UNIT 1.- THE CRISIS OF THE ANCIENT REGIME
56
THE 18TH CENTURY: THE ANCIEN RÉGIME IN CRISIS I.E.S ALHADRA (ALMERÍA). ALBERTO ARANDA SHAW
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Transcript of UNIT 1.- THE CRISIS OF THE ANCIENT REGIME
THE 18TH CENTURY: THE ANCIEN RÉGIME IN
CRISIS
I.E.S ALHADRA (ALMERÍA). ALBERTO ARANDA SHAW
XVIII CENTURY EUROPEWHAT IS ANCIEN RÉGIME?
ABSOLUTE MONARCHY AGRARIAN ECONOMY ESTAMENTAL SOCIETY• FIRST USED BY THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONARIES
• AFTERWARDS IT WILL BE USED IN ALL COUNTRIES THAT HAD SUCH SYSTEM
RUSSIAN EMPIREUNITED KINGDOM
AUSTRIAN-HUNGARYEMPIRE
FRANCE
SPAIN
POLITICAL SYSTEM: ABSOLUTE MONARCHY1.- XVIII CENTURY EUROPE
• MONARCHY OF DIVINE ORIGIN: “The king only can be judged by God”
CONCENTRATION OF POWERS
EXECUTIVE
ENFORCES LAWS
LEGISLATIVO
PASSES LAWS
JUDICIAL
JUDGING THE LAWS
• HE RULED WITH: MINISTERS, COURTS, ARMY, BUROCRACY AND DIPLOMACY CHOSEN AMONG THE MOST INFLUENTIAL FAMILIES
• HE WAS ALSO ARMY HEAD, RAISED TAXES AND NAMING CHARGES
ECONOMICAL SYSTEM: A RURAL ECONOMY
MAIN DRAWBACKS LAND OWNERSHIP (NOBILITY AND CLERGY) FEUDAL RIGHTS (“MAYORAZGO Y AMORTIZADO”) LOW PRODUCTION (BAD TECHNIFICATION, “SECANO,BARBECHO, PLAGAS Y SUJETA A METEOROLOGÍA”. STATIONARY POPULATION (SUBSITENCE CRISIS, HUNGER AND MISERY) TRADITIONAL INDUSTRY AND HANDMADE (CRAFTS, GREMIOS, LOCALS) FAILURE OF TRANSPORTS AND INFRAESTRUCTURES
THREE-YEAR CROP ROTATION SYSTEM
SOMETHING IT WORKED WELL
TRIANGULAR TRADE
ESLAVESSOURCEMATERIALS
GOODS
ESTAMENTAL SOCIETY
PEASANT
BOURGEOISE
OUTCASTS AND OTHERS
PRIVILEGED ESTATES15% OF THE POPULATION
NOBI
LITY
CLERGY
KING
UNPRIVILEGED ESTATES.80% POPULATION
1.- XVIII CENTURY EUROPE
ESTATE: SOCIAL GROUP THAT IT BELONGS BY BIRTH
ESTAMENTAL SOCIETY
ANCIEN RÉGIME SOCIETY
ESTAMENTAL
SOCIETY
UNPRIVILEGED
MAJORITY
PRIVILEGED
MINORITY
NOBILITY OUTCASTPEASANTSCRAFTSMANBOURGEOISECLERGY
18TH CENTURY POPULATION GROWTH1.- XVIII CENTURY EUROPE
• HIGH BIRTHRATE AND HIGH MORTALITY
• WHY?
• IF THE POPULATION INCREASES IT INCREASES THE PRODUCTION
2.- ESTAMENTAL SOCIETYNOBILITY
PRIVILEGED SOCIAL GROUP: BIRTH, ROYAL CONCESSION.POLITICAL AND ECONOMICAL POWER
• LARGE CROPS• DONT PAY TAXES• GOT INCOMES• POLITICAL CHARGES• LEGAL SUPERIORITY
DIVISION OF NOBILITY
HIGHER NOBILITY LOWER NOBILITY
MARQUIS,DUKE,EARL“OF THE PROVINCES”HIDALGOS,INFANZONES,ETC
2.- ESTAMENTAL SOCIETYCLERGY
DIVISION OF CLERGY
HIGHER CLERGY LOWER CLERGY
Pope, ArchbishopsBishops, abbots
Priest, monks,Charchman and parsons.
DIVISIÓN OF CLERGY
SECULAR CLERGY REGULAR CLERGY
GRUPO SOCIAL PRIVILEGIADO: NO BIRTH, WIREPULLING, SECOND CHILD.
GREAT POWER
POLITICAL
ECONOMICAL
SOCIAL
AFFAIRS OF STATE
IDEOLOGICAL, MORAL AND EDUCATIVE CONTROL
LANDOWNERS, ALMS, DONATIONS
He lives “in the century”
He lives“in the rule”
CLERGY
HIGHER CLERGY
LOWER CLERGY
2.- ESTAMENTAL SOCIETYBOURGEOISE
UNPRIVILEGED SOCIAL GROUP: THEY PAY TAXES. WITHOUT POLITICAL INFLUENCE. THEY GET MARRIED WITH NOBILITY. THEY WILL CAUSE THE REVOLUTIONS OF THE 19th CENTURY: STRUGGLE FOR POWER.
2.- ESTAMENTAL SOCIETYCRAFTSMAN
UNPRIVILEGED SOCIAL GROUP: THEY LIVED IN THE CITIES. GUILD ORGANIZATION. IN THE 19th CENTURY THEY WILL BECOME INDUSTRIAL WORKERS .
2.- ESTAMENTAL SOCIETYPEASANTS
UNPRIVILEGED GROUP: THEY LIVED IN THE COUNTRYSIDE IN POOR CONDITIONS. LINKS OF DEPENDENCE AND MANY CHARGE IN THE 19th SOME OF THEM WILL BECOME INDUSTRIAL WORKERS.
2.- ESTAMENTAL SOCIETYOUTCASTS
UNPRIVILEGED AND DESERTED SOCIAL GROUP: THEY LIVED IN THE CITIES THEY SURVIVED WITH THE CHARITY AND CRIME
3.- THE ENLIGHTENMENT
WHAT IS THE ENLIAHTMENT?THOUGH OF THE ANCIEN REGIME
DIVINE POWER PEOPLE POWER
SOCIAL INEQUALITY SOCIAL EQUALITY
SEPERSTITIONS USE THE REASON
THEY THOUGH IN PROGRESS THROUGH SCIENCE AND KNOWLEDGE.WITH THE IMPROVEMENT, THE SOCIETY WILL ACHIEVE HAPPINESS
INTELECTUALL, PHILOSOPHICAL AND SCIENCETIPHICAL MOVEMENT THAT DEVELOPED IN EUROPEDURING THE 18th CENTURY. IT CRITICISED THE ANCIEN REGIMEN, AND ITS SYSTEM OF POWER AND BELIEFS.
3.- THE ENLIGHTMENTNOTABLE
PHILOSOPHERS
MONTESQUIEU“THE SPIRIT OF LAWS”
ROUSSEAU“THE SOCIAL CONTRACT
VOLTAIRE
DIVISION OF THE POWERS POPULAR SOVEREIGNTY
FREEDOM OF THOUGHT
3.- THE ENLIGHTMENTECONOMIC THOUGHT
QUESNAY
MERCANTILISM-- TO MID 18th CENTURY-- THE WEALTHY IS BASED ON THE ACCUMULATION OF GOLD AND SILVER-- STATE INTERVENTION
PHYSIOCRACY-- FROM 19th CENTURY-- AGRICULTURE AS THE PRIMARY SOURCE OF WEALTH -- NO STATE INTERVENTION
CAPITALISM-- FROM 19th CENTURY-- THE WEALTHY IS BASED ON THE MONEY -- NO STATE INTERVENTIONADAM SMITH
3.- EL PENSAMIENTO ILUSTRADOPENSAMIENTO ECONÓMICO
SUPPLY AND DEMAND LAW(PRODUCTION)
SUPPLY AND DEMAND LAW(WAGE)
3.- THE ENLIGHTMENTMETHODS OF DISTRIBUTION
HOW DOES THIS NEW MOVEMENT GET TO THE PEOPLEAND CHANGE THEIR MIND?
ENCYCLOPEDIA RSEDAP
BULL SESIONSSOCIAL CIRCLES
4.- THE COLLAPSE OF ABSOLUTISMTHE ENGLISH
PARLIAMENTARYEXECUTIVE
POWERLEGISLATIVE
POWER
KING
GOVERNMENTEnforces the law
PARLIAMENT
CHAMBER CHAMBER OF LORDS OF COMMONS(nobles and bishop) (513 represent…)
Passes laws and taxesVOTERS
Around 200.000 bourgeoises
NON-VOTERS: The rest of the people
THE PARLAMENT OF WESTMINSTER
THE ENGLISH REVOLUTION
4.- THE COLLAPSE OF ABSOLUTISMTHE ENGLISH REVOLUTION
SINCE MEDIEVAL TIMES IN ENGLAND, THE POWER OF THE MONARCH HAD BEEN LIMITED BY THE ENGLISH PARLIAMENT. IT HAD TWO HOUSES OF REPRESENTATIVES. ONE OF THEM WAS MADE UP OF THE NOBILITY AND THE CLERGY, AND WAS CALLED THE HOUSE OF LORDS. THE OTHER WAS MADE UP OF THE BOUGEOISIE AND WAS CALLED THE HOUSE OF COMMONS. WHENEVER THE MONARCHY WISHED TO APPROVE NEW TAXES OR DECLARE THE WAR AGAINST ANOTHER COUNTRY, BOTH HOUSES HAD TO MEET AND BE CONSULTED.HOWEVER IN 1642, KING CHARLES I TRIED TO RULE WITHOUT PARLIAMENT. RESISTANCE BY THOSE WHO OPPOSED THE INTENTIONS OF THE KING LED THE COUNTRY INTO CIVIL WAR. ON THE ONE SIDE THERE WERE THE SUPPORTERS OF PARLIAMENT AND ON THE OTHER, THE ABSOLUTE MONARCHY.IN 1649, KING CHARLES I WAS EXECUTED AND A REPUBLIC WAS PROCLAIMED. HOWEVER, THE LEADER OF THE REPUBLIC, OLIVER CROMWELL, BECAME A DICTATOR. WHEN HE DIED IN 1660, THE MONARCHY WAS RESTORED AND CHARLES II WAS CROWNED.CHARLES II HAD TO ACCEPT THE POWER OF THE PARLIAMENT.IN 1679 THE HABEAS CORPUS ACT WAS PASSED. THIS MEANT THAT EVERYONE WAS ENTITLED TO A FAIR TRIAL. IN 1685 CHARLES II DIED AND JAMES II BECAME KING, JAMES WAS A CATHOLIC AND APPOINTED SEVERAL CATHOLICS TO HIGH OFFICE. WHEN PARLIAMENT PROTESTED, JAMES II DISSOLVED IT.PARLIAMENT INVITED WILLIAM OF ORANGE TO OVERTHROW JAMES. WHEN WILLIAM LED HIS ARMY TO LONDON IN 1688, JAMES FLED TO FRANCE. THE OVERTHROW OF JAMES II IS CALLEDTHE GLORIOUS REVOLUTION. WILLIAM OF ORANGE WAS OFFERED THE CROWN PROVIDED HEACCEPT THE BILL OF RIGHTS THAT LIMITED HIS POWER. PARLIAMENTARY MONARCHY WASBORN.
4.- THE COLLAPSE OF ABSOLUTISMENLIGHTENED DESPOTISMENLIGHTNED DESPOTISM IS A FORM OF GOVERNMENT THAT SOME
EUROPEAN MONARCHY HAD IN THE 18th CENTURY. THEY CONTINUED THEIR ABSOLUTE RULA BUT INTRODUCE SOME OF THE ENLIGHTMENT`S PROPOSAL TO IMPROVE THE SOCIETY AND THE COUNTRY IN GENERAL
“ALL FOR THE PEOPLE, BUT WITHOUT THE PEOPLE”
5.- THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION
ORIGIN AND FEATURES OF THE 13 COLONIES
SEVEN YEARS WARFRANCE VS UK
MORE POLITICAL AND ECONOMICALDEPENDENCY
HIGUER TAX PAYMENT
IN 1607 THE PURITANS OBTEINED A LICENSE FROM DE ENGLISH CROWN FOR INMIGRATIONTO AMERICA. THEY LANDED IN VIRGINIA, CALLED “NEW ENGLAND”
BORDER IN 1776
CAUSES OF REBELLIONNEW TAXES
TOWNSHEND ACTSSTAMP ACTSUGAR ACT
FIRST REACTIONS OF THE SETTLERS
THEY PROTESTED AND ORGANIZEDREVOLTS AND RIOTS
AS A RESULT, THE GOVERNMENTREMOVED/TOOK OUT ALL TAXES,EXCEPT THE TEA.
BOSTON TEA PARTY
SETTLERS OF INDIANS IN DISGUISE
THREW TO THE SEA ALL THE TEA THAT MUST GO
TO ENGLAND. THEY SHOWED HIS
REFUSAL TTAXES
THE REVOLUTION, WAR AND INDEPENDENCE
OF THE USA BEGAN WITH BOSTON TEA PARTY.
LA GUERRA DE LA INDEPENDENCIA
LEXINGTON AND CONCORD SARATOGA- INTERVENTION OF FRANCE
YORKTOWN- GEORGE WASHINGTON TREATY OF PARIS(1783). END OF WAR
CONSTITUTION OF THE USA
GEORGE WASHINGTON THOMAS JEFFERSON
DECLARACIÓN DE INDEPENDENCIA
-- RIGHT TO LIFE-- RIGHT TO EQUALITY-- RIGHT TO PROPERTY-- LEGAL EQUALITY-- FREEDOM OF EXPRESSION-- FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION-- FREEDOM OF THE PRESS-- FREEDOM OF RELIGION
CONSTITUTION OF THE USAPOLITICAL SYSTEM
FEDERAL REPUBLIC : UNITED FEDERATIONPRESIDENT OF STATE: DEPART. OF DEFENSE, ECONOMY AND Y FOREIGN AFFAIRSDECENTRALISED: THE OTHERS STATES WILL HAVE LARGE SELF-GOVERNMENT
LEGISLATIVEPOWER
JUDICIALPOWER
EXECUTIVEPOWER
VOTERS: RICH WHITE OWNERSNO VOTERS: LITTLE WHITE OWNERS, WOMENMUJERES, NO OWNERS, NIGGERS AND INDIANS
CONGRESS ANDSENATE
Voting laws and pass taxes
c
cTHE PRESIDENT
LARGEVOTERS
c
c
c
SUPREME COURT
FEDERALCOURTS
c
c
c
MONARQUÍA ABSOLUTA EN ESPAÑA. DINASTÍA BORBÓN
LA GUERRA DE SUCESIÓN ESPAÑOLA (1701-1715)
• 1700: CARLOS II “EL HECHIZADO” MUERE. FIN DE LOS AUSTRIAS.
• DOS CANDIDATOS: FELIPE DE ANJOU Y CARLOS DE HABSBURGO.
• CONFLICTO INTERNACIONAL Y GUERRA CIVIL
• DURACIÓN DE LA GUERRA: 1701- 1715.
• TRATADOS DE PAZ: UTRETCH Y RASTADT
LA GUERRA DE SUCESIÓN ESPAÑOLA (1701-1715)LOS
PRETENDIENTES CARLOS II MUERE EN 1700: NOMBRA A FELIPE DE ANJOU COMO SUCESOR EN EL TRONO.
FELIPE DE ANJOU: FRANCÉS, DINASTÍA BORBÓN, CENTRALIST, NIETO DE LUIS XIV DE FRANCIA Y SOBRINO-NIETO DE CARLOS II DE ESPAÑAOF LUIS XIV OF
CARLOS DE HABSBURGO: AUSTRÍACO, DINASTIA HABSBURGO, FEDERALISTA, NIETO DE JOSÉ I DE AUSTRIA Y BISNIETO DE FELIPE IV.
CARLOS II CARLOS DE HABSBURGOFELIPE DE ANJOU
LA GUERRA DE SUCESIÓN ESPAÑOLA (1701-1715)CONFLICTO INTERNACIONAL
FELIPE DE ANJOU: APOYADO POR FRANCIA
CARLOS DE HABSBURGO: APOYADO POR AUSTRIA, INGLATERRA, SABOYA, PAÍSES BAJOS, PORTUGAL Y PRUSIA.
MOTIVOS: NO CREAR UN IMPERIO HEGEMÓNICO FRANCIA-ESPAÑA
CONFLICTO CIVIL
CASTILLA APOYARÁ A FELIPE DE ANJOU
ARAGÓN APOYARÁ A CARLOS DE HABS.
MOTIVOS: CENTRALISMO VS FEDERALISMO
LA GUERRA DE SUCESIÓN ESPAÑOLA (1701-1715)EL TRANSCURSO DE LA GUERRA
SE DESARROLLA EN LA PENÍNSULA IBÉRICA Y EUROPA, SOBRE TODO FRANCIA.
SUPERIORIDAD DEMOGRÁFICA Y NAVAL DE “LA GRAN ALIANZA”
VICTORIAS INICIALES ALIADAS EN ESPAÑA Y EUROPA. INGLATERRA TOMA MENORCA Y GIBRALTAR.
VICTORIAS IMPORTANTES DE FELIPE V: ALMANSA, BRIHUEGA Y VILLAVICIOSA.
LA GUERRA DE SUCESIÓN ESPAÑOLA (1701-1715)EL FIN DE LA GUERRA
1711: MUERE EL EMPERADOR JOSE I DE AUSTRIA: SUCESOR A CARLOS DE HABSBURGO.
SE ROMPE “LA GRAN ALIANZA”. MIEDO DE INGLATERRA DE LA UNIÓN ESPAÑA-AUSTRIA.
EN ESPAÑA: CATALUÑA Y MALLORCA NO SE RINDEN.
CATALUÑA CAYÓ EN 1714 Y MALLORCA EN 1715.
TRATADOS DE PAZ: UTRETCH Y RASTADT.
LA GUERRA DE SUCESIÓN ESPAÑOLA (1701-1715)LOS TRATADOS DE UTRETCH Y RASTADT
DOS OBJETIVOS:FINALIZAR LA GUERRA Y QUITARLE INFLUENCIA INTERNACIONAL A ESPAÑA.
FELIPE V: RENUNCIABA A LA CORONA FRANCESA. SÓLO ESPAÑA.
AUSTRIA: OBTIENE FLANDES, MILANESADO, NÁPOLES Y CERDEÑA.
INGLATERRA: OBTIENE MENORCA, GIBRALTAR Y VENTAJAS COMERCIALES EN AMÉRICA.
LA MONARQUÍA ABSOLUTA DE LOS BORBONES
FELIPE V Y FERNANDO VI
CENTRALISMO BORBÓNICO Y MONARQUÍA ABSOLUTA
DECRETOS DE NUEVA PLANTA
REFORMAS ADMINISTRATIVAS, TERRITORIALES, ECONÓMICAS,JUDICIALES,ETC.
LUIS I: MUERE AL AÑO.
POLÍTICA EXTERIOR: PACTOS DE FAMILIA, REORGANIZACIÓN DEL EJÉRCITO Y NEUTRALIDAD.
LA POLÍTICA INTERIOR DE FELIPE V UNIFICACIÓN Y CENTRALIZACIÓN- LOS DECRETOS DE NUEVA PLANTA
CASTIGO Y EXCUSA PARA UNIFICAR A LA CORONA DE ARAGÓN POR NO APOYARLES.
VALENCIA Y ARAGÓN (1707), CATALUÑA (1715) Y BALEARES (1716).
SE SUPRIMIERON SUS FUEROS, CORTES, DIPUTACIONES, CONCEJOS MUNICIPALES,JUSTICIA MAYOR Y SISTEMA FISCAL.
ADOPTARON LAS LEYES Y ASIMILARON LAS INSTITUCIONES CASTELLANAS.
PAÍS VASCO Y NAVARRA CONSERVARON SUS FUEROS POR APOYARLE EN LA GUERRA
LA POLÍTICA INTERIOR DE FELIPE V
REFORMAS GUBERNAMENTALES
SUPRESIÓN DE LAS CORTES. SÓLO LA DE CASTILLA SIN APENAS PODER.
SUPRESIÓN DE LOS CONSEJOS TERRITORIALES. SÓLO CASTILLA CON PODER.
CREACIÓN DE LAS SECRETARÍAS DE ESTADO: ESTADO, GUERRA Y MARINA, HACIENDA,ASUNTOS EXTRANJEROS Y JUSTICIA. UN SECRETARIO AL FRENTE DE CADA UNA.
UTILIZACIÓN DEL CASTELLANO. PROHIBICIÓN DE LAS DEMÁS LENGUAS.
REFORMAS JUDICIALES
SE ESTABLECIÓ UN DERECHO COMÚN PARA TODO EL REINO.
SE MANTIENEN LAS REALES AUDIENCIAS
LA POLÍTICA INTERIOR DE FELIPE V
REFORMAS TERRITORIALES ELIMINACIÓN DE LOS ANTIGUOS VIRREINATOS. SUSTITUCIÓN POR PROVINCIAS.
AL FRENTE DE LAS PROVINCIAS: EL CAPITÁN GENERAL CON AMPLIOS PODERES.
AL FRENTE DE LAS PRINCIPALES CIUDADES: EL CORREGIDOR.
CREACIÓN DEL INTENDENTE: RECAUDAR IMPUESTOS Y DINAMIZAR LA ECONOMÍA.
OTRAS REFORMAS
LA POLÍTICA INTERIOR DE FELIPE V
MILITAR: EJÉRCITO PERMANENTE– EXTRANJEROS, LEVAS Y QUINTAS.
CREACIÓN DE LA GUARDIA REAL.
HACIENDA: SISTEMA DE IMPUESTO ÚNICO, LIBERALIZACIÓN DEL COMERCIO, REALES FÁBRICAS Y CONSTRUCCIÓN DE OBRAS PÚBLICAS.
IGLESIA: REGALISMO, CONCORDATO CON LA SANTA SEDE Y PATRONATO UNIVERSAL. EXPULSIÓN DE LOS JESUITAS EN 1766
EL REFORMISMO BORBÓNICO: CARLOS IIILA ILUSTRACIÓN ESPAÑOLA
PRINCIPALES PROBLEMAS DE LA ILUSTRACIÓN ESPAÑOLA:
-- ESCASA BURGUESÍA -- UNIVERSIDAD CONSERVADORA -- IGLESIA --NOBLEZA
ILUSTRADOS ESPAÑOLES-- JOVELLANOS-- CAMPOMANES-- FLORIDABLANCA--ARANDA--FEIJOO
PRINCIPALES OBJETIVOS EN ESPAÑA-- EDUCACIÓN UNIVERSAL, REESTRUCTURACIÓN, CREACIÓN DE ESCUELAS DE ESTUDIO.--AGRICULTURA FISIOCRACIA Y LIBERALISMO ECONÓMICO.
EL REFORMISMO BORBÓNICO: CARLOS IIIEL DESPOTISMO ILUSTRADO. CARLOS III
DEFINICIÓN: INTENTO POR PARTE DE LAS MONARQUÍAS DEL SIGLO XVIII DE COMBINAR ELEMENTOS DEL ANTIGUO RÉGIMEN CON OTROS DE LA ILUSTRACIÓN. “TODO PARA EL PUEBLO, PERO SIN EL PUEBLO”
CARLOS III PRINCIPAL REPRESENTANTE ESPAÑOL DEL DESPOTISMO
REY DE NÁPOLES: PRIMER CONTACTO CON LAS IDEAS ILUSTRADAS.
MOTÍN DE ESQUILACHE-CAUSAS
-- MINISTROS ITALIANOS-- AUMENTO DEL PRECIO DEL PAN-- CAMBIOS ESTÉTICOS EN LA VESTIMENTA
SOLUCIÓN: -- DESTITUCIÓN DE ESQUILACHE -- BAJADA DE PRECIOS DEL PAN
EL DESPOTISMO ILUSTRADO. CARLOS III LA LEGISLACIÓN REFORMADORA DE CARLOS III
-- REGALISMO: AUTORIDAD DEL REY POR ENCIMA DE LA IGLESIA -- CONTROL DE LA INQUISICIÓNRELIGIÓN -- NOMBRAR ECLESIÁSTICOS Y FUNDAR MONASTERIOS -- EXPULSIÓN DE LOS JESUITAS EN 1766.
-- SE MANTUVIERON LOS PRIVILEGIOS DE LA NOBLEZA. -- DECLARACIÓN HONROSA DE TODOS LOS TRABAJOS. SOCIEDAD -- OBLIGATORIEDAD DE LA EDUCACIÓN PRIMARIA. -- CREACIÓN DE ESCUELAS DE ARTES Y OFICIOS -- ACADEMIAS DE ARTES, LETRAS, CIENCIAS,ETC.
EL DESPOTISMO ILUSTRADO. CARLOS III LA LEGISLACIÓN REFORMADORA DE CARLOS III
-- LIMITAR LOS PRIVILEGIOS DE LA MESTA -- REPOBLACIÓN DE SIERRA MORENA -- REPARTO DE TIERRAS COMUNALES -- OBRAS DE REGADÍO (CANALES Y PUERTOS) -- RECAUDACIÓN DE RENTAS -- LIBRE CIRCULACIÓN DE MERCANCIASECONOMÍA -- LIBERTAD COMERCIO COLONIAL (FIN DEL MONOPOLIO DE CÁDIZ) -- MEJORA DE LAS COMUNICACIONES (RED RADIAL DE CARRETERAS) -- SUPRESIÓN DE ADUANAS. -- FIN DEL MONOPOLIO GREMIAL (SURGEN TALLERES PRIVADOS) -- FÁBRICAS REALES Y TEXTILES -- CREACIÓN DEL BANCO DE SAN CARLOS
CARLOS III – “EL MEJOR ALCALDE DE MADRID”
