UNIT IDIPLOMACY AND INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS Lead-in

Anyone who dreams of a diplomatic career should be aware of thefact that before one is allowed to work in the Foreign Service oneshould pass an Entrance Test.Try to do a sample entrance Foreign Service test to see howprofessional your present knowledge is.Mark what you consider to be the right answer, mind the notes belowif necessary. Do not get baffled if you can’t answer all the questions.After all, you are only half way through with your course of studies.

1. All of the following are necessary attributes of a nation-state except

a. occupying a definite territoryb. having an organized governmentc. using predominantly a single languaged. possessing internal and external sovereignty

2. All of the following circumstances have contributed to the current

emphasis on protecting the environment from toxic wastes excepta. safe places to store toxic wastes have become scarceb. research has increased knowledge of the toxicity of many widely used

chemicalsc. the amount of wastes of all kinds has grownd. deregulation has made it easier for the public to purchase and use toxic

substances 3. Which of the following statements is true about executive privilege?

a. It protects members of the executive branch from prosecution for any actscommitted in the course of performing their jobs.

b. It allows the President to withhold certain information from Congress andthe courts.

c. It is the concept that underlies the President’s use of a pocket veto during asession of Congress.

d. It protects the member of the Cabinet when the President facesimpeachment proceedings.

4. A distinguishing feature of the parliamentary form of government is that

a. Parliament is the sole repository of legitimacy and may not delegategovernmental authority to regional or local units.

b. no final action may be taken on a bill until all members of parliament havehad an opportunity to speak either for or against it.

c. members of the government are not allowed to take part in the

parliamentary debates that involve appropriations.d. Parliament has the power to require the PM to resign or call for an election.

5. Which pairs an important person in history with the idea he supported?

a. Adam Smith – Wealth is created by the working class.b. Mohatma Gandhi – India can free itself from England only by developing

its own modernized industry.c. Thomas Jefferson – If a government fails to protect the rights of the people,

they have the right to change it.d. Martin Luther – Only through good works can man attain salvation.

6. The country in which the USA and the former USSR confronted one

another both in diplomacy and in chess isa. Cubab. Icelandc. Finlandd. Romania

7. Which of the following neither is, nor was, concerned with economic and

military aid for Europe?a. GATTb. Marshall Planc. NATOd. OECD

8. Gross national product is defined as

a. total goods producedb. total goods and services producedc. total goods and services produced, less taxesd. net national products plus dividends

9. The ‘top of the world’ is in

a. Indiab. Bangladeshc. Nepald. Bhutan

10. In the context of international relations, the term ‘good offices’ is used in

connection with the a. priority system for assigning floor space to delegation at the UNO.b. selective system for assigning locations to foreign embassies in

Washington.c. procedure of mediation of disputes between nations.d. maintenance of liaison between the USA and the former USSR.

Notesderegulation – the act or process of removing government restrictions andregulations

pocket veto – a method that the President can use to prevent a bill from becominga law by not signing the bill before the session of Congress endsbill – a draft of a proposed law presented to parliament for discussionappropriations – money set aside (as by a legislature) for a specific purposegood works – activities that you do to help other people, often because of yourreligious beliefsmediation – the act of intervening for the purpose of bringing about a settlementliaison – a relationship that allows different organizations or groups to worktogether and provide information to each other Compare and discuss your marking with those of others in your group. If there aredifferences give your reasons for marking this or that option as correct.Did some of the items puzzle you or take you by surprise? Why? Why not?What do you think of the range of questions included in this test?How well did you do in this knowledge test?

Exercise 1Before proceeding any further study some vocabulary of Diplomacy andtranslate it into Russian:A.1. accord – concurrence of opinion2. accreditation – the act of granting credit or recognition3. advocacy – active support of an idea or cause, especially the act of pleading or

arguing for something4. Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary – the chief of a diplomatic

mission; the ranking official diplomatic representative of his country to thecountry to which he is accredited

5. attache – a specialist assigned to the staff of a diplomatic mission6. consulate - an office established by one state in an important city of another

state for the purpose of supporting and protecting its citizens traveling orresiding there; the residence or workplace of a consul

7. consul – an official appointed by the government of one country to look afterits commercial interests and the welfare of its citizens in another country

8. counterpart – a person or thing having the same function or characteristics asanother

9. country of residence – country in which a visitor established his/her legalpermanent residence; it may be different from the visitor’s country of birth

10. credentials – the name for letters given to an ambassador by his chief ofstate, and addressed to the chief of state of his host country

11. diplomatic corps – the body of foreign diplomats assembled at a nation’scapital

12. diplomatic immunity – exemption from taxation or normal processes of lawthat is offered to diplomatic personnel in a foreign country

13. embassy – a diplomatic building where ambassadors live or work 14. envoy – a diplomat having less authority than an ambassador

15. event – a planned public or social occasion 16. expulsion – the formal deportation of a diplomat, often as a form of protest

against the diplomat’s home country or as a result of actions by the diplomat,such as espionage

17. extradition – the surrender of an accused or convicted person by one state orcountry to another

18. Foreign Affairs – the relations among states within the international system,including the roles of states and international organizations

19. foreign policy – a policy governing international relations 20. good offices – an effort by a third state, or by an individual or an

international body, designed to stimulate the processes of settlement in adispute between two other states

21. negotiation – a discussion intended to produce an agreement 22. persona non grata – a person who for some reason is not wanted or welcome

23. protocol – refers to the ceremonial side of diplomacy, including matters of

diplomatic courtesy and precedence 24. recognition – commonly used in connection with the recognition by one state

of the existence of another state 25. restoration – the act of restoring something or someone to a satisfactory

state 26. representative – serving to represent or typify 27. rogue state – a state that does not respect other states in its international

actions 28. sovereignty – the authority of a state to govern another state 29. stalemate – a situation in which no progress can be made or no advancement

is possible 30. summit – a formally arranged meeting of heads of governments 31. treaty – a written agreement between two states or sovereigns B.Diplomatic RanksListed in order of precedence:Ambassador Extraordinary and PlenipotentiaryMinisters PlenipotentiaryMinistersChargé d'Affaires ad hoc or pro temporeChargé d'Affaires ad interimMinister-CounselorsCounselors (or Senior Secretaries in the absence of Counselors)Army, Naval and Air AttachésCivilian AttachésFirst SecretariesSecond Secretaries

Assistant Army, Naval and Air Attachés, Civilian Assistant AttachésThird Secretaries and Assistant Attachés Now read a newspaper article from the Daily Telegraph to see what some otherpeople think about testing the knowledge of future diplomats. FUTURE BERLIN ENVOYS FACE ‘QUIZ SHOW’ HURDLE

German graduates competing to enter the country’s poorly paid butrespected diplomatic service are having to answer general knowledge questionsas difficult as those faced by contenders in the television quiz show Who Wantsto be a Millionaire.

The prize falls somewhat short of the television bounty: the starting salaryfor a young diplomat is about &2,000 a month and even senior ambassadors areunlikely to earn more than &80,000 a year.

The questions are aimed at weeding out what Germans call Fachidioten –narrow specialists with little worldly understanding – ensuring that Berlin’senvoys do not make the kind of gaffes committed by George W. Bush, whofailed to name the leaders of India and Pakistan.

The quiz was leaked yesterday and the tabloid press was flabbergasted bywhat it saw as an immensely highbrow challenge for a less than desirable career.The potential diplomats have to know the three functions of money, whenwomen gained the right to vote and whether Charles Dickens is regarded as aRealist or Naturalist writer.

There are fears in the Foreign Ministry that the quality of the new intakeinto the diplomatic service may suffer from the competition of new economycompanies who promise quick career advancement and big salaries.

Around 1,000 Germans apply each year to sit the Foreign Ministry exams;only 40 are accepted for the two-year training course. They are expected to havegraduated with honours and to show a well above-average grasp of political,economic and legal concepts. Fluent English and French are compulsory.

The Foreign Service is going through an upheaval. Money has to be savedand ambassadors are being urged to take lessons in television presentation toequip them for their new role as relaxed public relations spokesmen forGermany. Younger diplomats are being promised faster promotion providingthey know their quiz show stuff on film directors and authors.Notes1. a highbrow challenge – is something new, exciting and difficult which one has

an opportunity of doing which requires great effort and determination becauseit deals with serious subjects in an intellectual way;

2. to graduate with honours – to graduate with a type of university degree, whichis of a higher standard than an ordinary degree. Compare CUM LAUDE- Lat.– with praise

Questions for discussion1. What is your opinion about the kind of questions included in the test for young

German diplomats? How do they compare with the questions you haveanswered earlier?

2. How does the Foreign Ministry of Germany justify the extremely challengingentrance exams for young diplomats? Is the challenge well – founded? Why?/ Why not?

3. What do you think the author implies in the last sentence of the article?

WORKSHOP I. A FOREIGN SERVICE CAREER What does a Foreign Service career involve? A. Make up a list of what you consider advantages and disadvantages of aForeign Service career. Mention at least two points for both options. When youare ready compare and discuss your list with those of other people in your groupto try to decide if the Foreign Service is for you.

ADVANTAGES DISADVANTAGES B. Read the text that follows to see how many of your expectations are true tofact. What other advantages or disadvantages can you think of?

IS THE FOREIGN SERVICE FOR YOU?A Foreign Service career is more than a job. It involves uncommon

commitments and occasional hardships as well as unique rewards andopportunities. A decision to enter this career must involve unusual motivationand a firm dedication to public service. Foreign Service personnel are committedto support their country’s policy publicly, whatever their private views. TheForeign Service is a mobile profession. Personnel must agree to serve at anynational diplomatic or consular post abroad, or in any domestic position,according to the needs of the Foreign Service. Personnel spend an average of60% of their careers abroad. This imposed mobility presents challenges to familylife and raising children not found in more settled careers. Many overseas postsare in small or remote countries where harsh climates, health hazards, and otherdiscomforts exist, and where many social amenities frequently are unavailable.Overseas service may also involve security risks to personnel and their families.

However, careers in the Foreign Service offer special rewards too: thepride and satisfaction of representing your country and protecting your country’sinterests abroad; the challenge of working in a demanding, competitive, action-oriented profession; opportunities for change and growth; contact withstimulating compatriots and foreign colleagues in government, business, thepress and other professions, frequent travel, and the enriching cultural and socialexperience of living abroad. WHAT DO FOREIGN SERVICE OFFICERS DO? For centuries, maintaining relationships between nations through theexchange of representatives has been the task of diplomacy. Foreign Servicework is on the front line of the process by which nations establish and maintainofficial contact with one another in pursuing their respective goals, objectives,interests and policies. It embraces the making, implementation, and support offoreign policy at all levels at home and abroad. It involves the functions of

representation, administering our overseas establishments, caring for the interestsof one’s country’s citizens abroad; and reporting, communicating, andnegotiating on political, economic, consular and administrative affairs.

The growth in the number and importance of international organizationsbrings new demands for competence in multilateral diplomacy. Hand-in-handwith this development is the growing importance of a range of increasinglytechnical issues which are global rather than primarily bilateral in nature andwhich require new skills and better insights into the foreign policy implicationsof such areas as science and technology, narcotics and refugee affairs. And todaya significant portion of a Foreign Service officer's career will be served in thecountry’s capital, participating in the complex process by which national policyis made and supported.

Political officers analyze and report on political matters that affect thenational interests of their country. They convey their government views onpolitical issues to foreign officials, negotiate agreements and maintain closecontact with political leaders, third country diplomats and others of influence.

Political work requires an ability to report and interpret events and trendsin a variety of cultures and political systems. Officers must persevere in a field inwhich visible results are not always immediately apparent. They must also beable to communicate rapidly and concisely, and be flexible in handling diverseresponsibilities, especially at smaller posts.

Some political officers have more specialized duties. Those who qualifymay become area specialists, knowledgeable about the language, history, cultureand politics of a nation or region such as the USA, or Latin America. Politicalofficers may also serve as science attaches abroad.

A typical week for a political officer overseas might include : reporting ona foreign election or change of government, seeking support for your country’sforeign policy initiative, analyzing a border dispute, briefing or suggestingremarks for a visiting senior official, and perhaps, escorting the official, whilehandling the daily flow of cables and correspondence relating to the visit.

Success in the Foreign Service requires a strong command of the mothertongue as well as of a foreign language. All Foreign Service officers must beable to speak and write clearly, concisely and correctly. The success of much oftheir work depends on their ability to speak and write persuasively and toanalyze and defend policies and proposals. Make up 6 questions to the text above. Exercise 2Suggest the Russian translation for the following word combinations.

1. remote countries2. harsh climates3. health hazards4. social amenities5. to pursue a goal, objective, interest, policy6. to convey the views7. immediately apparent results8. to seek support for9. a strong command of

Exercise 3Match the following words with their definitions.1. commitment toa. an invitation to test one’s strength, skill or ability

2. challenge to

b. include or cover, to accept readily

3. unavailable

c. the power of using one’s mind to understand the true

nature of the situation

4. to embrace

d. responsibility or promise to follow a certain courseof action

5. insight into

e. give smb instructions or information, in order toprepare them for an activity

6. to persevere in

f. not to be had, obtained, used

7. to brief smb on

g. continue steadily and with determination in spite ofdifficulties

Exercise 4If you have done the matching correctly, you will be able to place the words ortheir derivatives in the spaces provided so that the sentences make sense.

1. If you ___________ in the task, you will succeed in the end.2. The ___________ to authority requires a much more serious consideration.3. The government ___________ itself to improving education.4. He has given me a(an) ___________ into British literature.5. Everyone had ___________ and face up to innumerable setbacks.6. As members of the alliance we must honour our defence ___________.7. Climbing Mount Everest presented a(an) ___________ to the group.8. The general has repeated his ___________ to holding elections as soon as

possible.9. Her autobiography gave me a(an) ___________ into the way government

actually works.10. The ambassador has made himself ___________ for comment.11. The extended family ___________ several generations.12. The delegation has been well ___________ on the political situation in the

country.13. The course of studies ___________ every aspect of the subject.

Exercise 5Translate into English using the active vocabulary.

1. Дипломатов проинструктировали о том, поддержки каких стран в рамкахООН им следует добиваться для достижения поставленной цели.

2. Работая за рубежом и нередко сталкиваясь с тяжелыми климатическими

условиями и отсутствием удобств повседневной жизни, молодыедипломаты, тем не менее, проявляют упорство в выполнении своихпрофессиональных обязанностей.

3. Воодушевление молодых дипломатов, получающих назначения (use “toembrace”) даже в самые отдаленные государства, объясняется ихпреданностью интересам своего дела и решимостью смелооткликнуться на вызовы нового тысячелетия.

4. Хорошее знание языка и культуры страны пребывания помогаетдипломату глубже вникнуть в суть национального характера.

5. Работая в государствах, переживающих серьезные внутриполитическиепотрясения, дипломаты получают, обобщают и направляют вминистерство крайне ценную и нужную информацию, зачастую рискуясобственным здоровьем, а иногда и жизнью. При этом им приходитсямириться с тем, что результаты их самоотверженной работы становятсявидны далеко не сразу.

Before reading the text below answer the following question: What is public diplomacy, propaganda or reaching the masses? Public diplomacy is a concept that is intensely debated between politicians. Itrefers to a form of diplomacy to another country in which the government is notcatered to, but rather the citizens of the country. It is not considered propagandasince the truth is not twisted in any way. It is merely a way to get the word out tothe people of a different country, and let them know what is going on.

What is Public Diplomacy?

In recent decades, public diplomacy has been widely seen as thetransparent means by which a sovereign country communicates with publics inother countries aimed at informing and influencing audiences overseas for thepurpose of promoting the national interest and advancing its foreign policy goals.In this traditional view, public diplomacy is seen as an integral part of state-to-state diplomacy, by which is meant the conduct of official relations, typically inprivate, between official representatives (leaders and diplomats) representingsovereign states. In this sense, public diplomacy includes such activities aseducational exchange programs for scholars and students; visitor programs;language training; cultural events and exchanges; and radio and televisionbroadcasting. Such activities usually focused on improving the “sending”country’s image or reputation as a way to shape the wider policy environment inthe “receiving” country.

As coined in the mid-1960s by former U.S. diplomat Edmund Gullion,public diplomacy was developed partly to distance overseas governmentalinformation activities from the term propaganda, which had acquired pejorativeconnotations. Over the years, public diplomacy has also developed a differentmeaning from public affairs, which refers to a government’s activities andprograms designed to communicate policy messages to its own domestic

audiences.In recent years, and notably since the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks

in New York City and Washington DC, public diplomacy has attracted increasedattention from both practitioners and scholars from many parts of the world. Asdistinct from the “narrow” traditional, state-based conception of publicdiplomacy described above, recent scholarship has offered a “broader”conception of the field’s scope by developing the concept of the new publicdiplomacy which defines public diplomacy more expansively than as an activityunique to sovereign states. This view aims to capture the emerging trends ininternational relations where a range of non-state actors with some standing inworld politics – supranational organizations, sub-national actors, non-governmental organizations, and (in the view of some) even private companies –communicate and engage meaningfully with foreign publics and thereby developand promote public diplomacy policies and practices of their own. Advocates ofthe new public diplomacy point to the democratization of information throughnew media and communication technology as a new force that has greatlyempowered non-state actors and elevated their role and legitimacy ininternational politics. As a result, a new public diplomacy is seen as taking placein a system of mutually beneficial relations that is no longer state-centric butcomposed of multiple actors and networks, operating in a fluid globalenvironment of new issues and contexts.

This new diplomacy will not in the short term displace traditional state-to-state diplomacy as practiced by foreign ministries, but it will impact the waythose ministries do business. More than ever before, foreign ministries anddiplomats will need to go beyond bilateral and multilateral diplomacy and toconstruct and conduct relations with new global actors.

The increased interest in public diplomacy in recent years has beenfacilitated by conceptual developments in other fields. Marketing and publicrelations notions such as branding have been incorporated by public diplomacyscholars to great effect to cover countries, regions, and cities. Similarly, theconcept of soft power coined by international relations scholar Joseph Nye has,for many, become a core concept in public diplomacy studies. Nye defines softpower as “the ability to get what you want through attraction rather thancoercion or payments.” In other words, soft power is the degree to which apolitical actor’s cultural assets, political ideals and policies inspire respect oraffinity on the part of others. Thus, soft power has come to be seen as a resource,with public diplomacy a mechanism that seeks to leverage soft power resources. Comprehension and discussion questions1. What is public diplomacy? What are its aims?2. What is the traditional conception of public diplomacy? What are its methods

and activities?3. What was the reason for developing public diplomacy? Is there any difference

between public diplomacy and propaganda or public affairs?4. What does the concept of the new public diplomacy imply? What are its

actors and what new force helps them in their activities?5. What conceptual developments have taken place in other fields and how have

they influenced public diplomacy?6. What is soft power and how is it related to public diplomacy?

Exercise 6Translate the following sentences from the text, paying attention to theunderlined parts.

1. Such activities usually focused on improving the “sending” country’s imageor reputation as a way to shape the wider policy environment in the“receiving” country.

2. Nye defines soft power as “the ability to get what you want throughattraction rather than coercion or payments.”

3. Thus, soft power has come to be seen as a resource, with public diplomacya mechanism that seeks to leverage soft power resources.

Exercise 7a) add your own words and those from the text to every line to complete thecollocations:public/ … diplomacypolitical/ … actorsforeign/ … relationsdistinguished/ … scholar b) translate the sequences below paying attention to the plural noun forms:foreign publics world politicsdomestic audiences public diplomacy policiesinformation activities conceptual developmentscultural exchanges public diplomacy studies c) explain in English what the following sequences mean and give situations withthem from the text:a transparent means of emerging trendsan integral part of non-state actorscultural events cultural assetspejorative connotations political ideals d) translate the following sequences into Russian and make up sentences of yourown with them:for the purpose of in the short termin this sense to great effectas distinct from in other wordsas a result on the part ofe) match the following words with their definitions and translations: concept conception notion term construct 1. an idea formed in the mind by combining pieces of information2. an idea, belief, or opinion in someone`s mind; a sudden desire3. general understanding, idea; the act of forming an idea, plan4. a thought, idea, or principle5. a word or expression that has a particular meaning 1. конструкт, сооружение, строение2. понятие, представление, взгляд, мнение, точка зрения; намерение3. концепция, общее представление, идея, пoнятие4. концепция, понимание, замысел, понятие

5. термин Exercise 8Translate the following word combinations into Russian and recall how they areused in the text: to acquire pejorative connotations to communicate and engage with foreign publics to develop and promote policies and practices to elevate one`s role and legitimacy to operate in a fluid global environment to construct and conduct relations to incorporate the notion of branding to coin and develop the concept of soft power Now use some of the words in the correct form in the following sentences:

1. Though America increasingly must persuade, communicate ___________in order to achieve national interests, it must do so in a world that haschanged markedly since our public diplomacy institutions were created.

2. The authority to construct ___________ with foreign nations andinternational organizations has become increasingly ambiguous.

3. The phrase soft power ___________ by Joseph Nye of Harvard Universityin a 1990 book, Bound to Lead: The Changing Nature of AmericanPower.

4. The word “tribe” acquired ___________ during the apartheid era, in partbecause of the distortions that were introduced by applying this conceptto society.

5. The product and all its strategies have to be lent the ability to adapt quicklydue to the current ___________ we operate in.

6. We have started to incorporate ___________ in such fields as tourism.7. Negotiation and dialogue can also be tactically used in one`s favor to buy

time to strengthen one`s logistical and financial capabilities, as well aselevating ___________.

8. As schools ___________ inclusive educational policies and practicies, itwill become necessary to ensure that changes are made which enablestudents to become better equipped for life in a more inclusive society.

9. The Finnish pragmatic approach on how ___________ relations with thecountry might also be useful.

10. Now we are supposed to use new terms, which will in turn ___________connotations themselves, because there`s really no nice way to say thatsomeone in unintelligent.

11. It is necessary to develop ___________ sustainable ___________ at thestate and regional level through dialogue, education, and training.

12. Making employees live the brand means that they ___________ ofbranding and brand values.

13. Empirical research elevates ___________ of psychosocial factors.14. The institutions responsible for carrying out public diplomacy – the

consolidated efforts of the US Government to inform, ___________ withforeign publics in promotion of the national interest – are deeply flawedand need to be repaired.

15. When Joseph Nye coined ___________ he pointed out that the US was notonly the strongest nation in military and economic terms, but also in whathe called soft power.

Exercise 9Translate the verbs below into Russian and suggest as many synonyms for themas you can.to acquire to operateto communicate to constructto develop to conductto promote to incorporateto elevate to coin Exercise 10Fill in the gaps with the verbs in the correct form from the list above.1. Schools that ___________ physical activity may have a significant impact onreducing childhood obesity and chronic disease.2. It is useful to summarize the major pitfalls to be avoided when ____________an argument.3. He forcefully ___________ his desire to pass reform in time for his State ofthe Union Address, according to a Democratic insider.4. The term emotional intelligence ___________ 15 years ago to suggest thatemotional skills be considered as important as cognitive skills.5. Polluted air ___________ cancer risk in 600 neighbourhoods.6. Numerous studies ____________ over the past half century to investigate thestatus and consequences of the deposition of atmospheric pollutants.7. With a little help, every child can ___________ healthy self-esteem for ahappier, more fulfilling life.8. Your choice for ___________ farm machinery will depend on availablecapital.9. A company ___________ by a special act of the legislature for the purpose of___________ and maintaining a dam across the river.10. A healthy workforce is a necessary foundation for economic growth andcritical to achieving our business objectives wherever we __________.11. This new word, ___________ by the author to denote an old practice in itsmodern development, is made from the ancient Greek word “genos” and theLatin “cide”.12. The government ___________ seven general managers from various publicsector banks to the post of executive directors.13. How much have countries accomplished in ____________ and providingefficient, effective, and equitable health care?14. This action is for the revision of the existing Statement of Work that___________ into the contract when the contract was signed on October 5.15. It`s been nearly a year since we announced our intention ____________DoubleClick last April.16. Noteworthy semantic studies ____________ to explicate anger concepts indifferent languages.17. The Network ___________ linguistic diversity was established at the end of2007 with the aim of facilitating the sharing of existing best practice.18. In the agreement, all three parties obtained substantial “freedom___________” under some of each others` intellectual property.19. Many of the problems that occur in the organization are the direct result ofpeople failing ___________.20. A huge pool ___________ in the context of the project, which assumescreation of 30 thousand inhabited real estate objects.

Exercise 11Study some general rules of word formation:-ive – a suffix of adjectives expressing tendency, disposition, character, orquality-ness - a suffix attached to adjectives and participles, forming abstract nounsdenoting quality and state-tion/sion - a suffix forming abstract nouns, expressing action, or a state-ment - a suffix of nouns, often concrete, denoting an action or resulting state, aproduct, or means-ist - a suffix of nouns, often corresponding to verbs ending in -ize or nounsending in -ism, that denote a person who practices or is concerned withsomething, or holds certain principles, doctrinespresent participle (-ing) is used to describe people or things that cause somefeelings; it refers to the actor (the one/thing causing the emotion)past participle (-ed) is used to say how people feel; it refers to the experiencer(the one feeling the emotion) Learn the following words and use them in the given sentences.a) to acquire – acquisitive – acquisitiveness – acquisition – acquirement –acquired1. An ___________ society is the one in which the craving for material thingsseems never satisfied.2. ____________ is used in opposition to a natural gift or talent, for example,eloquence, and skill in music and painting are ___________.3. An ___________ taste refers to an appreciation for something that is unlikelyto be enjoyed by a person who has not had substantial exposure to it.4. Many researchers have studied children`s ___________ of individual speechsounds and the way they organize these sounds into speech.5. If teachers practice what is hard ___________ more in the classroom, learnerswill achieve better fluency and higher accuracy.6. ___________ describes the greed to increase one`s possessions, __________,to hoard and to save.7. Hospital-___________ pneumonia develops at least 48 hours after hospitaladmission. b) to engage – engaging- engaged – engagement1. Nicole Kidman has revealed she ___________ to a mystery man in betweenher marriages.2. Employees with the highest level of commitment perform better and are lesslikely to leave the organization, which indicates that ___________ is linked toorganizational performance.3. These winning characteristics define the best computer games, which suggeststhat the most effective learning experiences are also ___________.4. An ___________ employee is one who is fully involved in, and enthusiasticabout his or her work, and thus will act in a way that furthers their organization`sinterests.5. An e-learning community has a common passion to create e-learning that is__________ and interactive.6. This was the best training I`ve ever gone to as I ___________ and active thewhole time.

c) to globalize - global – globalizing – globalism – (anti-)globalization –(anti-)globalist – globe1. Since all the threats were clearly ___________, addressing them requiredremedies and resources beyond the individual abilities of each nation state.2. Thousands of people rallied in Copenhagen to demand immediateimplementation of the ___________ agenda.3. ____________ describes an ongoing process by which regional economies,societies, and cultures have become integrated through a network ofcommunication and trade.4. That anger is palpable across the ___________ as the food crisis is not onlybeing felt among the poor but is also eroding the gains of the working andmiddle classes.5. His eye-opening experiences have contributed to a unique ___________perspective on peace and justice.6. The workshop welcomes all contributions that empirically deal with differentaspects in the development of life course patterns in a ___________ Europe.7. Anti-__________ motives seem to dominate the Copenhagen ClimateConference rather than environmental concerns.8. ___________ is the attitude or policy of placing the interests of the entireworld above those of individual nations. Exercise 12Translate into English using the active vocabulary.1. Занимаясь бизнесом, необходимо постоянно совершенствовать ипродвигать свои товары.2. Вашингтон разработал концепцию «мягкой силы», возвел ее едва ли не вранг государственной доктрины и весьма преуспел в ее реализации.3. Разрушение прежних социальных связей усиливает роль национальностикак важного канала социальной идентификации.4. Спикер парламента предложила рассказать странам Евросоюза о том, какстроить и вести отношения с этой страной.5. Укрепление легитимности возможно за счет реально демонстрируемойэффективности режима, а также посредством привлечения на свою сторонуоппозиции.6. Кризис – идеальное время, предоставляющее уникальные возможностидля создания и продвижения новых брендов.7. За последнее время эта форма обращения в применении к работникамсервиса приобрела уничижительный оттенок.8. Необходимо тесно сотрудничать и действовать как одна команда впостоянно меняющемся мире.9. Сегодня еврокомиссары стремятся инкорпорировать различные этно-региональные движения в общеевропейские структуры, создавая новыегеографические бренды, т. е. новые образы городов и регионов.10. Президент рассказал новым послам в Российской Федерации, какРоссия будет строить и вести свои отношения с другими государствами.11. Иммигранты стали общаться и контактировать с общественностьюиностранных государств не только через своих представителей, но инепосредственно.12. Коммуникативная культура помогает субъекту общенияориентироваться и действовать в постоянно меняющемся мирекоммуникации.

WORKSHOP II. THE MULTILATERAL DIPLOMAT Though much of the diplomatic activity is bilateral in character, the newdiplomacy puts greater emphasis on the multilateral side of diplomatic practice.Therefore, diplomats have to move from one context to the other no matter wherethey happen to be posted – at the United Nations in New York or at the Court ofSt James in London. A. Before reading the text think of the possible answers to the followingquestions.1. What is the difference between the “old diplomacy” and the “new

diplomacy”? Do you think the “old and new” types are associated with timeor something else?

2. To which of the above mentioned terms does the “French system ofdiplomacy” belong? From the course of Diplomacy do you remember whatthe system comprises?

3. In what way were the tasks of the diplomatic profession broadened in thetwentieth century?

B. Read the text below and1. compare your answers with the ideas stated by the author2. make up a plan3. sum up the text orally according to your plan

THE EVOLUTION OF MULTILATERAL DIPLOMACY

(“Multilateral Diplomacy and the United Nations Today”by James P. Muldoon Jr.)

Diplomacy is the method by which nation-states, through authorized agents,maintain mutual relations, communicate with each other, and carry out political,economic, and legal transactions.

Although the roots of diplomacy reach back to the beginning of organizedhuman society, the Peace of Westphalia of 1648 is generally believed to be theorigin of diplomacy as an institution, since it marked the beginning of theEuropean nation-state system (which initially consisted of twelve well-definedsovereign states) and codified the rules of conduct among sovereign and “equal”states. The Westphalian principles of sovereignty and the territorial state thatwere established in the seventeenth century are the foundation of today’smultilateral diplomatic system.

The history of diplomacy is commonly divided between the “olddiplomacy” that reached its zenith in the nineteenth century and the “newdiplomacy” of the twentieth. The “old diplomacy” or “bilateral diplomacy” wasdominated for almost three hundred years by the “French system of diplomacy,”which established and developed several key features of contemporarydiplomacy – resident ambassadors, secret negotiations, ceremonial duties andprotocol, honesty, and professionalism. Old diplomacy was predominantly

limited to the conduct of relations on a state-to-state basis via resident missions(embassies), with the resident ambassador being the key actor. The "newdiplomacy" that emerged in the nineteenth century and found its fullestexpression in the twentieth is distinguished from the "old" by two themes: "First,the demand that diplomacy should be more open to public scrutiny and control,and second, the projected establishment of an international organization whichwould act both as a forum for the peaceful settlement of disputes and as adeterrent to the waging of aggressive war".

The vestiges of the "old diplomacy" rapidly faded into the backgroundafter World War II, when the "standing diplomatic conference" (or, as it is morecommonly known, international organization) and multilateral diplomacyblossomed. By the middle of the twentieth century, the international arena hadbecome too big and too complex for traditional bilateral diplomacy to manage,unleashing the unprecedented drive of the past fifty years to build internationaland regional organizations with defined rules of procedure, permanentsecretariats, and permanently accredited diplomatic missions and graduallyshifting the emphasis in diplomatic method from traditional bilateralism tomultilateralism. This was a particularly important development in internationalrelations.

As a consequence, the “new” diplomacy, especially as it is manifested inthe United Nations, broadened the tasks of the profession, subtly changing howdiplomats conduct their trade. Today, the tasks of a diplomat include: (1) formaland substantive representation (the former involves presentation of credentials,protocol and participation in the diplomatic circuit of a national capital or aninternational or regional institution, while the latter includes explanation anddefence of national policies and negotiations with other governments); (2)information gathering (acting as a "listening post"); (3) laying the groundwork orpreparing the basis for a policy or new initiatives; (4) reducing interstate frictionor oiling the wheels of bilateral or multilateral relations; (5) managing order andchange; and (6) creating, drafting and amending international normative andregulatory rules.

Multilateral diplomacy emphasizes diplomats’ public speaking, debatingand language skills since communications are conducted principally by means ofverbal, face-to-face exchanges rather than in the predominantly written style ofbilateral diplomacy. The expansion and intertwining of political, economic, andsocial issues and concerns on the agenda of multilateral diplomacy have pusheddiplomats towards greater specialization, and increased involvement in externalaffairs of domestic ministries, such as those concerned with agriculture, civilaviation, finance and health. As Sir David Hannay, former permanentrepresentative of the United Kingdom to the United Nations, points out: ‘Youhave to have a reasonable spread of specializations. You now certainly have tohave military advice. And on the development side, you have to have peoplewho know something about environment, who know something about populationcontrol, who know something about wider development policies.’ Also,multilateral diplomacy has overlaid the task of the international system on thediplomats’ traditional function of advancing and protecting national interestswithin the system. NoteThe quotation is from Hamilton, Keith, and Langhorne, 1995.“The Practice of Diplomacy”

Comprehension and discussion questions1. Where can the evolution of diplomacy be traced back?2. What were the key features of diplomacy established by the “French system of

diplomacy”?3. Why was the emphasis in diplomatic method shifted from bilateralism to

multilateralism?4. What are the tasks of a multilateral diplomat?5. What skills does multilateral diplomacy require?6. What is diplomacy?The ability to write an effective summary might be the most important writingskill a student can possess. You need to be able to summarize before you can besuccessful at most of the other kinds of writing.

Writing a Summary

A summary is a short account giving the main points of a text.The purpose of a summary is to give a reader a condensed and objective accountof the main ideas and features of a text. Usually, a summary has between fourand six paragraphs or one hundred and fifty to three hundred words, dependingon the length and complexity of the original essay. Typically, a summary will dothe following: cite the author and title of the text. In some cases, the date andplace of publication or the context for the essay may also be included.

Rules for summary writing

Do It!STRUCTURE1. A summary should consist of the introduction, the main body (2-4 paragraphs)and the conclusion.2. The introduction and conclusion can have one sentence each, however eachparagraph of the main body should consist of more than one sentence.3. The ideas are presented in the same order the author uses.4. A summary should be 1/3 or 1/4 the length of the original text.

CONTENT AND LANGUAGE1. Read the article and develop the main idea/topic or thesis statement/subjectmatter.2. Reread the article and identify topic sentences and key points which can makeup the body.3. Identify areas that should be avoided because of the details. Leave out details,data, and examples or combine similar ideas and examples into a sentence.Generalize as much as possible. Omit figures of speech, repetitions, personalpronouns, contractions, lists, jargon, slang. Use proper names and third person.4. Write down the main idea/key point of each paragraph in one sentence usingyour own words.

5. Review the sentences you have written and check whether your thesisstatement clearly communicates what the text is trying to achieve.6. The introduction should include the title of the article, the author`s full nameand if known the source and the date of publication. In the paragraphs refer tothe author by last name only.7. Write the introductory phrases in the present tense.8. Use your own words to summarize the main ideas, change sentence structuresas well.9. Insert transitional/link words and phrases, include author tags ("according tothe author" or "as the author explains") to remind the reader that you aresummarizing the author and the text, not giving your own ideas.10. Avoid short sentences.11. Examine each sentence to make sure that it is complete and grammaticallycorrect.

Do not Do It!1. Don`t copy word for word.2. Don`t use direct speech, personal pronouns, contractions, figures of speech,jargon, slang.3. Don`t give details, repetitions, quotations, data, any additional information,avoid giving examples.4. Don`t include your own opinion, reactions or assessment, ideas,interpretations or personal comment in the summary.5. Don`t write: the text is about…; the message of the text is…; in the article theauthor…; such words as firstly/secondly/thirdly/finally (but no fourthly) areoptional.6. Don`t use simpler vocabulary than in the original. Expressing an ideaconcisely may require greater sophistication.

Suitable phrases and expressions1. The author introduces, defines, describes, dwells/touches upon, states,maintains, argues, explains, mentions, analyses, comments on, enumerates,points out, criticizes, exposes, accuses, blames, praises, ridicules,sympathizes/disagrees/is concerned with, reviews, passes on to, goes on to saythat, highlights, examines, suggests, addresses the issue of, draws attention to,emphasizes, underlines, questions the idea…2. The article covers, looks at, deals with, shows, reveals, assumes, includes,gives an account/detailed analysis/idea/description/definition of, opens with,focuses/concentrates/lays emphasis/elaborates on…3. In conclusion the author says that, the author concludes with, the author comesto/draws the conclusion that, the article ends with; all in all, to sum up, theauthor says that…

Here we will consider how transitional words and phrases can help make ourwriting clear, coherent, and cohesive.

Transitional words and phrasesA key quality of an effective paragraph is unity. A unified paragraph sticks

to one topic from start to finish, with every sentence contributing to the centralpurpose and main idea of that paragraph.

But a strong paragraph is more than just a collection of loose sentences.Those sentences need to be clearly connected so that readers can follow along,recognizing how one detail leads to the next. A paragraph with clearly connectedsentences is said to be coherent and cohesive.

Transitional words and phrases guide readers from one sentence to thenext. Although they most often appear at the beginning of a sentence, they mayalso show up after the subject. Here are the common transitional expressions,grouped according to the type of relationship shown by each. 1. Addition Transitionsand, also, besides; first, second, third, in addition; in the first place, in the secondplace, in the third place, furthermore, moreover, to begin with, next, finally2. Cause-Effect Transitionsaccordingly, and so, as a result, consequently, for this reason, hence, so, then,therefore, thus3. Comparison Transitionsby the same token, in like manner, in the same way, in similar fashion, likewise,similarly4. Contrast TransitionsBut, however, in contrast, instead, nevertheless, on the contrary, on the otherhand, still, yet5. Conclusion and Summary Transitionsand so, after all, at last, finally, in brief, in closing, in conclusion, on the whole,to conclude, to summarize6. Example Transitionsas an example, for example, for instance, specifically, thus, to illustrate (allexamples should be combined)7. Insistence Transitionsin fact, indeed, no, yes8. Place TransitionsAbove, alongside, beneath, beyond, farther along, in back, in front, nearby, ontop of, to the left, to the right, under, upon9. Restatement Transitionsin other words, in short, in simpler terms, that is, to put it differently, to repeat10. Time TransitionsAfterward, at the same time, currently, earlier, formerly, immediately, in thefuture, in the meantime, in the past, later, meanwhile, previously,simultaneously, subsequently, then, until now

The Evolution of Multilateral Diplomacy

Sample Summary IntroductionThe article “The Evolution of Multilateral Diplomacy” by James P. Muldoon Jr.covers/looks at/touches upon/deals with/is concerned with the history ofdiplomacy and highlights/describes/examines the key features of the moderndiplomatic profession. Options:(The article “…” by… gives an idea of/addresses the issue of/touchesupon/dwells upon the way diplomacy has evolved and developed over thecenturies.)(The article “…” by… deals with the history and specific features of diplomacyas a method by which different nations communicate with each other and carryout relations through authorized agents.) BodyParagraph I(Firstly,) The author gives a definition of/defines diplomacy and analyzes/looksat its roots. He traces its beginning to the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, whoseprinciples of sovereignty and the territorial state lay the basis of today`smultilateral diplomatic system.Paragraph II(Secondly,) Mr. Muldoon mentions/argues that there are/draws attention to thefact that/examines two periods in the history of diplomacy. Namely they are the“old diplomacy” of the 19th century, bilateral diplomacy, and the “newdiplomacy” of the 20th century or multilateral diplomacy, which is more open topublic scrutiny and is characterized by the establishment of an internationalorganization.Options:(The evolution of diplomacy is divided into two periods: the “old diplomacy” orbilateral diplomacy and the “new diplomacy” or multilateral diplomacy. The keyfeatures of the former are resident ambassadors, secret negotiations, ceremonialduties and protocol, while the latter is distinguished by public scrutiny and theestablishment of an international organization.)Paragraph III(Thirdly,) (The article states that/lays emphasis on the fact that) As multilateraldiplomacy developed after World War II its tasks were broadened. The new onesincluded formal representation, information gathering, laying the groundwork fora policy, reducing interstate friction, managing order and others.Options:(The author/the article focuses/concentrates/goes on to elaborate on the tasks ofthe profession which were broadened after World War II. The new onesincluded…)Paragraph IV(Finally,) according to the author, the new environment requires from a moderndiplomat certain skills to do the work efficiently and greater specialization.Besides, diplomats should persevere in advancing and protecting their countries`interests within the international system.

ConclusionAll in all, the author describes the evolution of diplomacy from bilateral tomultilateral, which made the work of a diplomat more challenging, gave/set avariety of new tasks and demanded new skills. Now write your own summary following the rules and making use of suitablephrases and transitional words. Exercise 13Translate the following word combinations into Russian and recall how they areused in the text.

to be distinguished from smth by smthto be open to public scrutinyto unleash the unprecedented drive toto shift the emphasis from one thing to anotherto involve presentation of credentialsparticipation in the diplomatic circuitexpansion and intertwining of concernsto advance and protect national interests

Now use the above sequences in the correct form in the following sentences.

1. He currently works as a counsel with a private law firm in Jakarta and isknown by his active participation ___________.

2. What was the motive in ___________drive called the “cultural revolution”?

3. The US District Judge approved a plan Thursday that will ___________ theprogram`s ___________ from teaching English as a second language toteaching strictly English.

4. The Home Office spokesman said that immigration instructions are now open___________.

5. Man ___________ from all other creatures by the faculty of laughter.

6. Cabinet papers on climate change refer to advancing ___________ as a coreprinciple in the context of the development and adoption of climate changepolicies.

7. After his arrival the new Ambassador calls on the Chief of Protocol in hisoffice for a briefing on formalities involving ___________ and relatedmatters.

8. The debate now raging over service-sector off-shoring represents theforeseeable ___________ of concerns first voiced in the early 90s.

9. The task is to transform our political institutions into enabling institutions thatare open ___________ and that give people and communities the power to

change things themselves.

10. The third way aims to reform the welfare state into the “social investmentstate”, which ___________ away from spending money on benefits andtowards “investment in human capital”.

11. Successful students can ___________ the average student by their attitudesand behavior.

12. He acknowledged Blair as “a very experienced and skilled internationalfigure who has been at the top of the international diplomatic ___________for the last decade”.

13. The Ministry`s purpose is ___________ the national interests of the Bahamasthrough the proactive coordination and management of foreign relations.

14. For the first time, the organization discusses expanding and ___________ forits members in a hope to actively counter US and western involvement inAsia.

15. Two days before the rally he delivered a warning to the country: to avoid___________ an unprecedented economic crisis, the Government wouldhave to take extraordinary measures.

16. In 2004-05, such ceremonies were held over eight days and involved___________ by foreign diplomats taking up representational positions inAustralia.

Exercise 14Translate the following verbs into Russian and suggest as many synonyms forthem as you can.

to distinguish to presentto scrutinize to participateto unleash to expandto shift to intertwineto emphasize to advanceto involve to protect Exercise 15Fill in the gaps with the verbs in the correct form from the list above.

1. This could ___________ an alliance between Labour and the LiberalDemocrats and might lead to potentially endless coalition government.

2. The emphasis ___________ to working through the United Nations system todeal with the growing number of intrastate conflicts and to formulate newdefinitions of human security.

3. These issues ___________ the everyday importance of public services, jobsand financial security for many people.

4. Any study of British society that highlights the conflict ___________ a muchdistorted picture of the society as a whole.

5. Since the early 1970s a new Scottish nationalism has taken root which goes far

beyond the ranks of the Scottish National Party, it ___________ beingScottish and downgrades being British.

6. While ___________ Australia`s national interests we have also activelypromoted core Australian values such as democracy and respect for humanrights.

7. Without clear programmes, which ___________ the Conservative party fromLabour and other political parties, it will have difficulty in returning topolitical power.

8. With neatly pressed denims, gleaming white T-shirt and single gold earring,Wright, flanked by large minders, epitomized the darker forces theOrangemen’s protest had ___________.

9. The presidential hopeful says that if he becomes president he ___________ alllaws passed during G. W. Bush`s term in office.

10. This is a unique opportunity to both ___________ in and contribute to a real-time, landmark research project.

11. Data released by NASA shows that the Universe ___________ forever, at anever-increasing rate.

12. The Ministry is responsible for ___________ Australia`s national interests bycontributing to international security, national and economic tradeperformance and global cooperation.

13. The old events seem destined ___________ with current history.

14. The Mayor is to appoint a financial expert ___________ the budget for theLondon Olympics.

15. A series of deals aimed ___________ from words to action have raised hopesthat the organization faces a more fruitful future.

16. The new rule would allow the practice to continue and ___________. 17. The traditional setting of Oxford University combined with the mystery of

Harry Potter was a brilliant forum ___________ both worlds. 18. NATO has confirmed today that it intends ___________ its presence by

sending forces into the south and east of the country. 19. Various types of multilateral forums are to ___________ from the UN’s own

regional economic commissions. 20. Breaking up with new Labour might appall Liberal Democrats who believe

that their ___________ in a Cabinet committee has paid dividends.

Exercise 16a) Explain the difference between distinguished – (in)distinguishable –distinctive – distinct. Remember to use a dictionary if in doubt. Translate thewords into Russian.

b) Now look how these words are used and make up sentences with them.distinguished is used with the adverbs “most, very”, prepositions “for/among”and nouns: artist, writer, career, collection, contribution, critic, diplomat,politician, economist, gentleman, guest, historian, panel, pedigree, philosopher,record, scholar, academician, surgeon, service

(in)distinguishable is used with the adverbs “very, clearly, easily, readily/barely,hardly, scarcely”, prepositions “by/from” and nouns: group, species, activities,results, concepts, scenarios, figure, manner, properties, words, shapes, objects

distinctive is used with the adverbs “extremely, highly, very, quite, fairly” andwith the following nouns: feature, characteristic, mark, look, flavour, identity,pattern, style, way, voice, manner, example, group, landscape

distinct is used with the adverbs “very, completely, entirely, quite, totally, fairly,essentially, fundamentally, clearly, geographically, historically”, preposition“from” and nouns: groups, interests, dialects, regions, language, accent,possibility, smell, lack, impression, improvement, individuality

Learn the phrase “as distinct from”: She was studying lung cancer, as distinctfrom other types of cancer.

c) Insert one of the studied words and the phrase “as distinct from” in thefollowing sentences.

1. The Irish, Scots and Welsh are in England in numbers so huge and sointermingled that it hardly makes sense to refer to them as ___________.

2. Black is very __________ against a white background.

3. The traditional ranking placed the Conservatives roughly on the right of thepolitical spectrum, the Labour Party on the left and the Liberal Democrats inthe center, each trying to develop ___________ political programmes.

4. It will be an easy matter to pick out the war and service ships that are to takepart in the naval parade today, for each has certain peculiarities easily___________.

5. If, however, the Third Way has any ___________ characteristic it is thepremise that everyone can agree on everything.

6. No political theorist, however ___________, can act as though the country hasno history, as though we can simply start afresh.

7. In the matter of reforming things, ___________ deforming them, there is oneplain and simple principle; a principle which will probably be called aparadox.

8. The South American sub-region is perhaps richer in peculiar and __________types than either of the preceding.

9. Commentators maintain that the Liberal Democrats must either remain true totheir traditional principles on the center-left of the political spectrum ordevelop even more ___________ radical policies.

10. A business name is ___________ from other names if it contains one or moredifferent letters, words or it has a different sequence of letters, words.

11. The Union accommodates two ___________ systems of law, three ofeducation, two established churches, different languages, and many___________ traditions.

12. And when, until now, would a ___________ surgeon, describing a plasticoperation, declare that “it is simply like changing the cloth of an armchair”?

The founding of the United Nations system, its evolution, and itswide-ranging interests and activities have no parallel in humanaffairs. Two generations of diplomats have had to learn the meaningof this new world reality and to work with it.

Before reading the text below say what you think is required of the multilateraldiplomat.

SOME REQUIREMENTS FOR THE MULTILATERALDIPLOMAT TODAY

(by Ambassador Don Mills)

What, then, is required of individuals engaged in diplomatic work inmultilateral organizations? Brian Urquhart has put the matter as follows: ‘The artof multilateral diplomacy consists to a large degree in long and intricatenegotiations, contacts and conversations. Multilateral diplomacy is usually alaborious and nerve-racking process that requires great stamina as well asintuition, intellect, understanding and negotiating ability’.

And what type of person is best suited to this kind of work? Perhaps itought to be said at the outset that some persons discover, on being sent to theUnited Nations, that they have a natural aptitude for the multilateralenvironment, which is different in important respects from a bilateral forum. Ofcourse, some diplomats have worked in both environments, as well as in theirown national ministries, and this three-dimensional experience is useful, if notessential, particularly in the matter of coordinating work on specific issues. Thiscoordination is especially helpful to smaller countries with relatively limitedresources. It is inevitable that some persons will be posted to work in multilateralorganizations without having had much experience in diplomacy in any form.But experience – for example, in government agencies whose work hasinternational dimensions – can be an asset to the new diplomat as well as to themultilateral organization itself.

In the multilateral system, diplomats play multiple roles. First andforemost is their function as the representative and promoter of their country’sinterests. But the United Nations seeks to serve the interests of the globalcommunity, and its members must also contribute to that broader endeavor.

In some instances regional interests are involved, and this will alsodemand consideration. Not to be overlooked is the fact that there is often ameasure of positive fallout for a country in this process. Johan Kaufmann notesthat ‘a country can build up its influence in the UNO to be used in pursuit of itsown objectives in the future.’- whether these objectives are related to UN issuesor to matters outside the organization. Another of the multilateral diplomat’sroles is to serve as political adviser to national authorities on particular issues,but the diplomat must at the same time be guided by the instructions of national

authorities. On some issues where special knowledge is required, the diplomatmust be both student –tutored by the appropriate national ministry on a particularissue – and researcher – able to delve into the subject independently.

The community in which the UN diplomat operates is composed ofrepresentatives of other governments, UN staff at all levels, and representativesof the media and of NGOs. Within each group there is great diversity withrespect to nationality, culture, race, and interests. And contacts between andamong members of this community can take place at any time, formally orinformally, in committee rooms or lounges, at receptions, lunches, dinners, andother events.

It would be difficult to develop a profile of the typical diplomat at theUnited Nations or any other multilateral organization. In fact, they present aninfinite variety. But it is possible to list some of the most desirable characteristicsfor those who aspire to such work. Fluency in a second language, one of the sixofficially used in the organization, is an important asset for the multilateraldiplomat. Even more important, perhaps, is an advanced education and acapacity for continued learning, for there is much to learn in such work. Today,some special knowledge of international economics (including trade matters) canbe a very useful asset, as can a background in international law, since there is somuch technical content related to these fields in the issues that diplomatssometimes have to address. Then too, since many issues and relationships in theinternational sphere have long-standing roots, a background in history can beuseful. Of course, formal training in international relations offers a good basisfor diplomatic work. In an increasingly complex and changing world, all trainingprogrammes for diplomats must keep abreast of developments in the UN system.In this respect, training programmes offered by the UN Institute for Training andResearch have been of special value.

For work in the United Nations especially, it helps to have an outgoingpersonality and a capacity to establish strong personal relationships – even withrepresentatives of countries whose positions on important issues are opposed toone’s own. These characteristics will also go a long way toward overcomingdifferences of culture, race, and national interest, and are especially helpful fordiplomats who are new to a multicultural milieu. The ability to speakconvincingly at meetings and to prepare statements for oneself and for one’sseniors is essential for diplomats at the United Nations, as are negotiation andarbitration skills, since these are the dominant activities of multilateraldiplomacy today. The UN’s seemingly endless series of meetings, committeesessions, working groups, regional caucuses and other encounters are the venuein which these skills are most demanded.

Diplomats have extraordinary opportunities to practice their leadershipskills at the highest level in the UNO, because the presidents and chairpersons ofthe General Assembly, the Security Council, and other bodies, agencies, andcommittees are drawn from the ranks of member states’ representatives. Thiscalls for a sound understanding of structure, workings, and evolution of theorganization, as well as a command of its procedures and rules.

The increasing role and presence of NGOs at the United Nations requiresdiplomats and their governments to understand this dimension ofmultilateralism: the nature of the participation of such interests at both thenational and global levels, their interaction with delegations, and the fact that insome instances individuals from such organizations are included into nationaldelegations. Moreover, NGO-sponsored seminars and conferences outside theUNO provide UN diplomats with opportunities to broaden their horizons – andwith platforms for expressing their views on particular issues. These venues also

provide a chance to correct the public’s misconceptions about the United Nationsand even, in some cases, about the diplomat’s own country.

The fact is that diplomats today will find work at the UNO just asdemanding as did yesterday’s diplomats. Nevertheless, the experience is abroadening one, which can be of real benefit in the development of a career. Notes1. Urquhart, Brian. 1972 “Hammarskjold”, 1995 “The United Nations and Useful

Intervention”;2. Kaufmann, Johan. 1980 “United Nations Decision Making”

Comprehension and discussion questions1. What does the art of multilateral diplomacy consist in? What does it require?2. What is understood by the three-dimensional experience of diplomats?3. What roles do diplomats play in the multilateral system?4. What kind of knowledge does the diplomat need?5. What are the most desirable personal characteristics for the multilateral

diplomat?6. What are the dominant activities of multilateral diplomacy today and what

skills are related to them?7. What does the author say about a ‘second language’? What is meant by the

words? What are the UN officially used languages?8. What is NGOs’ influence on diplomats’ tasks and work at the UN?

Exercise 17Either in pairs or as a group

A. discuss the following statements using the active vocabulary1. There is often a measure of positive fallout for a country in the process of

consideration of regional interests.2. The diplomat must be both student – tutored by the appropriate national

ministry and researcher – able to delve into the subject independently.3. All training programmes for diplomats must keep abreast of developments in

the UN system.

B. prove that1. Fluency in a second language is an important asset for the multilateral

diplomat.2. Some special knowledge of international economics can be a very useful asset.3. A background in international law and history can be useful.

C. support or refute the statements below1. Multilateral diplomacy is a laborious and nerve-racking process.2. Experience is a necessary requirement for the multilateral diplomat.3. The United Nations seeks to serve only the interests of the global community.

4. A diplomat is not supposed to have an outgoing personality.5. A country can build up its influence in the UNO to be used in pursuit of itsown objectives.6. Diplomats have no opportunity to practice their leadership skills in the UNO.7. Diplomats should have a good command of the UN procedures and rules.8. The role of the NGOs at the United Nations is increasing.

D. Work in pairs.Partner 1: State the main idea of the text and list the problems raised in it or themain points the author makes. Ask your partner which of them he/she would liketo discuss first. Discuss it with your partner. Then proceed to the other problemsor points in the order preferable to your partner.Partner 2: Listen to your partner`s list of problems or points. Choose which ofthem you would like to discuss first. Discuss it with your partner. Then proceedto the other problems or points in the order of your preference.

Exercise 18Translate the following word combinations into Russian and recall how they areused in the text.

to be engaged in diplomatic workto require great staminato have a natural aptitude forin pursuit of one’s own objectivesto address specific issuesnegotiation and arbitration skillsNGO- sponsored seminars

Now use some of the sequences in the correct form in the following sentences.

1. Although bilateral diplomacy remains the normal form of negotiation,technological progress has led to the expansion of relations and furtherdevelopment of ___________.

2. Federal agencies should be investing in programs to enhance the nation`scapacity ___________ issues in the most creative way.

3. Missions must ensure that staff ___________ work in accordance with theconditions applicable in the relevant jurisdiction.

4. The real danger is paramount and requires ___________ and a careful andappropriate response.

5. Participants in a/an ___________, held in Islamabad the other day, revealedthe inhuman conditions prevailing in Pakistan`s mining industry.

6. The former Harvard University president got into hot water last year bysuggesting that women ___________ for math and science than men.

7. ___________ objectives, the UN is authorized to take effective collectivemeasures for the prevention and removal of threats to the peace.

8. The fact that the American youth has ___________ flying is being developedin seven aviation training stations in Texas.

9. Advanced ___________skills program examines ways to enhance yournegotiation outcomes and reviews the latest ideas and techniques innegotiation.

10. In ___________, the organization is committed to excellence, which isdefined as the highest or finest quality of both the effort and the goal.

11. To build a successful Union in such conditions ___________ stamina andiron political will.

12. We have been actively engaged ___________ by strengthening efforts inbuilding relations with parties in countries that do not have diplomatic tieswith China.

13. This strategic plan should also address ___________ including detention ofyoung offenders.

14. Newspapers have publicized reform efforts, albeit carefully, largely limitingtheir reporting to coverage of local ___________ seminars on reform.

Exercise 19Translate the verbs below into Russian and suggest as many synonyms for themas you can.to engage to specifyto require to negotiateto pursue to be aptto address to sponsor Exercise 20Fill in the gaps with the verbs in the correct form from the list above.1. The research ___________ by the United States Geological Survey under aJoint Research.2. The head of BP said that the British oil major would vigorously ___________its interests and not yield to pressure in the ongoing conflict.3. Corporations actively sought ways ___________ employees in philanthropicactivities.4. Should there be an age limit to be ___________ to say that you want to die ifassistance was legalized?5. Select this option ___________ where to forward messages.6. The Middle East Resolution, ___________by the United States, Great Britain,and Russia, was also passed at the conference.7. The foundation of this empire had been the commercial and strategic policies___________ by the British state for 250 years.8. The report ___________ human rights violations which have occurred in thattime and focuses on the steps taken by the authorities in response to widespreadunrest.9. Much ___________ from everyone to whom much has been given.10. The president said Thursday he was ready ___________ with the USA andits allies over his country`s nuclear program.11. As social performance theory has developed as an analytic theory of action it

___________ clearly yet.12. The Conservatives seem to have taken some heed of such views and___________ in consultation exercises throughout the country from 1998.13. Such views were cited by Thatcherite ministers as evidence that Britain___________ a radical change in the climate of ideas.14. A lively debate followed. I found it hard to work out whether they___________ the original question, ignoring it, or, like me, had simply failed tounderstand it.15. The Swiss government on Friday said it ___________ a free-trade agreementon agricultural products and food with the European Union.16. As Mankind becomes more liberal, they will be more ___________ allowthat all those who conduct themselves as worthy members of the community areequally entitled to the protections of civil government. – George Washington Exercise 21a) Explain the difference between special – specific – specialized. Remember touse a dictionary if in doubt. Translate the words into Russian. b) Now study the definitions and make up collocations and sentences with thestudied words. special – better, greater, or different from what is usual; belonging specifically toa particular person or place: ability, interest, case, occasion, circumstances,edition, treatment, favour, value, offer, guest, school, knowledge, correspondent,train specific – clearly defined or identified, precise or exact; relating to a particularperson, situation: needs, instructions, rules, purpose, effect, remedy, problems,demand, topic, word, evidence, amount, account, function, object specialized – requiring detailed and specific knowledge or training;concentrating on a small area of a subject; designed for a particular purpose:wards, care, skills, personnel, equipment, school, agency, company, periodical,software, knowledge, training, version, regions c) Insert one of the studied three words in the following sentences.

1. The fact that the UN has had difficulty in coordinating its own multiplicity ofagencies (some of them, such as the __________ agencies, are essentiallyautonomous) indicates the enormity of the task.

2. Many British people believe that being one of the oldest democracies of theworld and having had the largest empire, the British are somewhat__________.

3. The Liberal Democrats could achieve it by appealing to __________constituencies in the population, which are not being served by Labour or theConservatives.

4. Basic human and political rights in Britain enjoy no __________ legalprotection, as they do in most other democratic countries.

5. We support the development of __________ schools – focusing on languages,technology, sports or art – helping children with interest and talent.

6. More __________ evidence suggests that Americans are at least gettingsomething for all the extra money they spend. Survival rates for cancerpatients and for those treated in __________ units seem to be higher than inBritain.

7. We also need to be a little sceptical in evaluating the effectiveness of the statein its more __________ areas of activity.

8. __________ circumstances may include a reduction in income due to loss ofemployment, retirement, disability or death of a wage earner; divorce orseparation.

Exercise 22Make up sentences to bring out the difference in meaning and usage of thefollowing words.a) to distinguish/to differto distinguish smth/between smth/smth from smth/oneself as or by/in/atsmth differs from smth, to differ in/on smthb) to be concerned/involved/engagedto be concerned about/at/withconcerned – interested, involved in or affected by or having a claim to or share into be involved in smth/with smbinvolved – connected by participation or association or use, taking part in,committed or engaged, envelopedto be engaged in smth/to smbengaged – actively or fully occupied, involved in military hostilities, havingservices contracted for, unavailable for use, reserved in advancec) credentials /qualifications/characteristicscredentials – evidence of authority, status, rights, entitlement to privileges, or thelike, usually in written form, information of an official naturequalification(s) – a quality, ability, or accomplishment that makes a personsuitable for a particular position or taskcharacteristic(s) – a feature or quality belonging typically to a person, place, orthing and serving to identify themd) expansion/extensionexpansion – the act of increasing smth in size or volume or quantity or scopeextension – a mutually agreed delay in the date, making more widely available,the spreading of smth into new regions, an addition to the length of smthe) aptitude/ability/capacityaptitude implies inherent capacity for learning, understanding, or performing,talent – an aptitude for smth/to do smthability is the mental or physical power to do smth – the ability to do smthcapacity refers to the potential for acquiring the power to do smth, the amountthat can be contained, the maximum production possible – the capacity to dosmth/for smthf) objective/objectionan objective – a thing aimed at or sought; a goalan objection – a statement presented in opposition, the act of expressing earnestopposition or protest

g) presentation/representationpresentation – the activity of formally presenting smth to show or view, the act ofmaking something publicly availablerepresentation – standing in for smb or some group and speaking with authorityin their behalf, the state of serving as an official and authorized delegate oragent, an activity that stands as an equivalent of smth Exercise 23Choose the correct alternative.1. The ECOSOC nominally supervises the many specific/special/specialized

agencies of the UNO.2. At yesterday’s enthronement Mr. Kennedy declared that Liberal Democrats

must differ/distinguish themselves from Labour.3. The overwhelming majority was in favour of the treaty’s indefinite

expansion/extension.4. He includes among the list of accomplishments quite a number of impressive

credentials/qualifications/characteristics, including the three state championteams he coached at Princess Anne.

5. One of the most distinguished/distinctive/distinct features of multilateraldiplomacy is that it calls for a(n) aptitude/ability/capacity to play chess ondifferent boards at the same time.

6. Critics view the period from 1945 to 1970 as representing/presenting thesettled “norm” of the British constitution and our political culture.

7. Media interest is focused on only one or two of the many peace-keepingoperations in which the UN is involved/engaged/concerned.

8. The UN has proven its viability and unique aptitudes/abilities/capacities butneeds to be adapted to meet the challenges of today.

9. The North-South summit involving/engaging/concerning the heads of nearlythirty countries failed to overcome the objectives/objections of manyindustrialized countries.

10. There are, oddly enough, a great number of commoncredentials/qualifications/characteristics that are shared by successfulbusinesspeople.

11. Labour’s expanded/extended honeymoon can’t disguise the fact that an oldBritain and a new one exist side by side.

12. The Arms Control and Disarmament Agency determined that itsdistinguished/distinctive/distinct deputy director should chair the dailysessions.

13. The conduct of proceedings in the UN system could generate tensionsbetween the groups of countries involved/engaged/concerned.

14. Even with this objective/objection in common, many of the proposalsdistinguish/differ on the specific/specialized methods of achieving it.

15. The applicants should not only have the appropriate skills but also a broadenough skills base, appetite and aptitude/ability/capacity to keepexpanding/extending that base.

16. Many children leave school without basic skills and credentials/

qualifications/characteristics and are thus unable to get on to the employmentladder.

17. The Labour government has since 1997 attempted to “modernize” Britainand represent/present a creative, dynamic image of the country to the world.

18. Britain’s expansion/extension may have been launched upon foundations thatwere similar to those of many previous empires, but it reached its zenith andwas consolidated under very different ones.

19. The prime minister made a lot of mistakes: some were only a matter of toneand representation/presentation, some of substance.

In class read the text that follows, compare it with the previous one and say whatideas are shared by the authors.

NECESSARY QUALITIES FOR MULTILATERAL

DIPLOMACY(by Rienk W.Terpstra)

In order for multilateral diplomacy to function properly, diplomats must

possess several qualities. Kaufmann cites ten qualities that he believes are mostimportant. He considers truthfulness and honesty to be of prime importance indiplomacy. This does not mean that diplomats need be open and frank about theirtactics or that their positions can never be adjusted. It does require thatreferences to historical, legal, and statistical data be correct and that agreementsand pledges made earlier be honored. Although honesty is considered to be animportant virtue, its definition has been more than once stretched to the limits.For example, it is not uncommon for apparently solid endorsement of a memberstate's candidacy for an important position on a UN committee, or for a proposaldrawn up in a "non-paper," to suddenly evaporate, sometimes even in the firstround of voting. This can lead to only one conclusion — that some of thepledges made were untruthful (or that a delegation "forgot" to inform thesponsors of their withdrawal of support). Because voting procedures ininternational organizations are never transparent and opinion polls do not existwithin the UN (if opinion polls were used, I am certain the number of proposalsmade and candidacies announced, with all the prestige attached to them, wouldbe reduced significantly), it is of the utmost importance for all participants tohave a thorough understanding of the common diplomatic vocabulary in order tobe able to make a sound judgment of the actual support one's proposal orcandidate can expect. Indeed, the mere show of sympathy for a certaindelegation is often misinterpreted as endorsement of proposals or candidates.

A feel for accuracy is therefore a second important quality every diplomatshould have, but especially one involved in multilateral diplomacy. Kaufmannstates that "ambiguity and vagueness are probably as frequent in conferencediplomacy as precision and single-minded clarity". Hence, effectivecommunication in multilateral forums calls for both active and passive precision.This means the ability to get a message across to delegates who do notnecessarily share the same cultural background and are not as proficient incommonly used languages like English or French, and the talent to listen to andinterpret material, to judge its merits and report them in both letter and spirit.However, delegates sometimes feign ineptitude in languages or in a particular

expertise in order to hide their political objectives or to achieve other gains.Moreover, the fact remains that compromise is still diplomacy's middle name,and accuracy thus remains only an ideal. Nonetheless, it should be rememberedthat meticulously spelled-out texts are often of little practical use to the peoplewho must implement their instructions, since such detail tends to limitmaneuverability.

In order to work in an environment that to an outsider might seemfrustratingly intricate, a player in multilateral diplomacy needs the right attitudeas well. Kaufmann mentions commendable but sometimes-contradictory humanqualities like calm, good temper, patience, modesty and zeal. Of course, beingoverly outspoken will not be an asset to any negotiator, particularly inmultilateral diplomacy, but the inability to show any emotion will likewise be ahindrance. Granted, attending meetings of seemingly trivial committees andplenary sessions filled with long, arduous monologues by jaded officials may notbe the most appealing activities on a rainy Friday afternoon, but, as Kaufmannputs it, "exaggerated placidity will provoke its own kind of irritation"; or, inTalleyrand's words, "surtout pas trop de zele". Diplomats need to be able toexercise patience in order to know when to introduce a proposal and when towait. Since multilateral diplomacy involves a larger audience, some actorsdevelop an inclination toward vanity. Sometimes, this is not restricted toindividuals alone; entire delegations can become convinced that every UNmember state should be made fully aware of the exceptional vision set forth intheir proposals. When other delegations do not share this opinion, irritating andshameful spectacles can result.

Given multilateral diplomacy's inherent complexity, a diplomat needs to beadaptable as well. This means that one has to be able to work on severalproblems and in several locations simultaneously. One of the most distinctivefeatures of multilateral diplomacy is the constant mental leaps one has to makein order to determine the reasons why particular representatives adopt certainviews — because of national interests, personal convictions, or the need forbargaining chips for negotiations in other forums. Indeed, conference diplomacyoften calls for the ability to play chess on different boards at the same time. YetKaufmann states that adaptability is perhaps best demonstrated throughpsychological flexibility, the ability to listen carefully to other delegates whilesuppressing the usual urge to constantly place oneself at the center of attention.

Language versatility, as Kaufmann calls it, can be considered an importantaspect of adaptability. Although English has ousted French as the predominantmeans of communication in diplomacy, the latter's use and that of otherlanguages is still very important and useful. The effort to try to address acounterpart in their native tongue can yield instant credit, which might otherwisenot be obtained. Moreover, the ability to shift instantly from one language toanother gives any person an edge. When colleagues are less capable in thisrespect, it places them automatically in an intermediary position, which can besubsequently exploited.

The virtues, vices, and qualities outlined above are first and foremosthuman. The prescribed attitude of diplomats represents the accumulatedexperience of centuries of civilized conduct between cultured people. Exercise 24Translate the sentences into English using the words from the exercises above.1. Он проявил себя на дипломатической службе, выполняя специальные

поручения посла.

2. Действия министра иностранных дел подверглись тщательному анализув прессе.

3. Кандидат обратился к собравшимся с короткой речью, подчеркиваянеобходимость солидарности и выдержки.

4. Делегацию пригласили принять участие в столичном дипломатическомрауте.

5. Ее инициативы в политической сфере, религиозные убеждения иобщественные заботы тесно переплетены.

6. Необходима большая выдержка и упорство, чтобы на протяжении многихлет самоотверженно стремиться к достижению цели.

7. Служебные обязанности посла по особым поручениям (специальногопредставителя министра иностранных дел) включают в себявозможность неожиданных и срочных командировок за границу, в томчисле в «горячие точки» и на неопределенный период времени.

8. Руководители профсоюза обратились в третейский суд для разрешенияспора с правлением компании.

9. Выдвигая проект совместного освоения крупного нефтяногоместорождения, руководители двух стран рассчитывают на получениефинансовой поддержки банковских кругов и предпринимателей.

10. Полиция рассматривает его возможную причастность к преступлению.11. Она предупредила, что решение этого вопроса потребует привлечения

специальных знаний, и позаботилась о том, чтобы снабдить насконкретными инструкциями.

12. Специалист по рекламе признал, то целью большинства рекламныхкампаний является, прежде всего, представление достоинствконкретного продукта в наиболее привлекательном виде и замалчиваниеего возможных недостатков.

13. Принимая участие в напряженных переговорах и преследуя при этомцель защитить внешнеполитические интересы своей страны, дипломатнередко бывает вынужден подавлять в себе желание говоритьоткровенно и прямо высказываться о своих личных убеждениях иполитических пристрастиях.

14. В своей работе дипломат обязан проявлять терпение и выдержку.15. Быть высокопрофессиональным дипломатом означает не только

обладать специальными знаниями в области международныхотношений и истории, международного права и экономики, но и всовершенстве владеть несколькими иностранными языками.

16. В Англии королева, глава государства, представляет страну вмеждународных отношениях, направляет послов и посланников виностранные государства и аккредитует иностранных послов ипосланников.

17. Официальный представитель госдепартамента США вручил срочноепослание генеральному секретарю ООН от президента США.

Exercise 25Translate the passage into English using the active vocabulary.

Дипломатическая служба представляет собой определенный видгосударственной службы, отличный от других видов государственнойслужбы своей спецификой. Определить специфику дипломатическойслужбы невозможно без уяснения того, что такое сама дипломатия.

При рассмотрении явлений международной жизни то и делоупотребляются понятия: внешняя политика, дипломатия, дипломатическаяслужба, дипломат. Нередко эти понятия рассматриваются как совершенноидентичные и не имеющие различия. Понятие «дипломатия» особенночасто употребляется в самых различных значениях, порой оченьотдаленных от действительного смысла этого слова. Известный английскийдипломат указывает, что «в разговорном языке слово «дипломатия»употребляется для обозначения ряда совершенно разных вещей. Иногда оноупотребляется как синоним внешней политики... В других случаях онообозначает переговоры... Это слово также служит для названия процедурыи аппарата, при помощи которых ведутся переговоры. Оно такжеупотребляется для обозначения заграничной части ведомства иностранныхдел... Наконец, это несчастное слово обозначает особую способность,проявляющуюся в ловкости в хорошем смысле при ведениимеждународных переговоров, а в плохом смысле - в коварстве в подобныхделах».

При всем переплетении этих понятий каждое из них имеет свойособый смысл. Однако ни одно из указанных значений не раскрываетпонятия «дипломатия». You are ready to develop a profile of the typical diplomat at the United Nations.

PRESENTATION STRATEGYGathering Information through Pairwork and Interviews

A. Working in pairs1. Organize your ideas under the following headings:

Personal Characteristics Training and Knowledge

Aptitudes and Abilities Practical Skills

2. Together think of a situation where some of the qualities and qualifications canbe useful for a diplomat.

3. Discuss if any of your group fit the description you have worked out.B. Interviews are one way to gather information from different people. Toconduct an interview, you ask questions about a specific topic.1. Interview a student from another pair asking him/her the views on a profile of

the diplomat.2. Before the interviews, write down the questions that you plan to ask leaving

some space between them so that you can quickly take notes. Don't try towrite down every word that this person says. Instead, take down the mainideas and key words.

3. Share with your partner the suggestions you have gathered from your

interview and make all the necessary changes in your original ideas.C. In a three-minute presentation develop a profile of a typical diplomat.D. As each student gives his or her presentation, write down your thoughts,opinions, reactions, and questions. Discuss some of the ideas with the rest of theclass.Which of your class-mates fits the profile best? Exercise 26Render the following text into the English language using some of the above-mentioned vocabulary.

O дипломатах и призванииДипломатом надо родиться и относиться к возможности представлять

свою страну и защищать ее интересы как к величайшему подарку судьбы,который надо заслужить и к принятию которого надо готовиться долго иупорно.

Дипломат не может быть равным президентам, премьерам, королям,другим государственным деятелям, на которых он обязан воздействовать.Отсюда альтернатива: или быть чиновником, исполнителем чужой воли, ноэтому мешают образование, кругозор, культура, либо продвинуться послужебной лестнице как можно выше, чтобы ощутить себя причастным кделу тех, кто уже вошел в отечественную историю как дипломат высокогокласса.

Поэтому стремление начинающего дипломата к карьере, квыдвижению, если это желание не сопровождается какими-тобезнравственными действиями, я считаю вполне естественным. Любойнастоящий дипломат должен достичь пика своих возможностей, чтобы снаибольшей пользой служить Родине. Больше того, люди беспринципные,непредприимчивые, неинициативные на дипломатической работе ненужны. Поэтому, на мой взгляд, дипломатия – это поприще молодых людей,которые еще не потеряли или не сдали в ломбард свой маршальский жезл.

Это правда, что повседневная деятельность дипломата, на первыйвзгляд, очень узка (написал, вручил, побеседовал, провел переговоры), акругозор должен быть чрезвычайно широк. Он обязан мыслить наглобальном уровне, исходя из национальных интересов своей страны.Дипломат – это, прежде всего аналитик, способный выявлять необходимыеданные, обобщать их и делать достоверные, правдивые прогнозы,основанные не на идеологических доктринах, политическихпредубеждениях, а на постижении реальной жизни.

Если дипломат, а особенно посол, находясь за рубежом, постоянноприбегает к помощи переводчика, то он теряет очень многое, а самоеглавное – глава государства или правительства, ведущие политики не будутдоверительно и откровенно обсуждать с ним важные вопросы вприсутствии третьего лица. WORKSHOP III. LANGUAGE OF DIPLOMACY Before you read the article taken from ‘The USA Today” discuss the followingquestions.

1. If diplomacy demands special skills why can any person become anambassador as practice shows?

2. Can such a newly-minted diplomat do without a second language?3. What is your opinion about ambassadors who are ignorant of the language of

the country they are posted in?4. What kinds of appointees for diplomatic posts meet minimal standards?Check if your opinion coincides with that of the author.

A DIPLOMAT GETS BY WITHOUT SAVOIR-FAIRE(by Walter Shapiro, “The USA Today”)

WASHINGTON – Like every would-be diplomat, Howard Leach, a 70-

year-old California billionaire, readied himself for his Senate confirmationhearing by enduring a ‘murder board’ in which he was peppered with peskyquestions by his State Department prep team.

But the nattily dressed, white-haired agribusiness tycoon did not need toworry. During Thursday morning’s hearing of the Senate Foreign Relationscommittee, no one brought up the embarrassing gap in Leach’s credentials toserve as the next ambassador to France. Apparently, it would have been impoliteto mention that Leach is only now learning to speak French.

Yes, George W. Bush has chosen as his envoy to Paris a generousRepublican donor who believes that English is the true language of love anddiplomacy. Plum diplomatic postings are awarded in every administration towealthy business leaders whose ties to the president are mostly financial. But,generally, these political appointees meet minimal standards. And when it comesto the vexing matter of dealing with the French, fluency in the language shouldnot be too much to expect.

But Leach is unperturbed about his lack of preparation for his posting toParis. In a brief interview after the hearing, Leach took pains to point out that hehas been taking language lessons and that his wife, Gretchen, is fluent in French.‘The ambassadors to most countries do not speak the language of thosecountries,’ he said. ‘I do not believe anyone should have diplomatic discussionsand negotiations in a foreign language that they are not familiar with, since it iseasy to make mistakes or to be misunderstood.’

But France is a far cry from Kyrgyzstan. The ambassador to Franceshouldn’t need the help of staff to read the morning newspapers or require atranslator to explain the nuances of American foreign policy in a TV interview.In trying to justify his ambitions, Leach uttered a sentence guaranteed to makeParisians cringe:’ I believe that as a tribute to French culture and their traditionsthat I should learn the French language.’ The custodians of French culture will beso flattered.

Leach, who has served for 11 years on the board of regents of theUniversity of California, may in time prove to be an adequate ambassador. Itshouldn’t be held against Leach that he donated $226,000 to republicancandidates and committees in the 2000 campaign cycle, plus a thoughtful$100,000 gift to the Bush-Cheney inaugural committee. Nor is there anythingwrong with wanting the title of ‘ambassador’ as the capstone to a long career.But it can be argued that Leach’s patriotic yen to serve might have been satisfiedby dispatching him to a less linguistically sensitive embassy, such as that in New

Zealand.Now that the Democrats have taken over the Senate, they might have been

expected to pose a few tough questions before rubber-stamping Bush’sambassadorial appointees. But such scrutiny wasn’t part of the agenda ofThursday hearing, which reviewed the qualifications of Leach and the nomineesfor the embassies in London, Moscow and Valletta, the capital of Malta. Instead,Joseph Biden, the new chairman of the Foreign Relations Committee, keptapologizing that pro-forma confirmations would be delayed by an unrelateddispute over organizing the Senate.

There was no need to quibble over the qualifications of respected careerdiplomat Alexander ‘Sandy” Vershbow, who will be the next ambassador toRussia. William Farish, a wealthy patrician Kentucky race-horse breeder whoseties with the Bush family date to the early 1960s and who boasts a friendshipwith Queen Elizabeth, has the standard establishment pedigree to serve as ourrepresentative at the Court of St James. Even Anthony Gioia, the Upstate NewYork macaroni czar who served as president of the National Pasta Association,probably fits the bill as ambassador to Malta, a Mediterranean island nation thathe courageously admitted he has never visited.

Vershbow aside, the other ambassadorial appointees won presidentialgratitude for their political generosity. According to figures compiled by theCenter for Responsive Politics, Farish contributed $27,000 to GOP candidatesand committees in the last campaign and threw in another $100,000 for the Bushinaugural. Gioia is a veteran republican fundraiser who hosted a reception forBush at his Buffalo home that raised $500,000. But Gioia can be bipartisan in hisfavours. Introducing the soon-to-be ambassador to Malta to the committee, NewYork Democratic Rep. John LaFalce teasingly complained, ‘I’m losing myfinance chairman’.

During the two-hour hearing, not a single substantive question wasdirected at Leach. Biden did pointedly urge the nominee to consult with theoutgoing ambassador to France, Felix Rohatyn, who learnt French as a Nazi-erarefugee in that nation, about overstaffing in the Paris embassy. In response,Leach volunteered his commitment to ‘right-sizing’ embassy personnel. As thesession drew to a close, Biden played his guess-who’s-coming-to-dinner card.With a broad smile the committee chairman announced, ‘The bad news, Mr.Farish and Mr. Leach, is that I have to be in Paris and London quite often, andyou may see me again.

It turns out that Leach is not the only one in the ambassadorial set whowill be calling France home. Because of Britain’s rigorous animal-importationlaws, Farish’s pet dog, a white Maltese named Cotton, is enduring a six-monthquarantine in France before being allowed to cross the English Channel. Talkingabout Cotton’s ordeal after the hearing, Sarah Farish, the wife of the ambassador-designate, joked, ‘She’s learning French.’ These days, it seems like everybody is,even our next ambassador to France.

Notes

1. the Senate

- the smaller and more important of the twoparts of the US Congress, the central law-making body in the USA;

2. the State Department

- the part of the US government which dealswith the US’s relations with other countries;

3. the Court of St James

- one of the old names of the official home ofthe British king or queen. Formally, anambassador who is sent to the UK from aforeign country is called the “Ambassador to theCourt of St James”;

4. GOP

- Grand Old Party, the Republican Party in USpolitics;

5. to rubber – stamp

- to give official approval to a decision withoutreally thinking about it

Comprehension tasks1. Explain the difference if any between

the State Department and the Foreign Officethe Senate Foreign Relations Committee and the Bush-Cheney inauguralcommitteeRepublican candidates and GOP candidatesa soon-to-be ambassador and an outgoing ambassador

2. Paraphrase the following sequences

a would - be diplomata less linguistically sensitive embassythe 2000 campaign cyclea wealthy patrician Kentucky race-horse breederthe standard establishment pedigreethe Upstate New York macaroni czara veteran republican fundraisera New York Democratic Rep.a Nazi-era refugeea guess-who’s-coming-to-dinner cardan ambassador-designate

Discussion questions and tasks

1. Compare the four nominees for the embassies and their qualifications. Arethey well-suited to diplomatic work?

2. How did the nominees win presidential gratitude? From your point of view, isthere anything wrong with their wanting the title of ambassador?

3. How does Howard Leach take his lack of preparation for the posting? Do youapprove of this attitude? Why?/Why not?

Working in pairs1. Find as many sentences in the text as you can which clearly mean the opposite

to what is said.2. Explain what ideas the author wants to convey to us through the sentences you

have found.

3. Give your reasons why he uses the ironic style.4. Try to guess the author’s attitude towards the ambassadorial appointees.5. Discuss the importance of the English and French languages for diplomacy.

Exercise 27Translate the following sentences from the text, paying attention to theunderlined parts.1. And when it comes to the vexing matter of dealing with the French, fluency in

the language should not be too much to expect.2. But France is a far cry from Kyrgyzstan.3. Now that the Democrats have taken over the Senate, they might have been

expected to pose a few tough questions before rubber-stamping Bush’sambassadorial appointees.

Exercise 28Open the brackets using the correct form of the verb and inserting prepositionswhere necessary:

1. During the two-hour hearing, Biden did pointedly urge the nominee(consult) with the outgoing ambassador to France (overstaf) in the Parisembassy. In response, Leach volunteered his commitment (right-size) embassypersonnel.

2. The novelist was reported (beat) on Saturday night outside a NewHaven hotel, according to the Associated Press. His injuries were serious enough(he, hospitalize). The Independent seems (be) the first (report) the incident. Theysay that the author was just in town (appear) on a panel at university on Sunday.The police told the Independent that they arrived at the hotel at around 10 pm(find) McCann (lie) on the sidewalk. "We have an active investigation(conduct)," said the police. "What we believe happened is that the victim tried(intercede) in what appeared (be) a domestic dispute.

3. What kind of reporter (cover) the White House would possibly admit(be) afraid (say) anything with their names (attach) that might anger thePresident and his aides? I can’t recall (read) any sentence quite as illustrative asthis one from Politico (state) that White House reporters insisted (remain)anonymous because they’re afraid (anger) the White House with their publicstatements.

4. A supervisor in a several hundred person company quickly earned areputation (not play) well with others. He collected data and used the data (find)fault, (place) blame, and (make) other employees (look) bad. He enjoyed(identify) problems but rarely suggested (consider) them. When he announced hewas job (hunt), not a single employee suggested (the company, take) action(convince) (he, stay). He had burned his bridges.

5. Employers who can afford (pay) more than the national minimum wagewould come under pressure (do) so under a plan (lift) one million people out of“poverty pay” (publish) on Thursday. The Bain report proposed (set) a mediumterm goal for the minimum wage (lift) one million out of low pay. It suggested(the commission, propose) the minimum rate for two years ahead (help)employers (plan) and called (introduce) a higher minimum wage in London. Exercise 29Find the Russian equivalents for the following word combinations.

Senate confirmation hearinggenerous donorpolitical/ambassadorial appointeesto justify one’s ambitionsnominees for the embassiesrespected career diplomatto volunteer one’s commitment to

Now use the above sequences in the correct form in the following sentences.

1. The ___________ donation is made in recognition of the University`s effortand achievements in teaching research and contributions to the community.2. Once women`s access to art education became an established fact, the need tojustify ___________ in domestic terms lessened.3. After a three-day screening process, the House of Representatives appears setto accept all of the 20 ___________.4. The White Paper outlines that the Government has volunteered ___________to treble the investment in more than one organization.5. It was reported that the White House had decided that several thousand___________ in the federal government would be eligible for cash bonuses inaddition to their salaries.6. The State Secretary nominee defended the war in Iraq during her___________hearing Tuesday.7. A respected ___________ announced his resignation during an official trip toParis after only two months in the job.8. The facts beyond credible dispute to which he alludes are based largely onfictions ___________ ambitions or failures in the past to achieve totallyunrealistic goals.9. The Senate Judiciary Committee on Thursday postponed a ___________ andrescheduled it for Tuesday.10. Britain`s former spy chief is a steely ___________ who is hugely respectedin intelligence circles.11. Understanding the appointment process is essential for understanding theobstacles that deter potential political ___________ from serving in theadministration.12. Her ___________ commitment began 16 years ago, when she started outdoing fundraising to defray costs for minor hockey, and has been volunteeringever since.13. He is a/an ___________ who supports the Heart Research Centre as well asother charities.14. One of the nation`s most ___________ is no longer a nominee __________in France. Exercise 30Translate the verbs below into Russian and suggest as many synonyms for themas you can.to confirm to nominateto donate to respectto appoint to volunteerto justify to commit

Exercise 31Fill in the gaps with the verbs in the correct form from the list above.1. Under legislation an individual can ___________ a maximum of $2,300 to apresidential primary campaign and the same amount to the general electioncampaign.2. The White House wants ___________ a high-powered general to oversee thewars in Iraq and Afghanistan.3. The Olympic Games have always brought people together in peace___________ universal moral principles.4. He has urged the contenders in the Labour Party`s Leadership race___________ themselves to the provisions of the Constitution.5. The immediate purpose of this disinformation campaign is apparently to help___________ the planned US attack.6. The Caribbean Community still has ___________ whether the organizationwill send observers to the general elections due on May 25 in Suriname.7. The joint statement says that they look forward to working together after they___________ as first minister and deputy first minister.8. Research shows that 80% of people ___________ if asked.9. If the Queen were ___________ the first female Poet Laureate, who would bethe ideal candidate?10. The ends never ___________ the means, rather, the concept is nothing but anexcuse for people to get what they want.11. They will also prohibit media companies from ___________ to electoralcampaign funds and ban donations from foreign sources.12. Qualifications ___________ candidates vary somewhat among the differentNobel Prize Committees.13. European Parliament calls on the country ___________ democraticprinciples and freedom of expression.14. The satisfaction and pride one feels when helping others are importantreasons ___________.15. The report would appear ___________ British intelligence assertions thatsurfaced in a documentary widely referred to as the Downing Street Memo.16. Confidence underlies decisive strong leadership, but does overconfidencelead managers to cross the line and ___________ fraud?

Exercise 32Study some general rules of word formation and revise the ones studied before:-able - a suffix meaning capable of, susceptible of, fit for, tending to, given to,associated in meaning with the word “able”-ful - a suffix meaning full of, characterized by, tending to, able to-ability - a suffix expressing ability, capacity, fitness, or that which may beeasily handled or managed-ary - a suffix meaning pertaining to, connected with the referent named by thebase; contributing to, for the purpose of-ary - a suffix forming nouns: a person connected with or engaged in; a thing

relating to; a place for Learn the following words and use them in the given sentences.a) to justify – justified – (un)justifiable – justification1. Nothing can be said in ___________ of the aggressors’ actions.2. The spokesman was supposed ___________ the country’s activities to the

public.3. Our actions are ___________, we are many, and of sufficient passion to make

our world a better place in which to live.4. At the head of the list of anticipated problems was naked ___________

aggression by one state against another.b) to respect – respected – (dis)respectful – respectable – (ir)respective –

(dis)respect – respectability1. The counterparts greeted each other and occupied their ___________ places.2. The delegates listened in ___________ silence as the speaker gave an opening

speech.3. The candidate had to admit that he had applied for the job for the sake of

___________.4. He is a man much ___________ and admired by all his colleagues.5. If they had any ___________ for human life the terrorists wouldn’t do such

terrible things.6. She holds a very responsible and ___________ position in the firm.7. __________ for the whole political class has grown as politicians have found

it increasingly hard to deliver in office.8. The job of a diplomat is on offer to anyone with the right qualifications,

__________ of their sex.9. The hunt for the Third way, which has been going on more or less since Blair

announced the birth of New Labour, is in many _____________ paradoxical.c) to commit – committed – commitment – committee1. Representatives of the member-states are to attend a ___________ meeting.2. The minister is firmly ___________ to pursuing the adopted policy and to

implementing the programmes.3. The realization of the programme would not have been possible without the

deep ___________ of the officials to the chosen course.4. The British government is going ___________ considerable resources to

improving the rail system.5. The council must move toward ___________ on the part of arms-producing

countries to significantly improve monitoring of arms transfers.

d) to volunteer – (in)voluntary – volunteer – volunteerism - voluntarism1. The privatization of some old industries concealed the nationalization of new

ones; in each case a service formerly performed by the private or___________ sector operates under Treasury terms and conditions.

2. We are innovative and pioneering, compassionate and fair-minded,

___________ to give large amounts to charity.3. ___________ is a descriptive term for a school of thought which regards the

will as superior to the intellect and to emotion.4. The government has begun to close failing schools and is encouraging private-

sector management and ___________ to get involved.5. Others claim that we are ___________ raising a generation of problem

children.6. ___________ smoking is exposure to secondhand tobacco smoke.7. The American philosophy of ___________ consists in the idea of improving

oneself by helping others. Exercise 33Bring out the difference in meaning of the following words by making upsentences about diplomacy. donor / sponsor / fundraiserto donate/to sponsor/to raise funds

appointee / nominee / refugeeto appoint/to nominate/to seek refuge

Exercise 34In each blank, write the most appropriate of the words studied earlier or theirderivatives.1. The President refused to either ___________ or deny the rumour that Mr. N.

would be ___________ ambassador to New Zealand.2. The new ambassador, a generous Republican ___________ presented his

___________to the Court of St James. He was not a ___________ diplomatbut his ___________for the embassy in London had been ___________ bythe Senate, which, in fact, had agreed to all the other president’s___________.

3. The issue of development in the UNO and in the programmes of ___________countries is focused on the problem of poverty.

4. The permanent members should use their position not only in the interest oftheir ___________ countries but also in the interest of the internationalcommunity.

5. The farmers received ___________ subsidies from the government.6. Since her ___________ she has had to deal with two major crises as

ambassador. Thanks to her energy and ___________, she was a success.7. It was the commercial ___________ of the Venetian merchants that drove

their government to war with Genoa.8. The Cabinet on Thursday cleared the names of seven more ambassadorial

_____________ for ____________ hearings by a Parliamentary SpecialHearings Committee.

9. He came from a less ___________ background – the illegitimate son of anactress.

10. There can be no ___________for using nuclear weapons.11. The employees have expressed ___________ anger at being given extra

work. All extra work should be done on a purely ___________ basis.12. The secretary ordered plane tickets by phone and received _____________

of the purchase in the mail.13. The judge did not feel the thief had any _____________ for breaking the law.14. In spite of low pay and the need to move a family for what may be a short-

term stay, as the average length of service for a political ____________ isabout two years, the jobseekers continue to come.

15. As a skilled worker, he earned a very _____________ wage.16. It was through the _____________ of their friends that they were able to

keep the farm operating.

Exercise 35Complete each sentence with the correct form of the following words.

to address to confirm to emphasize stamina

to justify to nominate to require respect

to engage to extend to volunteer ambition 1. Each country ___________ one official who did much of the groundwork.2. D.H. even managed to squeeze in a few hours in Strasbourg, ___________ the

European parliament before arriving in Helsinki.3. Last night J.D. was accused of sabotaging thousands of British jobs for the

sake of personal ___________.4. The American Ambassador in Delhi ___________ that his country is urging

India and Pakistan to hold talks to try to avert the threat of war overKashmir.

5. ___________ is the first positive step in building a relationship andrelationships are central to conflict transformation.

6. European officials say they have been urging privately the administration forseveral years __________ Iran on the nuclear issue.

7. Mr. U. ___________ the need for a preventive UN force to be dispatched tohot spots before hostilities break out.

8. The peasant farmers showed great courage, patience, and _____________during the long years of the war.

9. The Conference of the Parties resolved ___________ in a dialogue, toexchange experiences and analyze strategic approaches for long-termcooperative action ___________ climate change.

10. The information requested on this application ____________ by the USDepartment of Education.

11. The report considers allegations of torture and ill-treatment and recommendsmeasures that should be taken by the authorities ___________ such abuses.

12. The organizers of the Future Awards have announced that voting___________ by one week only.

13. Six men ___________ to live isolated in a special simulator for a year as partof an experiment.

14. Boosting farm production ___________ broad revamp of research.

Exercise 36Translate the sentences using the active words.1. Представитель президента подтвердил, что комитет сделал щедрое

пожертвование на благотворительные цели.2. Парламентарию от лейбористской партии будет трудно оправдать свои

действия перед общественностью.3. Генерал подчеркнул, что его обязательство провести выборы в

следующем году остается в силе.4. Каждая партия выдвинула по одному кандидату для участия во всеобщих

выборах.5. Кандидаты на пост президента, выдвинутые от ведущих политических

партий, примут участие в телевизионных дебатах на следующейнеделе.

6. Первоначально обвиняемый отрицал свою причастность к ограблению,однако затем признался в совершении преступления, заявив в качествесвоего оправдания, что ему были необходимы средства для выполнениясвоих обязательств.

7. Он практически не колебался в выборе профессии и сразу отдалпредпочтение дипломатической карьере, рассчитывая, что онаобеспечит ему солидный доход и достойное положение в обществе.

8. Известный политический деятель проводит активную избирательнуюкампанию, добиваясь выдвижения от своей партии.

9. Если бы в школах детей учили более уважительно относиться квзрослым, возможно, такого рода преступления совершались бы реже.

10. Все организации принимают участие в эксперименте на добровольнойоснове.

Exercise 37Translate the following into English using some of the studied vocabulary.

Иногда подбор в американские зарубежные представительствадоходит до анекдотических случаев. Характерен в этом смысле ставший в19... году широко известным факт назначения на пост посла США наЦейлоне владельца 129 магазинов женского платья некоего Г. толькопотому, что он пожертвовал во время избирательной компании 37 тыс.долларов в фонд республиканской партии. Что собой представлял этотамериканский посол, можно видеть из опубликованной во всех крупныхамериканских и европейских газетах записи беседы этого претендента всенатской комиссии США.

Для американской практики подбора кадров на такие высшиедипломатические посты, как пост посла, назначение Г., обусловленноевнесением с его стороны большой суммы денег в избирательный фондреспубликанской партии, представляет собой не единичный случай. Такиепослы США, как бывший посол в Англии У., бывший посол в Бонне Б, атакже послы в ряде других стран своим назначением были обязаны преждевсего своим взносам в избирательный фонд правящей партии.

Как видно, для дипломатического аппарата США стало характерноназначение на дипломатические должности, особенно послов,представителей крупных монополий, сочетающих дипломатическую

деятельность с коммерческими операциями в пользу своих монополий ирассматривающих дипломатические посты как своеобразную награду заподдержку во время избирательной кампании той или иной партии. While reading the article by Barbara Crossette taken from the “USA Today”consider the following questions.1. Which language is gaining in importance internationally and which is losing

ground?2. Is Howard Leach right in believing that English is “the true language of love

and diplomacy”?3. What is a younger generation’s choice?4. What does Mr.Chamie mean by saying that English is “a very accepting

language”?5. What is Barbara Crossette’s position on the subject?

AT THE UN FRENCH SLIPS AND ENGLISH STANDS TALL

UNITED NATIONS, March 23 – For diplomatic New York, no directory ismore essential than the “blue book,” the comprehensive guide to all foreignmissions published about twice a year by the United Nations protocoldepartment. Want to know the name of the Thai ambassador (and his wife), theAustralian envoy (and her husband) and their telephone numbers? Which of fournames to use to address a military attache? An e-mail address? It is all there. Butthe newest edition of the book, compiled in December and now a best seller atthe United Nations bookstore, has moved into some interesting new trend-watching territory. For the first time, it asked the 189 United Nations membernations to name the language in which all correspondence to their missionsshould be addressed.

Mon Dieu! If this is any indication, French is fast slipping as the languageof diplomacy. Given a choice of French, English or Spanish (the other threeofficial languages, Arabic, Chinese and Russian, cannot be handled by mostword processors), an overwhelming majority chose English. Only one, Canada,chose both English and French. Isolated Myanmar did not answer. “English iscreeping up as the main language of the United Nations,” said the discreetlyanonymous editor of the diplomatic guide, titled simply “Permanent Missions tothe United Nations No.285.”But she hastened to add that what happens in NewYork may not be reflected in capital cities around the world, where the UnitedNations still tries to address governments in a wider assortment of languages.

Still, with more than 120 countries choosing English, compared with the40 or so listing French and about 20 choosing Spanish (another languagegrowing in use at United Nations headquarters), the preference seems prettyclear. Moreover, the preference for English was widespread. Among theEuropeans, East and West, English is the first choice, except for French-speakingnations like Belgium or Luxembourg, and Romania and Albania. All of theformer Soviet republics opt for English. So does the Arab world, except forLebanon, Tunisia, Morocco and Algeria. All the Lusophones – the Portuguese-speaking countries, including Brazil – choose English, too.

And look at what has happened in Indochina. Several years ago Boutros-Ghali, the former United Nations secretary general who now heads

Francophonie, a spirited group trying to promote (or save) French worldwide,came back from a conference in Hanoi a little gloomy about the future of Frenchoutside France and French-speaking Africa. The blue book proves him right.Vietnam, the jewel in the crown of colonial France, wants to operate in Englishin New York. Cambodia and Laos stayed loyal to French, but diplomats fromSoutheast Asia think it is only a matter of time before a younger generationchanges that. Across Asia, English has become the working language ofdiplomacy and business. Factoring in China and India, with over a third of theworld’s people, leads to the conclusion that 97 percent of the global population(or rather the elite of those counties) choose English as their international linklanguage, said Joseph Chamie, who watches numbers and spots trends for theUnited Nations.

“With modernization and globalization and the dominance of theAmerican educational system and media, English – and American English inparticular – is increasingly becoming the mode of communication,” saidMr.Chamie, director of the organization’s population division. An Americanborn in Lebanon, he first spoke Arabic, which he describes as “a very beautifullanguage with an unbelievably large vocabulary.” Later, he learned English,French, German and Hindi. His daughter is learning Spanish, so he is trying topick that up, too. “English has certain advantages over other languages,”Mr.Chamie said. “One, it doesn’t have gender; that makes it easier. And it’s avery accepting language in that all the countries have their own varieties andpeople are willing to tolerate variation in dialect and accent or pronunciation.”And he added: “English doesn’t have any kind of stratification. Other languagesdo. In other words, a person who has been educated could speak in a way that isvery different from the language of the street. In English, we do not evaluatepeople as much by how they speak as in some of the other languages.” And hesaid that, politically, it does not have as many overtones as other languages,adding that its evolution from a colonial language to a universal means ofcommunicating has largely stripped it of its stigma. “It’s spoken in India, it’sspoken in Australia, it’s spoken all around the world,” he pointed out.

In other words, it no longer belongs to anyone in particular. Challenge or support the following statements1. French is fast slipping as the language of diplomacy.2. English has become the working language of diplomacy and business.3. American English is increasingly becoming the mode of communication.4. English has certain advantages over other languages.5. English is a very accepting language.6. English doesn’t have any kind of stratification.7. Politically, it doesn’t have as many overtones as other languages.8. English no longer belongs to anyone in particular.Have you solved the puzzle of the language priority for diplomatic work? Exercise 38Translate the following using the active vocabulary. Никто сильно не удивился, узнав, что кандидатура N, которыйявляется уважаемым карьерным дипломатом, с разнообразным опытом

дипломатической работы за плечами, была предложена на пост посла вВеликобритании. N служил в различных отдаленных странах, испытываянеудобства повседневной жизни, страдая от сурового климата и подвергаясвое здоровье опасности без каких-либо видимых перспектив. От неготребовалась большая выдержка, чтобы настойчиво преследовать своипрофессиональные цели, проявляя терпение и демонстрируя гибкость ума.Зачастую ему приходилось подавлять в себе желание высказывать личныеубеждения и подстраиваться под позицию правительства в решениисложных внешнеполитических задач. Его точность в работе, усердие ипреданность делу неизменно вызывали у коллег чувство уважения к нему. Exercise 39Study the following idioms and make up sentences using them.1. to know the ropes – to be fully acquainted with the proceduresThe president of the organization knew the ropes and quickly taught me myduties.2. a red herring – something that diverts attention from the main issue(a red herring drawn across a fox’s path destroys the scent)We felt that the introduction of his war record was a red herring to keep us frominquiring into his activities.3. to throw down the gauntlet – to challenge someoneThe negotiator at the talks threw down the gauntlet, and his counterpart had nochoice but to accept the challenge.4. stock in trade – the goods, tools, and other requisites of a professionA quick wit and a warm smile were the politician’s stock in trade.Make up a situation using the idioms and the active vocabulary of the unit.WORKSHOP IV. CRITICISM OF DIPLOMACY Read a passage taken from the book ’TALKING TO STRANGERS’ by MONTEAGLE STEARNS, a former US diplomat, who is rather critical aboutAmerican diplomatic service and be ready to express your opinion about thesubject. As you read the text try to find the answers to the following questions:1. What problems has American diplomacy confronted after the end of the Cold

War?2. What have been the traditional weaknesses of American diplomacy from the

author’s point of view?3. In what way has the international situation changed in the post Cold War

period?4. Why does the author assess Soviet diplomats as more professional than their

American counterparts?5. What role does the knowledge of a foreign language play in diplomatic work?

THE FRONTIERS OF AMERICAN DIPLOMACY

The loss of an enemy can be as disorienting as the loss of a friend. The

collapse of communism has revealed a world that existed virtually unseen whilethe attention of Americans was riveted on the superpower confrontation. It is aworld as unfamiliar to generations schooled in the cold war as the universerevealed by Copernicus was to generations schooled to believe that the Earthstood motionless at the centre of the universe while other bodies in the SolarSystem revolved around it. And just as the heliocentric universe of Copernicustransformed the science of astronomy, so the post-cold war world requires a newapproach to international relations and diplomacy.

American diplomacy struggled to meet the needs of the old world. It willrequire drastic reform to meet those of the new. The United States may be theonly remaining military superpower, but in its approach to diplomacy it too oftenlooks like the only remaining banana republic. Ingenuous zeal replacesknowledge of the history and dynamics of other cultures; enthusiasm andfrenetic activity replace patience and intelligent skepticism; and the illusion thatforeign affairs is a series of excellent adventures replaces the reality that it is aturbulent but flowing process of change and synthesis.

The world emerging from the cold war is characterized by ethnic andcultural nationalism, as well as by economic and social transnationalism. Onecould add other examples of problems that do not need passports to crossinternational borders: environmental pollution, including acid rain and depletionof the ozone layer, nuclear and conventional arms proliferation, the transmissionof AIDS virus, international terrorism, and the drug trade are a few that comereadily to mind. Many of these problems will require states to work together innew ways, investing a large section of their sovereignty in existing or still-to-be-created international authorities that possess the skills, continuity, and scope toaddress problems unknown to traditional diplomacy or unrecognized by it.

Professionalism is prized in the US in virtually all professions exceptdiplomacy. Our closest allies take diplomacy more seriously than we do. So doour adversaries. In its day, even the Soviet Union, not a state that relied ondiplomacy if intimidation was an option, managed its foreign service lesscavalierly than do most American administrations. In the training they gave theiryoung diplomats, especially language training, the Soviets were light years aheadof us. Typically, promising candidates were identified in secondary school and,after passing their entry examinations, spent five years in a diplomatic prep-school (the Moscow State Institute for International Relations).The orientationtraining of US Foreign Service officers, including language training, is less thana year.

Effective communication with foreigners requires, as it always has, theability to speak other languages, to understand other cultures, to see the worldthrough other eyes. Although distinct from it, comprehension of a foreign cultureis virtually impossible to achieve without proficiency in the language.Communicating in his or her own tongue, the diplomat will always be on theoutside of the culture looking in. Only by knowing what the world looks likefrom inside will diplomats be able to provide political superiors with a realisticinterpretation of the motives of the other governments and a reasonably accurateforecast of their future conduct. There is nothing else that a diplomat does thatcould not be done by lawyers, businesspeople, or academics, all of whom do, in

could not be done by lawyers, businesspeople, or academics, all of whom do, infact, serve frequently as nonprofessional diplomats.

Notes

1. Copernicus Nicholas (1473-1543) – a Polish astronomer;2. banana republic – a small country in Central or South America that is

industrially underdeveloped and dependent financially on support fromabroad;

3. depletion – lessening of the amount, diminishing

Questions for discussion1. Do you think the author is biased or unbiased in his assessment of the US

diplomats?2. Why do you think professionalism in diplomacy is not highly appreciated in

the USA?3. Must a diplomat be a professional from your point of view? Give your

arguments for or against.4. Who can be considered a professional in diplomacy?5. Why does the author differentiate between knowing a foreign language and

comprehending a foreign culture? What does comprehending a foreignculture mean from your point of view?

Monteagle Stearns is not the only person to criticize modern diplomats. Readan extract from an article by Adam Watson, who tackles the problemsomewhat from another angle. Be ready to express your opinion about theextract.

WHAT CRITICISMS CAN BE LEVELLEDAGAINST MODERN DIPLOMACY

Some criticisms of present – day diplomacy are worth considering, and the

debate about them is helping to change diplomatic practice. The most familiarconcerns secrecy. Many people feel that secret diplomacy leads to intrigue andwar, and that in this democratic century the public has a right to know what isbeing said in its name.

The media have a vested interest in the maximum of disclosure, and muchof the public favours it. Governments, and especially professional diplomats, areless sure. Bargaining between governments, as between business corporations,needs a degree of discretion to succeed. The exploratory diplomacy that feels outthe possibilities for a deal between states, or a resolution in the Security Council,has to take place in confidence if it is to realize its potential: especially when abroad package is under discussion, a number of options have to be examined on‘what if’ basis. In democracies, where every public offer will be criticized by thepolitical opposition and the media, a bargain openly discussed will usually meanno bargain at all. Also, a government that discloses what other governments sayto it in confidence will soon find itself excluded from the confidential diplomatic

to it in confidence will soon find itself excluded from the confidential diplomaticdialogue, to its own serious loss. It is a question of where to draw the linebetween secrecy and disclosure.

A criticism similar to the distrust of secret diplomacy is that theinternational relations of a democracy should not be left in the hands ofprofessional diplomats. A diplomatic service, it is argued, is unrepresentative: itis a self- perpetuating body that does its own recruiting. It forms an unelectedelite that evolves and keeps alive ideas about ‘the national interest’, as opposedto the wishes of the democracy, and persuades government ministers, who comeand go, to accept these ideas and allow the diplomatic service to implementthem. This criticism needs to be taken seriously. The argument that the demosdoes not know what is wise or prudent in foreign affairs, that it is misinformedby propaganda and the media, and that elected governments are often ignorantand ideologically prejudiced, is an argument against democracy itself.Democracy certainly comes at a price: and that price is mitigated in the foreignfield by having a body of professional experts, who determine the long-termnational interest in much greater detail than ministers have time or training for,and submit their conclusions as one factor for ministers to take into account.

On the other hand there is a case for ensuring that not only the statesmenwho determine and increasingly conduct the democracy’s diplomatic dialogue,but also the permanent envoys to some of the most important foreign capitalsand international organizations, are political figures identified with thegovernment of the day. The US practice of assigning ambassadorships to peoplewho have contributed to election campaigns has obvious disadvantages, but thereis a real gain both to the Administration and to the host government to have anAmerican ambassador who has easy access to the President and knows his mind.It can be argued that for the same reasons ‘non-career’ European ambassadors atposts like Tokyo, Washington and the United Nations tend to be more effectivepolitically than professional diplomats, provided they are supported by anadequate professional staff. But each case needs to be judged on its merits: as sooften in diplomacy, there is no hard and fast rule. Questions for discussion1. What is your position concerning secrecy in diplomatic matters? What should

be open to public scrutiny and what should remain secret?2. How valid from your point of view is the argument that diplomatic officers

constitute an influential elite in modern society?3. Should ambassadors be career or non-career diplomats? Should the choice

depend on a country where this or that ambassador is assigned? Does anational envoy have to be a personality, an independent thinker or anobedient and disciplined civil servant?

Read the article below and discuss the strengths and weaknesses of Russiandiplomacy as seen by a foreign diplomat.

Assessing Russian Diplomacy Today: A Brief Look at Its

Strengths and Weaknesses27/05/2014SHUKLA, PrabhatThis May the Diplomatic Academy of the Russian Ministry for Foreign Affairscelebrated its 80th anniversary. On this occasion Ambassador Prabhat Shukla,Joint Director of Vivekananda International Foundation, proposes his view onRussian diplomacy today.

Russian diplomacy comes from a long imperial tradition, which hasproduced some of the great diplomatists of European history, and on a globalstage in more recent times. It is not easy to assess the level of diplomacy today,compared with the past, at a generalized level. Perhaps a good way to approachthis would be to highlight the strengths and weaknesses of Russian diplomacytoday.

There are five identifiable strengths in Russian diplomacy. The first is theadvantage of clear leadership and direction. For all the time that I have dealt withRussia [and the Soviet Union] it has been clear where decision-making rests, andon what basis decisions will be made.

The second strength is a consequence of the first: there is a uniformity ofunderstanding of any given issue. There is little variation among differentdepartments or agencies – they are more or less all agreed on the substance ofany issue, and on the policy response. This is a great advantage, as there is noconfusion or ambiguity in the execution and articulation of Russian foreignpolicy.

The third is the transparent commitment to the national interest, thoughthere have been occasional derogations from this in the past. No interlocutor is inany doubt that Russia has its clearly articulated interests and will defend themresolutely. This adds to the credibility of the foreign policy.

The fourth is a hard-headed approach to diplomatic practice. Of course,sentiment plays a part, as do personal relations, as they should. But, in the end, itis the calculus of national interest that determines what Russian policy will be.

The fifth is another important strength: good language skills. This is notas good as it was in Soviet times, but it is still at a high level. I have animpression that the number of languages being studied is smaller now than inSoviet times. But the important thing is, this is coupled with openness to theculture of the foreign country where the diplomat is posted.

The weaknesses that I would list must begin with a major one: a poorcomprehension of how democracies function. This is probably a corollary of thefact of clear and consistent leadership in Russia itself and its governingstructures, because Russian diplomats frequently do not understand the role of,for example, the media or the courts or NGO’s in a democracy.

The second weakness among Russian diplomats that I frequently find is alimited understanding of Economics. While diplomacy must retain its traditionalskills, these have to be supplemented with knowledge of Economics, and anoutreach to the economic operators in a foreign country. The one exception,where Russia’s understanding is good is Energy economics; this is especiallytrue of the Hydrocarbon sector – Russian diplomacy understands this rather well.

The above weaknesses lead, in turn, to one more: because of these twoweaknesses, there is either insufficient or incompetent effort at reaching out tothe media or to business. There is limited understanding of how to promoteRussia as a business partner. Equally, there are conspicuous failures in someimportant instances in explaining Russian motivations in some of the great issues

important instances in explaining Russian motivations in some of the great issuesof the day.

There is, then, another problem that one encounters even at senior levels.This is an inadequate grasp of the broader framework in which an issue is to beunderstood and a response fashioned. I often found that those who dealt withEast Asia, for instance, were not well up on other parts of Asia, and how the firstfitted into the larger piece.

There is also a degree of institutional weakness that causes problems. Thesteadiness of purpose that a great country’s foreign policy must have demandsinstitutional stability. For example, Russian foreign policy swings between

extremes in its relations with the west in particular – from being excessivelyaccommodative to being unreasonably rigid. This is detrimental to its ownstanding over the long run.WRITING Exercise 40Write a for-and-against essay of 300-350 words on the following quotations.1. It`s a necessary quality of a diplomat or a politician that he will compromise.

(John Keegan)2. All diplomacy is a continuation of war by other means. (Chou En-Lai)3. A diplomat is a man who thinks twice before he says nothing. (Edward Heath)

Exercise 41Write an opinion essay of about 300-350 words on one of the following subjects.1. A Foreign Service Career Is More Than a Job.2. Let us move from the era of confrontation to the era of negotiation. (Richard

M. Nixon)3. Diplomacy has become more complex and its subject-matter more technical. It

has lost most of its glamour. (Sir Michael Palliser)

WORKSHOP V. VOCABULARY PRACTICE Exercise 42Complete the texts, bearing in mind all the studied words. The first letters of thenecessary words are given to help you.

1. My first p_____ in the business world quite met my a_____. I hadall the right q_____ for it. I was hired as a manager in a clothing factory.Unfortunately, many of the workers were a_____ to be lazy. Breaches ofdiscipline were widespread. For example, employees often took off days fromwork for no good reason. Also, they often ignored their assigned chores with noj_____. I was not going to t_____ such a situation. I had to a _____the problem.

My e_____ of the situation was that urgent measures were needed i_____changes mainly in the staff. In p_____ of my o_____ I had to practise myn_____ and a_____ s_____. Moreover I was determined that the state of affairsbe open to p_____ s_____. I told the employees that they would have to makeup for each of the days which they missed. Those who o _____ to work, andv_____ their c_____ to working hard, and who d_____ themselves as better than

v_____ their c_____ to working hard, and who d_____ themselves as better thantheir colleagues would get a b______.

Many of my subordinates did not e_____ these changes. Some were veryangry, but none of them dared to tell me off. I had to overcome their opposition,which r_____ great s_____. The changes occurred slowly, but I was full ofresolution to see my plans implemented. Finally the situation which had seemedso frustrating at first became less of a burden. My first job was a success,although it was c_____.

2. The d_____ of authority and power of s_____ states to amultilateral agent can take v_____ forms. In one form it consists in fulfilling thelegal c_____ set by treaties. By adopting the UN Charter, for example, UNmembers are under c_____ to settle d_____ by peaceful m_____, to refrain fromthe threat or use of force...

A second form of d_____ of power and authority is a v_____ action takenby states i_____ in an international d_____ or conflict. For instance, in all thethree wars fought in the M_____ E_____ between Israel and the Arab states, thestates directly i_____, which were members of the UN, eventually accepted thee_____ of the United Nations by giving consent to the dispatches of UNpeacekeeping troops to the fighting areas.

A third form i______ a formal request for UN action by one or more UNmember states or by the secretary-general. This is actually a request to them_____ institution to employ the authority and power d_____ to it by memberstates through formal agreements. The member states that raise such requests arealso signatories of the agreements, though they may not be the parties directlyc_____.

In any case, what matters most in both m_____ diplomacy and m_____institutions is the authority and power of s_____ states. Exercise 43Complete each gap with one word only.1. As we approach the twenty-first century, ______ diplomacy in the post-ColdWar United Nations faces some difficult _____. The institution of diplomacy, the_____ of the international community from 51 _____ states in 1945 to 190 today,and the increase of _____ issues on the diplomatic agenda, must now find itsplace in a world where the parameters of the international political environmenthave _____.

_____ diplomacy _____ the art of building and managing coalitionsbefore, during, and after _____ on a particular _____. In complex and lengthy______ such as those _______ in drafting the UN Convention on the Law of theSea, coalitions must often be formed not only between nations but also withinnations. One of the principal _____ for those wanting to pass a resolution is todesign the _____ in such way that they encourage the creation of coalitions_____ the agreement and minimize the possibility of coalitions opposing it.Ambassadors _____ that _____ and _____ skills are the _____ activities of______ diplomacy.2. States also turned to the UN on a range of other ________ through a seriesof international conferences to _________ “problems of a global magnitudewhich member states recognized had grown beyond a state’s ______ to solve”.Even though this approach in ________ diplomacy has its critics, there is a sensethat some ________ breakthroughs on important and ________ internationalproblems have been achieved through the twelve conferences convened between

problems have been achieved through the twelve conferences convened between1990 and 1996 and _________ by the UN. These conferences have been praisedfor their _________ to move from consciousness-raising to agenda-setting. Ofcourse, the UN and other ________ institutions need to be reformed in order toact as the effective agents of ________ states in the post-Cold War world.Reforming the UN to meet global ________ today and in the future will_________ that ________ states should _________ more authority and power tosuch institutions. Exercise 44Render the text into English using the active vocabulary.

Посты послов – как политическая наградаЭти образцы взяты из официальной записи беседы кандидата Г. c

сенатором Ф. в Сенатской комиссии по иностранным делам США приназначении Г. послом в Цейлон. Вот выдержки из этой беседы.С: Сколько Вы пожертвовали республиканской партии при выборах в

хххх году?Г: Сколько? Посмотрим, кажется, я могу сказать — 40 или 50 тысяч

долларов всего.С: Если Вы пожертвовали 50 тысяч, не думаете ли Вы, что Цейлон

несколько отдаленный пост за это? Тот, кто был послан в Бельгию, внестолько 30 тысяч.Г: Я не думаю, я не хочу допустить, что это основная причина.С: Что же, Вы думаете, является основной причиной?Г: Ну, моя заинтересованность найти что-нибудь в государственной

жизни. Я мог бы, так сказать, сделать...С: Как Вы думаете, какие проблемы на Цейлоне Вы могли бы

разрешить?Г: Одна из проблем там — люди. Я полагаю, я думаю, что я могу

установить, если я не достигну чего-нибудь до этого, хорошие отношения идоброжелательность к США.С: Вы не обратили внимания на недавний доклад комитета

Объединенных Наций по Венгрии?Г: Нет.С: Вы не читали об этом в газетах?Г: Я не помню доклада.С: Вы не обратили внимания, кто в комитете готовил тот доклад?

(представитель Цейлона был одним из пяти членов этого комитета).Г: Нет, сэр.С: Вы знаете нашего посла в Индии?Г: Я знаю Д.К., предыдущего посла.С: Вы знаете, кто премьер-министр Индии?Г: Да, но я не могу вспомнить его имени.С: Вы знаете, кто премьер-министр Цейлона?Г: Его имя немного трудновато, оно необычное, сейчас я не могу

назвать его, но, как только я получу от посла К. список всех важных лицтам, я изучу их вместе с ним. Я имею краткий обзор всех людей — какпослов, так и официальных лиц других стран. И я имею также небольшиебиографии и краткие истории стран с мнением К. и...И... назначение Г. было одобрено сенатской комиссией, и таким образом

новый посол родился.

ROLE PLAY

Before doing the task study a model dialogue about bilateral relations betweenthe two countries. Exercise 45In pairs read the dialogue below. List the words used to indicate good relations /problems with relations. Learn the dialogue by heart.

A: What is the current state of relations between your country and X?B: We continue to place great value on our close ties with X. This has been adifficult year but goodwill remains on both sides.A: How has the violent repression of unrest in the province of W. affectedrelations with your country?B: W. has been a setback for the process of cooperation between our twocountries. We have made this clear in all our contacts with the X government. Ifthe problems there are not resolved properly it could damage future prospects forcooperation.A: But you have stopped short of condemning X government’s action.B: Breaking off relations with X now is likely to be counterproductive andwould risk damaging the reform process in the country.A: How can you summarize your country’s policy towards X?B: We must encourage X. to move in the right direction, without settingunrealistic targets. Our country will continue to do whatever it can to offerassistance. Now proceed to the role-play. 1. A foreign journalist is interviewing a Russian diplomat about the

relations between their countries.Background information for both parties.

Russia and M. have close relations dating back to the16th century, extensivedefence and trade links, current leaders pro-Russian (educated here), M. has noparliamentary democracy and some human right abuses. 2. A Russian journalist is interviewing a British diplomat about the relations

between Britain and L.Background information for both parties.L. has an oppressive military regime with appalling human right record, EU armsembargo, no developmental aid; recent release of prominent political prisonerraises hopes of reforms, potentially healthy trade prospects. Here are a few useful phrases to help you in your task. ASKING GENERAL QUESTIONS:1. I was wondering if you …2. May I ask …

3. Would you mind if I asked … ASKING FOR FURTHER INFORMATION:1. Could you be a little more precise …2. I’m sorry but could you explain it in a little more detail…3. Would you care to elaborate on that?

PLAYING FOR TIME:1. That is a difficult question to answer.2. You have raised an important point there.3. I’m sure you will appreciate how complicated this matter is. SAYING NOTHING:1. I’m afraid I don’t have enough information at my disposal to answer that.2. I’m afraid I’m not in a position to comment on that yet.3. I don’t think we have enough time at our disposal to consider all the

consequences of this particular decision.

WORD LIST I appropriations in pursuit of one`s own objectivesto acquire pejorative connotations insideras distinct from to justify one`s ambitionsarbitration legitimacyto address specific issues liaisonas a result to leakambition mediationbill negotiation and arbitration skillsbounty nominees for the embassiesto brief to operate in a fluid globalcomprehensive guide to on the part ofconception participation in the diplomatic circuitconstruct preference forcareer diplomat political appointeescontender for to promote policies and practicesto construct pocket vetoto convey to pursueto commit to persevere into conduct relations qualificationconcern refugeecapacity to representto coin the concept of soft power remote countrydonor respected career diplomat

to develop to require great staminaderegulation soft powerto delegate authority sovereigntyto distinguish salvationengaged in diplomatic work social amenitiesto expand to seek support forto extend to shift the emphasis fromexecutive privilege specificto embrace Senate confirmation hearing

to evaluate sponsorto elevate one`s role to great effectflabbergasted at to tolerate variation inFundraiserfor the purpose of

upheavalunavailable

to graduate with honours to unleash the unprecedented drive togaffe to volunteer one`s commitment togood works to weed outto guide generous donor highbrow challenge harsh climate health hazard to have a natural aptitude for to involve presentation of credentials impeachment intake to in the short term insight into in other words

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