Unit 18 - Trends

TSIM Kam Wan

Part A - Futurist• World Future Society

http://www.wfs.org

• Top 10 Forecasts from Outlook 2004

http://www.wfs.org/forecasts.htm

Part ATop 10 Forecasts from Outlook 2004

Each year since 1985, the editors of THE FUTURIST have selected the most thought-provoking ideas and forecasts appearing in the magazine. Over the years, Outlook has spotlighted the emergence of such epochal developments as the Internet, virtual reality, and the end of the Cold War.

• 1. Genetically modified crops may surpass natural crops in acreage planted by 2020. Crops could be 100% genetically modified by the end of the twenty-first century, according to some optimistic experts. —Molitor, Sep-Oct 2003, p. 42

        

              

• 2. Two-thirds of the world's population will be chronically short of water by 2050. "Water wars" are now imminent in places like Kashmir, where Pakistan's water supply is controlled by India. —Cetron and Davies, Jan-Feb 2003, p. 40

• 3. How do you walk? Security people will be watching. Your unique swagger, stagger, or shuffle will speak volumes. "Gait analysis" could soon join fingerprinting and retina scans in the identification technology toolbox. —Jan-Feb 2003, p. 6

• 4. Voters are vanishing worldwide.

Voter turnouts have dropped in established democracies, with record lows in the United Kingdom (59% in the 2001 parliamentary elections) and the United States (51% in the 2000 presidential election). Some countries, such as Australia, Singapore, and Belgium, have made voting compulsory, helping boost participation rates to above 90%. —Nov-Dec 2002, p. 6

• 5. Earthquakes will become deadlier. These future deadly earthquakes won't be more powerful, but they will kill more people simply because there will be more people to kill, particularly in the world's largest cities. Half the world's megacities, with multimillion populations, are located near potential magnitude 7.5 earthquakes. —Futurist Update, June 2003

• 6. We may be able to engineer longer lives for ourselves.

Genetic engineering can double a worm’s life span. Mice are living 50% longer with the help of genetic inventions. Thanks to the human genome project, scientists are closer to identifying ways to decelerate human aging. —Magalh’s, Mar-Apr 2003, p. 49

• 7. Polar bears extinct by the year 2100?

Global warming is melting polar bears’ Arctic hunting grounds and threatens to prevent new ice from freezing. If the trend continues, polar bears could starve off in the next 100 years. —July-Aug 2003, p. 6

• 8. More Americans will go it alone.

People in their prime family-forming years are opting out of family life. Since 1970, the proportion of 25- to 34-year olds who live alone rose from 4% to 10%. The proportion of 35- to 44-year-olds living alone rose from 3% to 9% in that time. If these trends continue, look for more solo-living in the future. —July-Aug 2003, p. 13

• 9. Physicians may soon have ways to help paralyzed people move their limbs by bypassing the damaged nerves that once controlled their muscles.

Researchers are already able to get rats to do things by stimulating the pleasure centers in the rats' brains. —Nov-Dec 2002, p. 45

• 10. You may be wearing your power on your sleeve.

Fabrics containing flexible solar cells may soon be possible as researchers overcome obstacles such as losing current when fabrics are bent. Solar textiles could one day be used to provide clothing for emergency workers or as solar-powered carpets for tents in refugee camps. —Sep-Oct 2003, p. 2

E n v iron m en tF arm in g In d u stryC ro p -m o d if ied g en e

M o r e fo o d ?

E n v iron m en tG eo lo g ica l S y stemM o re p o p u la tion

W ater sh ortage ?

S oc ie tyS ecu rity S y ste m

G a it A n a ly s is

M o r e se c u r ity ?

S oc ie tyP o litica l S y stem

L ess v o ter sL ess d em o n cra cy ?

E n v iron m en t G eo lo g ica l S y stem

E a rth q u a k e

M o re d ea th ?

S c ien ceM ed ica l f ie ld

G en etic en g in errin g

L on g er life?

E n v iron m en tA n im a ls K in g d om

P o la r b ea rs

E xtin c ts?

S oc ie tyS o cia l sy ste m

L ifes ty le

M o re s in g le?

S c ien ceM ed ica l f ie ld

L im b ca n m o v e

L ess d isa b le?

S oc ie tyS ecru ity sy ste m

S o la r tex tileM o re p r o tectio n ?

T o p T en F o reca st2 0 0 4

W orld F u tu re S oc ie tyF u tu r ist

Forecast

1. What are the top 10 forecast from Outlook 2005

2. Which one of the top 10 forecast from Outlook 2005 you believe will be seen?

3. What factors supported your belief of this forecast?

4. Do you have some predictions about life in the future in Hong Kong.

5. What tips/advice you can give to help us survive the 21st century.

(Please choose one out of ten forecast to do your research and write a 5 minutes speech)

Part A Task 1 - Reading & SpeakingCritical thinking - Questions

Part ATask 2 - Reading and Speaking

• Please read carefully the topic sentences taken from the article “Growing trend” – (Reading and Speaking (1), page 78) Discuss whether enough examples are given and find the sum up sentence for each paragraph.

• Match each suggestion for all four predictions to help you survive the 21st century and brainstorm more suggestions for (Reading and Speaking (3), page 78.)

Part ATask 2 - Reading and Speaking

Growing TrendsP78-79

Growing Trends

EnvironmentWarmer World

TechnologyMore computer

Population

Developing countryPopulation explosion

Developed country:Less populationElder increase

SocietyUnsafe to walk

at night

Part B - Grammar - Future (Structure)

Simple future tense He will study English tomorrow.

Future continuous tense He will be studying English at this time tomorrow.

Future perfect tense He will have studied English before he goes to Britain.

Future perfect continuous tense

He will have been studying English for three years by 2001.

Part B - Grammar Future - Time

Simple Future:

The simple future tense is used to describe an event that is about to take place in the near future

• It will be a sunny morning tomorrow

Future Continuous

The future continuous tense is used to describe an event that is likely to be going on some time in the future.

• I shall be staying in Singapore till next Sunday.

Future Perfect

The future perfect tense is used to describe an event that is likely to be over some time in future.

• I shall have completed the site seeing by Tuesday.

Future Perfect Continuous

The future perfect continuous tense is used to indicate an event that is continuing till its end some time in future.

• By the time you appear for your find test, you will have been studying for three months.

Part B - Grammar Future Tense

Condition ExamplesNo Plan Use the simple future tense

when there is no plan or decision to do something before we speak. We make the decision spontaneously at the time of speaking.

•Hold on. I'll get a pen. •We will see what we can do to help you. •Maybe we'll stay in and watch television tonight.

Prediction We often use the simple future tense to make a prediction about the future. There is no firm plan. We are saying what we think will happen.

•It will rain tomorrow. •People won't go to Jupiter before the 22nd century. •Who do you think will get the job?

Plan We can use the simple future tense even if we have a firm plan or decision before speaking.

•I'll be in London tomorrow. •I'm going shopping. I won't be very long. •Will you be at work tomorrow?

Part B – Grammar Future Continuous Tense

Condition ExamplesThings in progress

Use the future progressive with will or be going to to talk about actions that will be in progress at a specific time in the future.

• I’ ll be taking the Bullet Train tomorrow afternoon.

• I’m going to be taking the Bullet Train tomorrow afternoon.

Hints to ask for favour

Use the future progressive to hint that you would like someone to do you a favour.

A: Will you be going by the post office tomorrow?

B: I plan to. Why? Do you need stamps?

A: If you remember, could you buy some for me?

Routine Use to talk about something which is already planned or is part of routine.

• In the 21st century most families will be using computer in the home.

Time If the sentence has a time clause, use present, not future, in the time clause.

• I’ ll be working in the kitchen while the robot cleans the office.

• I’ ll be working in the kitchen while the robot will clean the office.

Past Future

Now

Part B - Grammar - Future Perfect

Condition ExampleAction Completed and Result emphasis.

Use the future perfect to talk about a future action that will already be completed by a certain time in the future.

By June, he’ ll have paid his debt.

We often use already and yet with the future perfect to emphasize which event takes place first

•By the time he graduates, he’ll have already saved $1,000.

•By the time he graduates, he won’t have saved $1,000 yet.

Past Future

Now

Part B – Grammar Future Perfect Continuous

Condition Example

Expection Use the future perfect progressive to take about an action that will still be in progress at a certain time in the future. The action may have already started, or it may start sometime in the future.

• They’re going to move into their new apartment next month. By 2001, they will have been living in their apartment for ten years.

• They moved to Chicago five years ago. By 2001 they will have been living there for fifteen years.

Past Future Past Future

Part B - Grammar Future Perfect Continuous

Condition ExamplesComparing two events

Use the future perfect or the future perfect progressive with the simple present tense to show the relationship between two future events. The event that will talk place first uses the perfect. The event that will talk place second uses the simple present tense.

• By the time you arrive, I will have finished dinner.

• By the time you will arrive, I will have finished dinner.

I finish dinnerYou arrive

Part B–Task 1–Grammar–Future Multiple Choice

1.A: Do you think Mary should take the TOEFL this

spring?B: Sure. The test is in June. By that time, he

(a) ’ll prepare (b) prepared (c) ’s prepared (d) ’ll have been preparingfor more than six months.

Part B–Task 1–Grammar–Future Multiple Choice

2.A: My mother loves Jack Francis novels. She’s

afraid she’ll finish them all and there won’t be any more for her to read.

B: Impossible. Francis writes fast. By the time your mother (a) ’ll have read (b) ‘ll have been reading (c) reads (d) read this one, he (a) ‘ll have written (b) ‘ll have been writing (c) wrote (d) writes two more.

Part B–Task 1–Grammar–Future Multiple Choice

3. A: The conductor just told me we’re going to be

delayed there in Boston for about an hour.

B: I’ll go call Anna and tell her not to pick us up until six.

A: Too late. By the time you find a telephone, she (a) ‘ll have left (b) ‘ll leave (c ) ‘ll have been leaving (d) left for the train station.

Part B–Task 1–Grammar–Future Multiple Choice

4A: When we get there, let’s take Anna out to

dinner.B: Good idea. She

(a) waited (b) ‘ll wait (c) ‘ll have been waiting ( d) waits

for us for over an hour.

Part B-Task 2 (page 79)

1. ______________ to the energy conference next week?

2. This time next week I’ ___________ to Switzerland.3. I can’t give you the report on Sunday because I

_________________ it by then.4. It’s after six o’clock so he ________________ work

by now.5. He didn’t sleep last night. If he doesn’t sleep

tonight, he _____________ for two nights.6. When I am going to bed in London, they

_____________ up in Australia.

Part B-Task 2 (page 79)

1. Will you be going to the energy conference next week?

2. This time next week I’ll be flying to Switzerland.3. I can’t give you the report on Sunday because I

won’t have finished it by then.4. It’s after six o’clock so he will have finished work

by now.5. He didn’t sleep last night. If he doesn’t sleep

tonight, he won’t have slept for two nights.6. When I am going to bed in London, they will be

getting up in Australia.

Part C – Sound - Word Stress

In every word in English, there is one main emphasized syllable.  The vowel sound in this syllable sounds higher in pitch, longer, and louder, and this is called stress. 

Word type Where is the stress? Examples

Two syllables

Nouns on the first syllablecenter object flower

Verbs on the last syllablerelease admit

arrange

Compound

Nouns (N + N)

(Adj. + N)on the first part

desktop pencil case bookshelf greenhouse

Adjectives (Adj. + P.P.)

on the last part (the verb part)

well-meant hard-headed old-fashioned

Verbs (prep. + verb)

understand overlook

outperform

Word type Where is the stress?

Examples

Phrasal Verbs on the particleturn off

buckle up hand out

Word with

added ending

-ic

the syllable before the ending

economic geometric electrical

-tion, -cian, -sion

technician graduation

cohesion

-phy, -gy, -try, -cy, -fy, -

al the third from the last syllable

photography biology

geometry

-meterparameter

thermometer barometer

Part C – Sound Sounds – Word Stress – p81 (1)

underline the stressed syllable

Verb NounTo preside

To oppose

To record

To analyse

To constitute

To explain

To examine

To economise

The president

The opposition

The record

The analysis

The constituency

The explanation

The examination

economic

Part C – Sound Sounds – Word Stress – p81 (1)

underline the stressed syllable

Verb NounTo preside

To oppose

To record

To analyse

To constitute

To explain

To examine

To economise

The president

The opposition

The record

The analysis

The constituency

The explanation

The examination

economic

Part C – Sound Stress and Non-Stress Words

Pronouncing every word correctly leads to poor pronunciation! Good pronunciation comes from stressing the right words - this is because English is a time-stressed language. English pronunciation focuses on specific stressed words while quickly gliding over the other, non-stressed, words.

Part C – Sound Stressed words - content words

1.Nouns e.g. kitchen, Peter - (most)

2.Principle verbs e.g. visit, construct

3.Adjectives e.g. beautiful, interesting

4.Adverbs e.g. often, carefully

Part C – Sound Non-stressed words - function words

1.Determiners e.g. the, a –

2.Auxiliary verbs e.g. am, were –

3.Prepositions e.g. before, of –

4.Conjunctions e.g. but, and –

5.Pronouns e.g. they, she

Example

The beautiful Mountain appeared transfixed in the distance. • The (determiner) • beautiful (adj) • Mountain(noun) • appeared (pp=adj)

• Transfixed(principle verb) • in (preposition) • the (determiner)

• distance (noun).• in the distance (prepositional phrase)

The(N) beautiful(S) Mountain(S) appeared(S) transfixed(S) in(N) the(N) distance(N). Symbol:-Stressed words: S Non-stressed words : NAdjectives : adj Noun: nPresent Participle: PP Past Participle: PaPPronoun: Pron Auxiliary verb: AuxDeterminer: D Verb: VPreposition: Prep Infinitive: InfRelative Pronoun: RP Conjunction: ConjAdverb: Adv Plural: pl

Task 1 – Sentence StressCircle the content words and draw the line to show

up and down of which words need to stress

• In the 21st century we will almost certainly be living in a warmer world.

• The world will continue to use fossil fuels which release carbon dioxide, the main cause of global warming.

• Damage done to the ozone layer by man-made chemicals will mean that our children will have an increased risk of developing skin cancer.

• We will be living in a world with less energy available and we will be forced to reduce our energy consumption.

Task 1 – Sentence Stress

• In the 21st century we will almost certainly be

living in a warmer world.

Task 1 – Sentence Stress

• In the 21st century we will almost certainly be living in a warmer world.

• The world will continue to use fossil fuels which release carbon dioxide, the main cause of global warming.

• Damage done to the ozone layer by man-made chemicals will mean that our children will have an increased risk of developing skin cancer.

• We will be living in a world with less energy available and we will be forced to reduce our energy consumption.

Part D - Vocabulary

1. The main party in power forms the __________________.2. A _________ is an election about a specific policy of the

government.3. A ____________ is an opportunity for voters to elect a new

government.4. The ________ is the district or region which an MP

represents.5. The ______________ is the head of government.6. A ___________ is someone who is elected to the city or local

government.7. The _____________ is the group of people elected to make

or change laws.8. A___________ is the head of the city or local government.9. In an election you ___the person you want to represent your

constituency.10.In a country’s parliament, the _____refers to the politician

who are not in government.

Part D - Vocabulary

1. The main party in power forms the government.2. A referendum is an election about a specific policy of the

government.3. A general election is an opportunity for voters to elect a new

government.4. The constituency is the district or region which an MP

represents.5. The prime minister is the head of government.6. A councillor is someone who is elected to the city or local

government.7. The assembly/senate is the group of people elected to make

or change laws.8. A mayor is the head of the city or local government.9. In an election you elect the person you want to represent

your constituency.10.In a country’s parliament, the opposition refers to the

politician who are not in government.