A PROJECT ON RECTANGULAR MICROSTIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR THE FREQUENCY USED IN BLUETOOTH

8/12/2019 A PROJECT ON RECTANGULAR MICROSTIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR THE FREQUENCY USED IN BLUETOOTH

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09-EC-014

A PROJECT ON

RECTANGULAR MICROSTIP PATCH ANTENNA

FOR THE FREQUENCY USED IN BLUETOOTH

Submitted for partial fulfillment of award of

BACHELOR OF TECHNOLOGY

degree

In

Electronics Communication and Engineering

By

Vinam Tyagi(0929031089)

Mayank Aggarwal(0929031038)

Sudhanshu(0929031083)

Name of GuideProf Ruchi Gupta

GAUTAM BUDDH TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY, LUCKNOW


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Certificate

Certified that Vinam Tyagi, Mayank Aggarwal, Sudhanshuhave carried out the

research work presented in this report entitled Rectangular Microstrip Patch Antenna

for the frequency used in bluetooth for the award of Bachelor of Technology in

Electronics and Communication from Gautam Buddh Technical University, Lucknow

under my supervision. The project report embodies result of original work and studies

carried out by Student themself and the contents of the project report do not form the

basis for the award of any other degree to the candidate or to anybody else.

Signature of the supervisor

Ms Ruchi Gupta


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INDEX1. Abstract 12.Introduction and Objective & Goals 13. Keywords 14. Resources 65. Methodology 76. Applications 97. Project Plan 118. References 12


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1

ABSTRACTIn this paper, a novel design of small sized, low profile coaxial fed patch antenna is proposed for BLUETOOTH applications at 2.4GHz frequency. The patch shape is similar to and different parameters like return loss, VSWR, gainalong , directions, radiation pattern in 2-D and 3-D, axial ratio, E and H Field Distributions, Current Distributions aresimulated using HFSS 13.0. The measured parameters satisfy required limits hence making the proposed antenna suitablefor BLUETOOTH applications in 2.4GHz band.

Keywords: Coaxial fed,

Bluetooth, FR41. INTRODUCTION

The BLUETOOTH technology provides short range ofwireless connections between electronic devices likecomputers, mobile phones and many others therebyexchanging voice, data and video. The rapid increase incommunication standards has led to great demand forantennas with low real estate, low profile and size, lowcost of fabrication and ease of integration with feedingnetwork. Microstrip patch antennas are widely used

because they are of light weight, compact, easy to

integrate and cost effective. However, the serious problemof patch antennas is their narrow bandwidth due to surfacewave losses and large size of patch for better performance.

Various techniques like using Frequency SelectiveSurface[13]-[14], Employing stacked configuration[6],using thicker profile for folded shorted patch antennas[8],use of thicker substrate[10], slot antennas ike U-slot patchantennas together with shorted patch[4], double U-slot

patch antenna[5], L-slot patch antenna[8], annular slotantenna[9], double C patch antenna[3], E-shaped patchantenna[2], and feeding techniques like L-probe feed[7],

circular coaxial probe feed[1], proximity coupled feedare used to enhance bandwidth of microstrip patchantenna. The size of feeding patch and thickness ofdielectric should be taken care. The techniques to reducethe size of the [patch like use of short circuitedelement[15]-[16], high dielectric constant material[17],slots[10], and resistive loading[19] have been proposed.

But, the choice of slot antenna[20] introduced thedrawback of narrow bandwidth and poor circularpolarization performance and complex laser cutting of

solar cells is required to achieve desired shape duringfabrication. Monoplole[12], printed monopole[21]-[26],dipole[11] antennas improve the bandwidth to a greaterextent. But, monopole antennas are of large size anddifficult to build and integrate. Printed monopole antennasalso have numerous advantages like low profile, smallsize, easy integration but has disadvantage of low broadimpedence bandwidth and low omnidirectional radiation

pattern. The dipole antennas have large input impedence.

So, an impedence matching transformer or balun coil atfeed point is required which increases the size of antenna.

In this paper, a compact size patch antenna is proposedwith dielectric substrate as FR4 with r=4.4 anddimensions are base on resonant frequency. Variousattempts are made to adjust the dimensions of the patch toimpove the parameters like return loss, VSWR, gain along, directions, radiation pattern in 2-D and 3-D, axialratio, E and H Field Distributions, Current Distributionsusing HFSS 13.0 which is a high performance full waveEM field simulator for arbitarary 3D volumetric passivedevice modelling that takes advantage of the familiar

Microsoft Windows graphical user interface. It integratessimulation, visualization, solid modelling, and automationin an easy to learn environment where solutions to your3D EM problems are quickly and accurate obtained.Ansoft HFSS employs the Finite Element Method (FEM),adaptive meshing, and brilliant graphics to give youunparalleled performance and insight to all of the 3D EM

problems.

2. DESIGN CONSIDERATIONSThe proposed structure of the antenna is shown in Fig.

(1). The antenna is simulated on an FR4 substrate with a


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AnNsaomfteCorporaXtion Ym02.00

AnNsaomfteCorporatXion Y

dB(S

t(coax_

p

in_

T

1,c

oa

x

_pin_

T

d

B(

Ga

in

T

o

tal)

dielectric constant of 4.4 and a loss tangent of 0.02. Thethickness of the substrate is 6.7 mm. The size of the

antenna is 80* 80 mm2

, which is suitable for mostBluetooth devices. Rectangle shaped patches are cut atmiddle to form shaped patch antenna and width ofeach arm is 25mm.

3. SIMULATION RESULTS

A. Return losses

Return loss2.4121 -20.3133

m3 3.0182 -13.9963

-5.00

-10.00

Patch_Antenna_ADKv1

CurveInfo

dB(St(coax_pin_T1,coax_pin_T1))

Setup1: Sw eep1

m3

-15.00

-20.00 m2

-25.001.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00

Freq[GHz]

Fig. 3: Return loss

Fig. 1: Geometry of Patch antenna

A patch can also be fed with a probe through ground

plane. The probe position can be inset for matching thepatch impedance with the input impedance. This insetting

Figure (3) shows the return loss Curve for the proposedantenna at 2.4 GHz. A return loss of 22.90dB is obtainedat desired frequency

B. 2D Gain & 3D gain Totals

minimizes probe radiation. The ease of insetting and low 2DGainTotal Patch_Antenna_ADKv1radiations is advantages of probe feeding as compared tomicrostrip line feeding. The dimensions of shaped

patch shown in Fig. (1) are L=80mm, W=20mm,S=16mm,W1=20mm.these are designed at operating frequency 2.4GHz.

1m01.00 -40.0000 8.9249

5.00

-0.00

-5.00

-10.00

-15.00

-20.00

-25.00

-30.00

m1 CurveInfo

dB(GainTotal)

Setup1:Las tAdap tive

Phi='0deg'

dB(GainTotal)Setup1 :

Las tAdap tive

Phi='90.0000000000002deg'

-35.00-200.00 -150.00 -100.00 -50.00 0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00

Theta[deg]

Fig .4: 2D-Gain Total

Fig. 2: Ansoft-HFSS generated antenna model

Figure 2 shows the proposed antenna on FR4 Substrateusing Ansoft-HFSS.

Fig. 5: 3D-Gain Total

Figure (4-5) shows the antenna gain in 2D &3Dpatterns. The gain of proposed antenna at 2.4GHz isobtained as 8.9367dB. The gain above 6dB is acceptable.


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d

B

(VS

WRt

(coax_

p

i

_

dB(AxialRa

tioValue

C. VSWR degrees would be important. The radiation pattern for

AnNsaomfteCorpora

Xtion

Y VSWR Patch_Antenna_ADKv1

theta at 0deg and 90deg is presented in figure 6(a), 6(b) 45m.100 2.4121 1.6809CurveInfo

m2 3.0424 3.4260

40.00

35.00

30.00

dB(VSWRt(coax_pin_T1))

Setup1:Sweep1and 6(c).

E. Axial Ratio

25.0090m.100 -46.0000 67.3461

CurveInf om2 48.0000 33.5651

dB(AxialRatioValue)

20.00

15.00

80m.300

70.00

168.0000 24.0193

m1

Setup1:LastAdaptive

Phi='0deg'

Setup1:LastAdaptive

Phi='90.0000000000002deg'

10.00

5.00m2

m1

0.00

50.00

40.00

m2

1.00 1.50 2.00 2.50 3.00 3.50 4.00 Freq[GHz]

Fig.6: VSWR

The VSWR for the proposed antenna is less than the2dB. The obtained value is 1.5089 from Fig 6.

D.Radiation Patterns

30.00

m3

20.00

10.00

0.00-200.00 -150.00 -100.00 -50.00 0.00 50.00 100.00 150.00 200.00

Theta[deg]

Fig.8: Axial Ratio

Axial ratio which is the ratio of the major axis to the

minor axis of the polarization ellipse where the resultingpattern is an oscillating pattern is obtained as in Fig 8

Ansoft Corporation Radiation Pattern 1 Patch_Antenna_ADKv1

-90

-60

-120

-30

-150

0

0.00

-10.00

-20.00

-30.00

-180

30

150

60

90

120

CurveInfo

dB(rETotal)

Setup1:LastAdaptive

Phi='0deg'

dB(rETotal) Setup1:

LastAdaptive

Phi='90.0000000000002deg'

F. Field Distrubutions

Fig. 7a. Gain in Total


-60

-30

0

30

-20.00

-30.00

60

-40.00

Curve Info

dB(rEPhi)

Setup1:LastAdaptive

Phi='0deg'

dB(rEPhi) Setup1:

LastAdaptive

Phi='90.0000000000002deg'

-90

-50.00

90 Fig.9a: E-field Distribution

-120

-150

-180

150

120 The effect produced by an electric charge that exerts aforce on charged objects is the E-Field and its distributionin the patch is as shown in Fig 9a.

Fig. 7b. Gain along Phi


-90

-60

-120

-30

-150

0

-2.00

-14.00

-26.00

-38.00

-180

30

150

60

90

120

Curve Info

dB(rETheta)

Setup1: LastAdaptive

Phi='0deg'

dB(rETheta)Setup1 :

LastAdaptive

Phi='90.0000000000002deg'

Fig. 7c: Gain along Theta

Since a Micro strip patch antenna radiates normal to its

patch surface, the elevation pattern for = 0 and = 90 Fig.9b: H-field Distribution


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The measured intensity of a magnetic field in the patch is shown in Fig 9b.

G. Current Distrubution

Fig.10: Mess Pattern

The triangles show the current distribution.Here the number of triangles inside the patch are more than those on thesubstrate ie.. the current distribution in the patch is more when compared to that inside the substrate in Fig10.

H. Field Vectors:

Fig 11a: E-Field Vector

Fig 11b: H-Field Vector

The E-Field Vector and H-Field vectors of proposed patch antenna are obtained as shown in Fig 11a and 11b.


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RESOURCES

In this, a new microstrip DMS is proposed. The structure is

more compact compared to conventional spurline. The structureis well suited for a dual-frequency antenna with two close bands.By inserting DMS in both the feeding lines of a dual-frequencypatch antenna, more than 20 dB improvement in ports isolationrelative to a conventional patch antenna has been achieved.Furthermore, return loss, and impedance bandwidth changesvery small. The radiation patterns are not affected much by suchinclusions.The microstrip line acts as a good transmission line. Theperformance of the microstrip line can be improved if we etchgeometry on signal plane and such structures are known asDefected Microstrip Structure (DMS) . The slowwave factor of aDMS microstrip line is raised as discontinuities is introduced inthe path of EM waves, which increases the impedance of line.This phenomenon can be used to reduce the size of passive

planar circuits like microstrip line length, coupling lines, andmicrostrip antennas.Its improved filtering characteristics can help to meet theemerging application challenges. The radiation from the groundplane is the major constrain to design a DGS based circuit. ButDMS provides same slowwave characteristics, keeping groundplane intact.


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METHODOLOGY

We have designed an array of rectangular patch

antennas of the center frequency 2.4 GHz,bandwidth as2.4 GHz to 2.5 GHz. Gain required as 17dBi. We haveemployed a hybridstructure where we are using twodielectrics,one as air and other as FR4 PCB. Each patchfed via a semi rigid coaxial cable of 50 ohmsimpedance [8]. The array connected with a powerdivider network of microstrip line feed on FR4PCB. One side fully copper plated PCB acts as

ground plane for the array of 4 patches see inFig(3)Fig (3) 4 -patch array antenna.and other side is etched forgetting power divider network of microstrip line feedMicrostripantennas can be made to emulate many of thedifferent styles of antennas explained above see inFigure(3). Microstrip antennas offer several

tradeoffs that need to be considered [9]. Becausethey are manufactured with PCB traces on actualPCB boards, they can be very, the three essentialparameters for the design of microstrip patchantenna are: 1) Frequency of operation (f 0 ): Theresonant frequency of the antenna must beselected appropriately. 2) Dielectric constant ofthe substrate . A substrate with a high


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dielectric constant can be selected since it reduces thedimensions of the antenna.


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APPLICATIONS

Mobile and satellite communication application: Mobilecommunication requires small, low-cost, low profile antennas.Microstrip patch antenna meets all requirements and various types of

microstrip antennas have been designed for use in mobilecommunication systems. In case of satellite communication circularlypolarized radiation patterns are required and can be realized using eithersquare or circular patch with one or two feed points .

Global Positioning System applications:Nowadays microstrip patchantennas with substrate having high permittivity sintered material areused for global positioning system. These antennas are circularly

polarized, very compact and quite expensive due to its positioning. It isexpected that millions of GPS receivers will be used by the generalpopulation for land vehicles, aircraft and maritime vessels to find thereposition accurately.

Radio Frequency Identification (RFID): RFID uses in different areaslike mobile communication, logistics, manufacturing, transportation and

health care [2]. RFID system generally uses frequencies between 30 Hzand 5.8 GHz depending on its applications. Basically RFID system is atag or transponder and a transceiver or reader.

Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access (WiMax): TheIEEE 802.16 standerd is known as WiMax. It can reach upto 30 mileradius theoretically and data rate 70 Mbps. MPA generates threeresonant modes at 2.7, 3.3 and 5.3 GHz and can, therefore, be used inWiMax compliant communication equipment.

Radar Application: Radar can be used for detecting moving targetssuch as people and vehicles. It demands a low profile, light weightantenna subsystem, the microstrip antennas are an ideal choice. Thefabrication technology based on photolithography enables the bulk


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production of microstrip antenna with repeatable performance at a lowercost in a lesser time frame as compared to the conventional antennas.

Rectenna Application: Rectenna is a rectifying antenna, a special typeof antenna that is used to directly convert microwave energy into DC

power. Rectenna is a combination of four subsystems i.e. Antenna, orerectification filter, rectifier, post rectification filter. in rectennaapplication, it is necessary to design antennas with very high directivecharacteristics to meet the demands of long-distance links. Since the aimis to use the rectenna to transfer DC power through wireless links for along distance, this can only be accomplished by increasing the electricalsize of the antenna.

Telemedicine Application: In telemedicine application antenna isoperating at 2.45 GHz. Wearable microstrip antenna is suitable forWireless Body Area Network (WBAN). The proposed antenna achieveda higher gain and front to back ratio compared to the other antennas, inaddition to the semi directional radiation pattern which is preferred overthe omni-directional pattern to overcome unnecessary radiation to theuser's body and satisfies the requirement for on-body and off-bodyapplications. A antenna having gain of 6.7 dB and a F/B ratio of 11.7 dBand resonates at 2.45GHz is suitable for telemedicine applications .


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PROJECT PLAN

Since using fractals as an approach to antenna design is a relatively new development in the fieldof antenna research, the Sierpinski carpet microstrip antenna were Selected for this project. Theyare simple to design and their radiation properties are far better documented in research literaturethan those of other types of fractals

Before undertaking the design of both antennas, it is prudent to establish general design planand to determine the constraints imposed on that plan. The design plan includes the followingphases:

1. Theoretical development: rough calculations of antenna parameters as wells develop ageneral idea of the physical implementation of the antenna.

2. Numerical simulation:perform software simulations in order to verify the theoretical designand adjust any parameters to predict the desired antenna performance.

3. Physical implementation: undertake physical construction of the antennas based onsimulation-confirmed parameters.

4. Experimental testing: measure antenna performance is measured and compare with thesimulated results.


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REFERENCES

[1] M A Matin, M.P Saha, H. M. Hasan Design of Broadband Patch Antenna for WiMAX and WLAN ICMMT2010 Proceedings, pp. 1-3

[2] F. Yang, X. X. Zhang, X. Ye, and Y. Rahmat-Samii, Wide-band Eshaped patch antennas for wireless communications, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 49, no. 7, pp. 10941100, Jul. 2001.

[3] M. Sanad, Double C-patch antennas having different aperture shapes, in Proc. IEEE AP-S Symp.,Newport Beach, CA, Jun. 1995, pp. 21162119.

[4] Shackelford, A.K., Lee, K.F., and Luk, K.M.: Design of small-size widebandwidth microstrip-patch antennas,IEEE Antennas Propag. Mag., 2003, AP-45, (1), pp. 7583

[5] H. F. AbuTarboush, H. S. Al-Raweshidy, and R. Nilavalan, Triple band double U-slots patch antenna forWiMAx mobile applications,in Proc. Of APCC, Tokyo, Feb. 2008, pp. 1-3.

[6] Waterhouse, R.B.: Broadband stacked shorted patch, Electron. Lett. 1999, 35, (2), pp. 98100

[7] Guo, Y.X., Luk, K.M., and Lee, K.F.: L-probe proximity-fed shortcircuited patch antennas, Electron. Lett.,1999, 35, (24), pp. 20692070

[8]K.L. Lau and K.M. Luk Wideband folded L-slot shorted-patch Antenna ELECTRONICS LETTERS 29thSeptember 2005 Vol. 41 No. 20

[9]Madhur Deo Upadhayay1, A.Basu2, S.K.Koul3 and Mahesh P. Abegaonkar4,Dual Port ASA for FrequencySwitchable Active Antenna 978-1-4244-2802-1/09/$25.00 2009 IEEE, pp.2722-2725

[10] R.Chair, K.F. Lee,K.M.Luk Bandwidth and cross- polarisation characteristics of quarter wave shorted patchantenna microwave and op.technol.Latt,vol-22 no2,pp.101-103,1999

[11] N. Zhang, P. Li, B. Liu, X.W. Shi and Y.J. Wang Dual-band and low cross-polarisation printed dipoleantenna with L-slot and tapered structure for WLAN applications ELECTRONICS LETTERS 17th March2011 Vol. 47 No. 6

[12] Xue-jie Liaa, Hang-chun Yang and Na Han AN IMPROVED DUAL BAND-NOTCHED UWB ANTENNA WITH A PARASITIC STRIP AND A DEFECTED GROUND PLANE 2010International Symposium on Intelligent Signal Processing and CommunicationSystems (lSPACS 2010) December 6-8,2010, 978-1-4244-7371-7/10/$26.00 2010 IEEE

[13] Hsing-Yi Chen and Yu Tao Performance Improvement of a U-Slot Patch Antenna Using a Dual-Band Frequency Selective Surface With Modified Jerusalem Cross Elements IEEE TRANSACTIONS ONANTENNAS AND PROPAGATION, VOL. 59, NO. 9, SEPTEMBER 2011,pp 3482-3486

[14] Hsing-Yi Chen and Yu Tao Antenna Gain and Bandwidth Enhancement Using Frequency Selective Surfacewith Double Rectangular Ring Elements 978-1-4244-6908-6/10/201 0 IEEE, pp. 271-274

[15] S. Pinhas and S. Shtrikman, Comparison between computed and measured bandwidth of quarter-wave

microstrip radiators,IEEE Trans.Antennas Propag., vol.36, no. 11, pp. 16151616, 1988

A PROJECT ON RECTANGULAR MICROSTIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR THE FREQUENCY USED IN BLUETOOTH

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Transcript of A PROJECT ON RECTANGULAR MICROSTIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR THE FREQUENCY USED IN BLUETOOTH