Crisis of the ancien regime

THE 18th CENTURY: THE CRISIS

OF THE ANCIEN REGIME

PEDRO FLORES. 4º ESO

1.- EUROPE IN THE 18th CENTURYWHAT IS THE ANCIEN REGIME?

ABSOLUTE MONARCHY AGRARIAN ECONOMY ESTATES OF REALM• IT WAS FIRST USED BY THE FRENCH REVOLUTIONARIES

• LATER, IT WILL BE USED IN ALL COUNTRIES WITH THAT SYSTEM

POLITICAL SYSTEM: ABSOLUTE MONARCHY• DIVINE RIGHT : “THE KING CAN BE JUDGED JUST BY GOD”

CONCENTRATION OF POWERS

EXECUTIVE

EXECUTE THE LAWS

LEGISLATIVE

MAKE THE LAWS

JUDICIAL

JUDGE ACCORDING TO THE LAWS

• HELPED BY: COUNSIL OF MINISTER, PARLIAMENT, ARMY, BUREOCRACY (COUNSELLORS AND OFFICIALS) AND DIPLOMACY ELECTED AMONG THE MAIN FAMILIES.

• CHIEF OF STAFF, COLLECT TAXES AND APPOINT CHARGES IN THE ADMINISTRATION

1.- EUROPE IN THE 18th CENTURY

• LOUIS XIV: “L’Ètat, c’est moi” (I am the State)

ECONOMIC SYSTEM: FEUDAL AGRICULTURE

MAIN PROBLEMS OWNERS OF THE LAND = NOBILITY AND

CLERGY

LORD’S RIGHTS = ENTAILED STATE (mayorazgo-amortizado)

SUBSISTENCE FARMING (NO TECHNICAL ADVANCES, FALLOW LANDS, DRY LANDS,

PLAGUES, ETC.)

SUBSISTENCE CRISIS, HUNGERS…..

TRADITIONAL INDUSTRY AND MANOFACTURES (CRAFTMEN, GUILDS,….)

LACK OF MEANS OF TRANSPORT AND INFRASTRUCTURES.

THREE-FIELD CROP SYSTEM

wheat legumes fallow land

COLONIAL TRADE

RAW MATERIALS

SLAVES

GOODS

COLONIAL TRADE

ANCIEN DEMOGRAPHIC REGIME1.- EUROPE IN THE 18th CENTURY

• HIGH BIRTH RATES AND HIGH DEATH RATES

• WHY?

• POPULATION GROWTH INCREASE IN PRODUCTION

ANCIENT DEMOGRAPHIC REGIME

URBAN WORKING CLASES

FARMERS

BOURGEOISIE

MARGINALIZED

PRIVILEGEDLESS THAN 10%

NOBI

LITY

CLERGY

KING

NON PRIVILEGEDMORE THAN 80%

ESTATE = SOCIAL GROUP PEOPLEBELONGED TO BY BIRTH

2.- THE ESTATES OF REALM

THE ESTATES OF REALM

"The clergy order does not consist of one body but the society is divided into three orders. Apart from the afore mentioned, the law recognizes two kinds of men: the noble and servant, which are not governed by the same law.

The nobles are the warriors, the protectors of the churches. They defend all the people, from the strong one to the weak one and, at the same time, they protect themselves. The other class is that of the servants. This unfortunate race does not gain anything without suffering. Provisions and clothing are supplied to all by them and therefore free men can not manage without them. In so being, the city of God, which is supposed to be one, it's actually triple. Some men pray, others fight and others work. The three orders live together and will not get apart. Services of each of these orders allow the work of the other two. And each one, in turn, supports the others. As this law has been working, the world has been in peace".

Monk Adalberon, Carmen ad Robertum regem francorum, 998 A.C.

THE ESTATES OF REALM

2.- THE ESTATES OF REALMTHE NOBILITY

PRIVILEGED SOCIAL GROUP: BIRTH, ROYAL GRANT.

ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL POWER

• BIG LANDOWNERS• DON’T PAY TAXES• GET TAXES FROM PEASANTS• POLITICAL CHARGES• LEGAL SUPERIORITY

DIVISION OF THE NOBILITY

HIGH NOBILITY LOW NOBILITY

DUKE, MARQUIS, COUNT NOBLEMEN

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BuByY-DnGYo

THE CLERGY

DIVISION OF THE CLERGY

HIGHER CLERGY LOWER CLERGY

Pope, Archbishop,Bishop, Abbot…

Priest, Monks

DIVISION OF THE CLERGY

SECULAR CLERGY REGULAR CLERGY

PRIVILEGED SOCIAL GROUP: NOT BY BIRTH, STRING-PULLING, SECOND SONS….

GREAT POWER

POLITICAL

ECONOMIC

SOCIAL

STATE’S AFFAIRS

IDEOLOGIC, MORAL AND EDUCATIONALCONTROL

FIEFDOM, ALMS, TITHES, PRESENTS…

Live in the church Live in their “rule” (monastery)


THE CLERGY

HIGHER CLERGY

LOWER CLERGY

THE BOURGEOISIE NON-PRIVILEGED: PAY TAXES, NO

POLITICAL INFLUENCE. LINKED BY MARRIAGE TO THE NOBILITY WILL START THE 19th C. REVOLUTIONS:

STRUGGLE FOR POWER


ARTISANS NON-PRIVILEGED: LIVED IN CITIES. GUILD ORGANISATION THEY WILL BECOME THE PROLETARIAT IN THE 19th C


https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=52Wa-Wmos5A

NON-PRIVILEGED: LIVED IN THE COUNTRYSIDE IN BAD CONDITIONS.

DEPENDENCE LINKS AND HIGH TAXES

DURING THE 19th C. SOME WILL BECOME PROLETARIAT

2.- THE ESTATES OF REALMFARMERS

MARGINALIZED GROUPS NON PRIVILEGED : LIVED IN CITIES RELIED ON CHARITY AND CRIME.


3.- THE ENLIGHTENMENT

ENLIGHTENMENTCOMMON THOUGHTS

DIVINE RIGHT PEOPLE’S RIGHT

SOCIAL INEQUALITY SOCIAL EQUALITY

SUPERSTITIONS USE OF REASON

INTELLECTUAL MOVEMENT DEVELOPED IN EUROPE DURING THE 18th CENTURY. ITCRITICISED THE ANCIEN REGIME.. ALSO CALLED THE “AGE OF REASON”

THEY BELIEVE IN PROGRESS THROUGHT SCIENCE AND TECHNICS.WITH PROGRESS, PEOPLE WILL REACH HAPPINESS.

WHAT IS THE ENLIGHTENMENT ?


“Enlightenment is man’s emergence from his self-imposed immaturity. Immaturity is the inability to use one’s understanding without guidance from another. This immaturity is self-imposed when its cause lies not in lack of understanding, but in lack of resolve and courage to use it without guidance from another. Sapere Aude! [dare to know] “Have courage to use your own understanding!”–that is the motto of enlightenment.”

What is Enlightenment? – Immanuel Kant

MONTESQUIEU“THE SPIRITI OF LAWS”

ROUSSEAU“THE SOCIAL CONTRACT”

VOLTAIRE

DIVISION OF POWERSNATIONAL SOVEREIGNTY

FREEDOM OF THINKING

3.- THE ENLIGHTENMENTPOLITICAL THOUGHT


JOHN LOCKE“TWO TREATIES OF GOVERNMENT”

HE IS THE ORIGIN OF THE ENLIGHTENMENT (17th CENTURY)

“If man in the state of nature be so free, as has been said; if he be absolute lord of his own person and possessions, equal to the greatest, and subject to no body, why will he part with his freedom?”

Second Treatise of Government, Locke


“When the legislative and executive powers are united in the same person, or in the same body of magistrates, there can be no liberty; because apprehensions may arise, lest the same monarch or senate should enact tyrannical laws, to execute them in a tyrannical manner. Again, there is no liberty, if the judiciary power be not separeted from the legistative and executive”.

The Spirit of Laws, 1748. Montesquieu


“I hold that Soverignty, being nothing less than the exercise of the general will, can never be alienated….the legislative power belongs to the people, and can belong to it alone….Every law the people has not ratified in person is null and void”.

The Social Contract, 1762. Rousseau.

ECONOMIC THINKING

QUESNAY

MERCANTILISM-- UNTIL MID 18th CENTURY-- BASED ON THE ACCUMULATION OF PRECIOUS METALS-- GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION

PHYSIOCRACY-- FROM 18th CENTURY ONWARDS-- WEALTH BASED ON AGRICULTURE -- NO GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION

CAPITALISM-- FROM 18th CENTURY ONWARDS-- WEALTH BASED ON CAPITAL (MONEY) -- NO GOVERNMENT INTERVENTION


3.- THE ENLIGHTENMENTECONOMIC THINKING

PHYSIOCRACY(Quesnay)

LIBERALISM(Adam Smith)

First half of the 18th century

MERCANTILISM(Colbert)

State control

Less imports

Interior wealth (gold and silver)

More exports

MANUFACTUREDGOODS

COMPANIES

Second half of the 18th century

Nature(agriculture)

Economic freedom

Productive wealth

Landownersand farmers

porduce wealth

Privatecompanies

No State intervention

No State interventionLAW OF SUPPLY

AND DEMAND

LAW OF SUPPLY AND DEMAND

WAYS OF PROMOTION

HOW DID THE NEW IDEAS REACH THE SOCIETY ANDCHANGE ITS MENTALIY?

ENCICLOPAEDIA RSEDAP

SALONS


4.- THE COLLAPSE OF ABSOLUTISMTHE ENGLISH PARLIAMENT

EXECUTIVEPOWER

LEGISLATIVEPOWER

KING

GOVERNMENTEnforces the law

THE PARLIAMENT

Passes laws and taxes

VOTERSAround 200.000 owners and bourgeoisie

NON - VOTERS: women, smallholders, employed artisans, the poor

HOUSE OF LORDS

(great nobles and bishops)

HOUSE OF COMMON

(513 city and town

representatives)

WESTMINSTER PALACE

4.- THE COLLAPSE OF ABSOLUTISM

CHARLES I

THE ENGLISH REVOLUTION

TRIED TO RULE WITHOUT THE PARLIAMENT

CIVIL WAR = PARLIAMENTARIANS X ROYALISTS

CHARLES I WAS EXECUTED IN 1649

OLIVER CROMWELL

LEADER OF THE PARLIAMENTARIANS BECAME THE DICTATOR

4.- THE COLLAPSE OF ABSOLUTISMTHE ENGLISH REVOLUTION

CHARLES II

ACCEPTED THE POWER OF PARLIAMENT HABEAS CORPUS (1679)

JAMES II

BROTHER OF CHARLES II CATHOLIC = DISSOLVED THE PARLIAMENT PARLIAMENT INVITED WILLIAM OF ORANGE

TO OVERTHROW JAMES (GLORIOUS REVOLUTION) IN 1688

WILLIAM I

4.- THE COLLAPSE OF ABSOLUTISMENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM“EVERYTHING FOR THE PEOPLE, NOTHING BY THE PEOPLE

4.- THE COLLAPSE OF ABSOLUTISMENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM

REFORMS

ADMINISTRATION

CULTURERELIGIO

N

SOCIETY

ECONOMY

Centralisation of the government.Corps of civil servants.

Abolish serfdom and reduce privileges of the nobility

Promoting of industry.New lands were farmed.National banks.

More religious tolerance.Limiting powers of clergy and Papacy

Schools and academies.Scientific institutions

5.- THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION

POLITICAL SITUATION OF NORTH AMERICA IN THE 18th C.

ORIGEN AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE 13 COLONIESIN 1607 THE PURITANS WERE ALLOWED BY THE BRITISH CROWN TO EMIGRATE

TO THE NEW WORLD. THEY ARRIVED AT VIRGINIA, “NEW ENGLAND”

7 YEARS WARFRANCE VS GREAT BRITAIN

HIGHER POLITICAL AND ECONOMIC DEPENDENCE.

HIGHER TAXES

CAUSES OF THE REBELLIONNEW TAXES

TOWNSHEND ACTS(paper, paint, lead, glass,tea)

STAMP ACTSUGAR ACT

FIRST REACTIONS COLONISTS

PROTESTS, BOYCOTTS AND REBELLIONS

AS A RESULT, THE GOVERNMENTCANCELLED ALL TAXES, EXCEPTTHE TEA TAX.

THE BOSTON’S TEA PARTY

IT’S THE BEGINNING OF THE REVOLUTION

COLONISTS DRESSED UP LIKE INDIANS THREW AWAY ALL THE TEA THAT MUST GO

TO ENGLIAND, SHOWING THEIR REPULSE TO THE TAX

THE WAR OF INDEPENDENCE

LEXINGTON AND CONCORD SARATOGA- FRENCH INTERVENTION

YORKTOWN- GEORGE WASHINGTON TREATY OF PARIS (1783). END OF THE WAR

THE CONSTITUTION OF USA

GEORGE WASHINGTON THOMAS JEFFERSON

DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE

-- RIGHT TO LIFE-- RIGHT TO EQUALITY-- RIGHT TO PROPERTY-- EQUALITY BEFORE THE LAW-- FREEDOM OF SPEECH-- FREEDOM OF ASSOCIATION-- FREEDOMG OF PRESS-- FREEDOM OF RELIGION

THE CONSTITUTION OF USAPOLITICAL SYSTEM

FEDERAL REPUBLIC: FEDERATION OF STATESHEAD OF THE STATE: DEFENSE, ECONOMY AND FOREIGN AFFAIRSDECENTRALIZED: STATES COULD GOVERN THEMSELVES

LEGISLATIVEPOWER

JUDICIALPOWER

EXECUTIVEPOWER

VOTERS: WHITE AND RICH LANDOWNERSNON-VOTERS: WHITE AND SMALL LANDOWNERS, WOMEN, BLACKS AND INDIANS.

CONGRESS ANDSENATE

Vote laws and passthe budget

c

cPRESIDENT

GREAT VOTERS

c

c

c

SUPREME COURT

FEDERALTRIBUNALS

c

c

c

THE BOURBON MONARCHY IN SPAINTHE SPANISH EMPIRE IN THE 17th

CENTURY

THE WAR OF SUCCESSION

THE BOURBON MONARCHY IN SPAIN

CHARLES II DIED CHILDLESS IN 1700. END OF THE HABSBURG DINASTY.

THE SPANISH WAR OF SUCCESSION (1701-1714)CANDIDATES

CHARLES II APPOINTED PHILIP OF ANJOU IN HIS WILL.

PHILIP OF ANJOU: FRENCH, BOURBON DINASTY, CENTRALIST, LOUIS XIV’S NEPHEW AND CHARLES II’S GREAT NEPHEW.

CHARLES OF AUSTRIA: HABSBURG DINASTY, FEDERALIST, JOSEPH I’S NEPHEW (EMPEROR OF THE GERMAN EMPIRE) AND PHILIP IV’S GREAT GRANDSON.

THE SPANISH WAR OF SUCCESSION (1701-1714)

INTERNATIONAL CONFLICT

PHILIP OF ANJOY: SUPPORTED BY FRANCE.

CHARLES OF AUSTRIA: SUPPORTED BYAUSTRIA, ENGLAND, SABOY, NETHERLANDS,PORTUGAL AND PRUSSIA.

CAUSES: AVOID A FRENCH-SPANISHUNION.

INTERNAL CONFLICT

CASTILE SUPPORTED PHILIP OF ANJOU.

ARAGON SUPPORTED CHARLES OF AUSTRIA.

CAUSES: CENTRALISM VS. FEDERALISM.


DEVELOPMENT OF THE CONFLICT IT TOOK PLACE IN THE

IBERIAN PENINSULA AND EUROPE (FRANCE).

DEMOGRAPHIC AND NAVAL SUPERIORITY OF THE “GREAT ALLIANCE”

ALLIES VICTORIES IN SPAIN AND EUROPE. ENGLAND CONQUERS MENORCA

AND GIBRALTAR.

PHILIP V’S VICTORIES: ALMANSA, BRIHUEGA AND VILLAVICIOSA.


THE END OF THE WAR 1711: JOSEPH I OF AUSTRIA DIES: CHARLES IS NAMED

EMPEROR.

“GREAT ALLIANCE” BREAKS UP: ENGLAND FEARS SPAIN-AUSTRIA UNION

SPAIN: CATALONIA AND MALLORCA DON’T SURRENDERE RINDEN.

CATALONIA DEFEATED IN 1714 AND MALLORCA IN 1715.

PEACE TREATIES: UTRETCH AND RASTADT.


LA GUERRA DE SUCESIÓN ESPAÑOLA (1701-1715)TREATIES OF UTRETCH AND RASTADT

GOALS: END OF THE WAR AND GET RID OF SPANISH INFLUENCE

PHILIPH V: REFUSED TO THE FRENCH CROWN

AUSTRIA: OBTAINED FLANDERS, MILAN, NAPLES AND SARDINIA

ENGLAND: OBTAINED MENORCA, GIBRALTAR AND TRADE AND SLAVE-TRADING CONTRACT (ASIENTO) IN THE SPANISH INDIES

THE BOURBON DINASTY IN SPAIN

ABSOLUTE MONARCHY AND BOURBON CENTRALISM

NUEVA PLANTA DECREES

ADMINISTRATIVE, TERRITORIAL, ECONOMIC, JUDICIAL REFORMS

LOUIS I: DIED IN A YEAR (1724)

FOREING POLICY: FAMILY PACTS AND NEUTRALITY

PHILIP V LOUIS I FERDINAND VI

DOMESTIC POLICY OF PHILIP V UNIFICATION AND CENTRALISATION –NUEVA PLANTA DECREES

PUNISHMENT AND EXCUSE: UNIFY THE TWO CROWNS (ARAGON AND CASTILE)

VALENCIA & ARAGÓN (1707), CATALUÑA (1715), BALEARES (1716).

CHARTERED PRIVILEGES (FUEROS), CORTES, LOCAL COUNCILS, JUSTICE AND FISCAL SYSTEM WERE SUPRESSED

ADOPTED CASTILIAN LAWS AND INSTITUTIONS = CASTILIANISATION

BASQUE PROVINCES AND NAVARRA KEPT THEIR CHARTERED PRIVILEGES

POLITICAL REFORMS

ABOLITION OF THE CORTES = ONLY CASTILIAN CORTES WITH LITTLE POWER.

ABOLITION OF TERRITORIAL COUNCILS. ONLY CASTILIAN ONE.

SECRETARIES OF STATE: STATE, WAR AND NAVY, TREASURY, FOREING AFFAIRS ANDJUSTICE

CASTILIAN AS OFFICIAL LANGUAGE. ABOLITION OF THE OTHERS.

JUDICIAL REFORMS

COMMON LAWS FOR ALL THE KINGDOM

REALES AUDIENCIAS.

DOMESTIC POLICY OF PHILIP V

LA POLÍTICA INTERIOR DE FELIPE V TERRITORIAL REFORMS

ABOLITION OF OLD VICEROYALTIES = PROVINCES

IN CHARGE OF THE PROVINCE = CAPTAIN GENERAL WITH WIDE POWERS

IN CHARGE OF THE MAIN CITIES = CORREGIDOR

INTENDANT = COLLECT TAXES.

OTHER REFORMS

LA POLÍTICA INTERIOR DE FELIPE V

MILITAR: PERMANENT ARMY = FOREIGNERS, LEVIES

ROYAL GUARD.

TREASURY: SINGLE TAX, FREE MARKET, ROYAL MANUFACTORIES, AND PUBLIC WORKS PROJECTS

CHURCH: CONCORDAT WITH THE HOLY SEE (1753) EXPULSION OF THE JESUITS (1767).

THE BOURBON REFORMISM: CHARLES III

MAIN PROBLEMS:

-- SMALL BOURGEIOISIE -- CONSERVATIVE UNIVERSITY -- CHURCH -- NOBILITY

SPANISH ENLIGHTENED-- JOVELLANOS-- CAMPOMANES-- FLORIDABLANCA-- ARANDA-- FEIJOO

MAIN GOALS-- EDUCATION UNIVERSAL, MORE SCHOOLS-- AGRICULTURE PHYSIOCRACY AND ECONOMIC LIBERALISM

THE SPANISH ENLIGHTENMENT

THE ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM. CHARLES III DEFINITION: TRY OF THE EUROPEAN MONARCHIES OF THE 18 CENTURYTO COMBINE ELEMENTS OF THE ANCIEN REGIMEN AND THE ENLIGHTENMENT. “EVERYTHING FOR THE PEOPLE, NOTHING BY THE PEOPLE”

CHARLES III MAIN REPRESENTATIVE OF THE SPANISH ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM.

KING OF NAPLES = FIRST CONTACT WITH ENLIGHTENED IDEAS

ESQUILACHE RIOT-CAUSES

-- ITALIAN MINISTERS-- INCREASE IN THE PRICE OF THE BREAD.-- DRESSING CHANGES.

SOLUTION: -- DESTITUTION OF ESQUILACHE -- DECREASE OF THE BREAD’S PRICE.

THE BOURBON REFORMISM: CHARLES III

REFORMS OF CHARLES III

-- AUTHORITY OF THE KING OVER THE POPE. -- CONTROL OF THE INQUISITIONRELIGION -- NAME PRIESTS AND FOUND MONASTERIES -- EXPULSION OF THE JESUITS IN 1766.

-- THEY MANTAINED THE PRIVILEGES OF THE NOBILITY. -- DECLARATION OF THE HONOUR OF ALL JOBS SOCIETY -- PRIMARY EDUCATION WAS COMPULSORY -- ARTS AND CRAFTS SCHOOLS. -- ART AND SCIENCE ACADEMIES.

THE ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM. CHARLES III

-- LIMIT THE PRIVILEGES OF THE MESTA -- REPOPULATE SIERRA MORENA -- SHARE COMMON LANDS. -- PUBLIC IRRAGATION SYSTEMS (CANNALS AND PORTS) -- COLLEC TAXES -- FREE MOVEMENT OF GOODS.ECONOMY -- FREE COLONIAL TRADE (END OF CÁDIZ MONOPOLY) -- IMPROVE ROADS -- ABOLITION OF CUSTOMS -- END OF THE GUILDS’ MONOPOLY -- ROYAL MANUFACTORIES -- BANK OF SAN CARLOS

REFORMS OF CHARLES III

THE ENLIGHTENED DESPOTISM. CHARLES III

CHARLES III – “THE BEST MAYOR OF MADRID”

Does he remind you of anyone???

CHARLES IV

Crisis of the ancien regime

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