in to form two separate cellspinches in to form two separate cells
Plant cellsPlant cells: A rigid cell plate begins to form : A rigid cell plate begins to form between the two new cells, dividing them between the two new cells, dividing them and becoming a cell wall.and becoming a cell wall.
![Page 38: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
![Page 39: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
mitosis animation mitosis animation
![Page 40: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Control of the Cell CycleControl of the Cell Cycle
The cell cycle is controlled by proteins and The cell cycle is controlled by proteins and enzymesenzymes
Contact with other cells causes cell to stop Contact with other cells causes cell to stop dividing. dividing.
Cell stop dividing when they lose contact Cell stop dividing when they lose contact with other cellswith other cells
![Page 41: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
CancerCancer
Uncontrolled cell growth resulting in Uncontrolled cell growth resulting in tumorstumors
Metastasis:Metastasis: Cells break lose and travel Cells break lose and travel through the circulatory system spreading through the circulatory system spreading throughout the body.throughout the body.
![Page 42: Unit 2 Notes Cellular Transportation And The Cell Cycle.](https://reader036.fdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062423/56649efc5503460f94c10072/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Causes of CancerCauses of Cancer
Environmental factors that damage genes.Environmental factors that damage genes.
Ex: Cigarette smoke, UV rays from the sun, Ex: Cigarette smoke, UV rays from the sun, air and water pollution, virusesair and water pollution, viruses