UNIT 1 History and Evolution of MICs, Materials of Microstip

8/17/2019 UNIT 1 History and Evolution of MICs, Materials of Microstip

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History and Evolution ofMICs, Materials of

MicrostripShashi Kumar D

Student Id: 15!!"1Christ #niversity


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Outline

• Micro$ave %re&uency 'ands

• (roperties of Micro$aves

•

Historical Development of MICs• )dvanta*es and Disadvanta*es of

Micro$aves

•

Concept of Stripline and Microstrip• Microstrip su+strate materials and

selection

•

IEEE Standards and )ntenna


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Microwave Frequency Bands

• Micro$ave radio fre&uencies areelectroma*netic $aves $ith $avelen*th$ith the sies ran*in* +et$een 1mm -

1m. /he fre&uency utilied are in the!.0 2H and 0!! 2H ran*e.

• Micro$ave ovens are +asically

accelerated radio $ave machines thatcontain a concentrated radio fre&uencyinside a cham+er.


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Bandname

Abbreviation

bandFrequency andWavelength

Example uses

E3tremel

y lo$fre&uency

E4% 1

0-0! H

1!!,!!! m - 1!,!!!m

Communication $ithsu+marines

Super lo$fre&uency

S4% 60!-0!! H1!,!!! m - 1!!! m

Communication $ithsu+marines

#ltra lo$

fre&uency

#4% 00!!-0!!! H

1!!! m - 1!! m

Communication $ithin

under*round mines

7ery lo$fre&uency

74% 80-0! H1!! m - 1! m

Su+marinecommunication,avalanche +eacons,$ireless heart ratemonitors, and

*eophysics4o$fre&uency

4% 50!-0!! H1! m - 1 m

9avi*ation, /imesi*nals, )M adio

Mediumfre&uency

M% 0!!-0!!! H1 m - 1!! m

)M adio

Hi*hH% ;

0-0! MH Short$ave adio andaviation


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Band nameAbbreviation

bandFrequencyandWavelength

Example uses

7ery hi*hfre&uency

7H% "0!-0!! MH1! m - 1 m

%M adio, /7 +roadcasts,and aircraftcommunications

#ltra hi*hfre&uency

#H% <

0!!-0!!!

MH1 m - 1!!mm

/7 +roadcasts, micro$ave

ovens, mo+ile phones,$ireless 4)9, 'luetooth,2(S, and /$o=>ay adios

Super hi*h

fre&uency

SH% 1!0-0! 2H1!! mm - 1!

mm

adars, Mo+ile (hones,and Commercial >ireless

4)9

E3tremelyhi*hfre&uency

EH% 110!-0!! 2H1! mm - 1mm

Hi*h=speed satellitemicro$ave transmission


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Properties of Microwaves

• Micro$ave radiation is of short$avelen*th

• Micro$ave current ?o$s throu*houter layer of conductor

• Micro$aves are easily attenuated

• Micro$aves are not re?ected +yionosphere

• Can re?ect +y conductin* surface lieoptical $aves.


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Historical Development of MICs

• MIC@>)7E and millimetre=$ave inte*ratedcircuits have e3perienced a tremendous*ro$th over the last 5! years. Circuits have

+ecome smaller, hi*hly inte*rated, lo$ercost, and have found e3tensive applicationsin radar, electronic $arfare, and thecommercial Aeld.

• >e $ill divide the historical development ofMICs into t$o cate*ories: micro$ave printedcircuits BM(Cs and hy+rid MICs


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Microwave printed circuits (MPCs)

• /he stripline is the +asic +uildin* +loc for M(Cs. /he$or on stripline $as Arst reported in 1


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Hybrid MICs

• /raditionally, in MICs, active and passivediscrete components such as transistors,inductors, capacitors, and resistors are

attached e3ternally to an etched circuiton alumina Bthe most common micro$aveceramic or some soft su+strate

• /he evaluation of hy+rid MICs +e*an in1


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Advantaes of Microwaves

• Large Bandwidth: /he 'and$idth of Micro$aves is lar*er than the common lo$fre&uency radio $aves. /hus more information can +e transmitted usin*Micro$aves. It is very *ood advanta*e, +ecause of this, Micro$aves are used for(oint to (oint Communications.

• Better Directivity : )t Micro$ave %re&uencies, there are +etter directiveproperties. /his is due to the relation that )s %re&uency Increases, >avelen*th

decreases and as >avelen*th decreases Directivity Increases and 'eam$idth decreases. So it is easier to desi*n and fa+ricate hi*h *ain antenna inMicro$aves.

• Small Size Antenna: Micro$aves allo$s to decrease the sie of antenna. /heantenna sie can +e smaller as the sie of antenna is inversely proportional to thetransmitted fre&uency. /hus in Micro$aves, $e have $aves of much hi*herfre&uencies and hence the hi*her the fre&uency, the smaller the sie of antenna.

•Low Power Consumption: /he po$er re&uired to transmit a hi*h fre&uencysi*nal is lesser than the po$er re&uired in transmission of lo$ fre&uency si*nals. )sMicro$aves have hi*h fre&uency thus re&uires very less po$er.

• Efect ! "ading# /he eect of fadin* is minimied +y usin* 4ine @f Si*htpropa*ation techni&ue at Micro$ave %re&uencies. >hile at lo$ fre&uency si*nals,the layers around the earth causes fadin* of the si*nal.


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Disadvantaes of microwaves

They require no obstacle is present in the

transmission path, Communication distance is

limited to Line of sight (L!) range The cost of implementing the communication

infrastructure is high Microwaves are susceptible to rain, snow and

electromagnetic interference


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Concept of !tripline and Microstrip

• Stripline

Courtesy: http:$$$.+it$eenie.comlistin*smicrostrip=vs=stripline

• Stripline transmission lines are fully contained $ithin a su+strate.

• /he stripline is sand$iched +et$een t$o *round planes.


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Concept of !tripline and Microstrip

Microstrip

• Microstrip line is used to carry Electro=Ma*netic >aves BEM $aves or

micro$ave fre&uency si*nals.• It consists of 0 layers, conductin* strip, dielectric and 2round plane.

• It is used to desi*n and fa+ricate % and micro$ave components such asdirectional coupler, po$er dividercom+iner, Alter, antenna, MMIC etc.

• /he type of dielectric determine the characteristic impedance Btypically5!F or ;5F.


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Stripline 7s. Microstrip

Stripline• 2reater isolation of

transmission lines

• Supports more

densely populateddesi*ns Btraces aresmaller, lar*e num+erof internal layers

possi+le• e&uires stricter

manufacturin*tolerances

Microstrip

• Dielectric losses areless B$hen usin*

identical materials• Cheaper and easier to

manufacture

• 4ocation of traces on

top and +ottom layersleads to easierde+u**in*


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Microstrip substrate materials and

selection

• The dielectric constant of the substrate affects the si"e

of the microstrip antenna

• #ith a higher dielectric constant, the substrate slows

the propagating wave through the substrate ma$ingthe wave slow% &ecause of this, radiating elements

can be smaller%

• This means the elements are designed at a higher

frequency but because of the dielectric constant, the

antenna will be operating at a lower frequency%


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Su+strates are:

/he most commonly used su+strates are,

1 %8 BDielectric Constant G 8.8

6 Honey com+Bdielectric constantG1.!;

0DuroidBdielectric constantG6.06

8uartBdielectric constantG0."

5)luminaBdielectric constantG1! ) thicer su+strate $ill increase the

radiation po$er , reduce conductor loss andimprove 'and $idth.


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I""" !tandards and Antenna

requirements

UNIT 1 History and Evolution of MICs, Materials of Microstip

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