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UNIQUE: forms long chains and rings UNIQUE: forms long chains and rings that make up complex organic that make up complex organic molecules…molecules…
6 protons6 protons
6 neutrons6 neutrons
6 electrons6 electrons
4 valence 4 valence electronselectrons
Forms 4 non-polar Forms 4 non-polar covalent bondscovalent bonds
hybridizes hybridizes (rearrange) to (rearrange) to form 4 sp3 orbitals form 4 sp3 orbitals so all 4 val e- have so all 4 val e- have equal energyequal energy
CARBONCARBON
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Organic Compounds All living things are made of these 4 kinds of organic compounds. These compounds are all based on the element carbon.Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids
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Organic compounds are made of single Organic compounds are made of single repeating units,repeating units, monomers monomers, bonded , bonded together in chains called together in chains called polymerspolymers..
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Dehydration SynthesisDehydration Synthesis : joining of : joining of simple molecules to make a single simple molecules to make a single larger compound with the release larger compound with the release of water.of water.
A + B A + B AB + H AB + H22OO
HydrolysisHydrolysis: breaking apart a single: breaking apart a single compound into 2 or more smaller onescompound into 2 or more smaller ones by adding waterby adding water
AB + HAB + H22O O A + B A + B
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CARBOHYDRATES:CARBOHYDRATES: “ose” “ose”
Ex: sugars and Ex: sugars and starches starches
Function: Quick Function: Quick ENERGYENERGY
structurestructure saccharide = monomer;saccharide = monomer;
Elements: C, H, OElements: C, H, O
3 Types:3 Types:
Monosaccharides= single Monosaccharides= single sugarsugar
**GlucoseGlucose : most : most important important
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This is This is glucose, a , a monosaccharride, It is a monosaccharride, It is a common sugar that is your common sugar that is your bodies bodies main source of energy. Count the different . Count the different atoms in it you will find atoms in it you will find there are there are 6 carbon (blue) (blue) 12 hydrogen (yellow) and 6 (yellow) and 6 oxygen (white) yielding a oxygen (white) yielding a chemical formula of chemical formula of
C6H1206.Other ex: Fructose: fruit sugar C6H1206 Galactose C6H1206
Energy is inEnergy is in these bonds.these bonds.
Glucose
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Monosaccharides : recognize chain and rings
Is this a KEYTONE OR Is this a KEYTONE OR ALDEHYDE? ALDEHYDE?
What functional group(s) do you see?What functional group(s) do you see?
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2-2-Disaccharides =two unit sugars-Disaccharides =two unit sugars-
monosac + monosac-monosac + monosac- disac disac
sucrose:table sugar ____ + _____sucrose:table sugar ____ + _____
maltose: malt sugar ____ + _____maltose: malt sugar ____ + _____
lactose: milk sugar ____ + _____lactose: milk sugar ____ + _____
lactase: enzyme lactase: enzyme
Formula: Formula:
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Disaccharides
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2-2-Disaccharides =two unit sugars-Disaccharides =two unit sugars-
monosac + monosac-monosac + monosac- disac disac
sucrose:table sugar ____ + _____sucrose:table sugar ____ + _____
maltose: malt sugar ____ + _____maltose: malt sugar ____ + _____
lactose: milk sugar ____ + _____lactose: milk sugar ____ + _____
lactase: enzyme lactase: enzyme
Formula: Formula:
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3: 3: PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides- (many unit - (many unit sugars). sugars).
Starch- Starch- amyloseamylose + + amylopectionamylopection
glucose storage in plantsglucose storage in plants
GlycogenGlycogen-glucose storage in -glucose storage in animalsanimals
CelluloseCellulose: makes up plant cell : makes up plant cell wallswalls
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Polysaccharides
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Carbohydrates-The Polysaccharides
Cellulose: CELL WALLS
Cellulose and starch are both based on glucose. Cellulose is the main structural component of plants. It makes plant cells rigid. The leaves, stems and roots of all plants are made of cellulose. It is indigestible to most animals and has little nutritional value.
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chitin
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ProteinsProteins: : chains of chains of amino amino acidsacids.. There are 20 different amino There are 20 different amino acids. The the arrangement of these acids. The the arrangement of these amino acids allows for an almost amino acids allows for an almost infinite number of proteins. infinite number of proteins.
PROTEINS: PROTEINS: growth,repair,regulationgrowth,repair,regulation, , ENZYMES, ENZYMES, transport, hormonestransport, hormones
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Protein Structure1
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Primary Struct
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The PRIMARY STRUCTURE of a protein molecule is the number and sequence ( ORDER ) of the various amino acids in the polypeptide chain. ( Like letters of the alphabet make up words.) It is the "recipe" of the protein. Every kind of protein has a different primary structure.
Proteins = chains of = chains of amino acids
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Basic Structure of an amino acid:Basic Structure of an amino acid:
amine group: NHamine group: NH22--
carboxyl group- COOHcarboxyl group- COOH R group- different in each R group- different in each
HH
NHNH22--
CC COOHCOOH
RR
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Amino acids
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Peptide BondPeptide Bond:: bond betweenbond between amino acids. amino acids. PolypeptidePolypeptide: : chain of a.a.’schain of a.a.’s
Protein:Protein: polypeptide(s) polypeptide(s) folded into a specificfolded into a specific3D shape 3D shape
SHAPE SHAPE FUNCTION FUNCTION
Note that all proteins have NH2 on one end Note that all proteins have NH2 on one end And COOH on the other endAnd COOH on the other end
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Summary prot struct
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Prim-> sec protein structPRIMARY STRUCTUREPRIMARY STRUCTURE
Secondary=attractions bt amino acidsSecondary=attractions bt amino acids
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Tertiary
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Quart
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Figure 5.19 A single amino acid substitution in a protein causes sickle-cell disease
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Videos of functionsVideos of functions
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The most important function of proteins is as the organic catalysts know as enzymes. They speed up chemical reactions.
ENZYMES: the KEYS to lifeENZYMES: the KEYS to life
Enzyme Enzyme
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These are carrier proteins. They help transport substances across the cell membrane.(Animation by Jim Sullivan)
Transport Proteins:Transport Proteins: ex: Carrier proteinsex: Carrier proteins
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Table 5.2 Polypeptide Sequence as Evidence for Evolutionary Relationships
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LIPIDS: fats, oils, waxes,LIPIDS: fats, oils, waxes, phospholipids, steroidsphospholipids, steroids * CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURE* CELL MEMBRANE STRUCTURE
*Store ENERGY C-H bonds; 2xE of carbs*Store ENERGY C-H bonds; 2xE of carbs * waterproof, * waterproof, *temperature regulation, *temperature regulation, *steroids: cholesterol, hormones: estrogen*steroids: cholesterol, hormones: estrogen testosteronetestosterone
Hydrophobic; Hydrophobic; NON-POLAR = insoluble in water; no attraction to waterNON-POLAR = insoluble in water; no attraction to water
Elements: C,H,O Elements: C,H,O
lipid
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GGLLYYCCEERROOLL
Glycerol with 3 fatty acid chains= triglycerideGlycerol with 3 fatty acid chains= triglyceride
fatty acid chainfatty acid chain
fatty acid chainfatty acid chain
fatty acid chainfatty acid chain
TRIGLYCERIDES: typical fat moleculeTRIGLYCERIDES: typical fat molecule
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http://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/lipids.htmhttp://biology.clc.uc.edu/courses/bio104/lipids.htm
Saturated fatty acidSaturated fatty acid
Unsaturated f.a.Unsaturated f.a.
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Figure 5.10 The synthesis and structure of a fat, or triacylglycerol
ESTERESTER linkagelinkage
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In unsaturated fatty acids, there are two ways the pieces of the hydrocarbon tail can be arranged around a C=C double bond. In, the two
Most fatty acids occur in nature in cis formMost fatty acids occur in nature in cis formHeating.Converts cis form to trans form;Heating.Converts cis form to trans form;reuse of oils increases the number of transreuse of oils increases the number of trans forms-forms-
carcinogencarcinogen
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Phospholipids make up cell membrane
Phosphate head
fatty acid chains
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Fatty acid=
hydrophobic= water fearing
Phosphate= hydrophilic=
H2O loving
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Figure 5.12 The structure of a phospholipid
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Cell membrane: Cell membrane: double layer of phospholipidsdouble layer of phospholipids
Phospholipids automatically arrange this wayPhospholipids automatically arrange this way
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Figure 5.13 Two structures formed by self-assembly of phospholipids in aqueous environments
spontaneousspontaneous
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Steroid: cholesterol
Figure 5.14 Cholesterol, a steroid
STEROID: 4 rings!!STEROID: 4 rings!!
Found in cell membranes; Found in cell membranes; chemical messengerschemical messengers
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Figure 5.11 Examples of saturated and unsaturated fats and fatty acids
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Saturated Fats: have all the Saturated Fats: have all the HydrogenHydrogen they can hold; they can hold; animal fats (excpt fish oil); solidanimal fats (excpt fish oil); solid ALL SINGLE BONDSALL SINGLE BONDS C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-CC-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C-C
Unsaturated Fats: have a least 1 Unsaturated Fats: have a least 1 double bond; plant fats= oilsdouble bond; plant fats= oils
C-C-C=C-C=C-C-C-C-CC-C-C=C-C=C-C-C-C-C
double bonds=kink- not lay close double bonds=kink- not lay close together= liquid at room temp; together= liquid at room temp; easier to burn = healthiereasier to burn = healthier
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Nucleic Acids: DNA RNANucleic Acids: DNA RNA
Deoxyribonucleic AcidDeoxyribonucleic Acid
Ribonucleic AcidRibonucleic Acid
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Watson and CrickFigure 5.x3 James Watson and Francis Crick
Watson and CrickWatson and Crick
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Figure 5.x4 Rosalind Franklin
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Figure 5.27 X-ray crystallography
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Figure 5.28 DNA RNA protein: a diagrammatic overview of information flow in a cell
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Monomer: nucleotideMonomer: nucleotide elements C, H, O, N, Pelements C, H, O, N, P
3 Parts of a Nucleotide:3 Parts of a Nucleotide:
Pentose 5C sugarPentose 5C sugar Nitrogen baseNitrogen base Phosphate groupPhosphate group
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Figure 5.29 The components of nucleic acids
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Figure 5.30 The DNA double helix and its replication
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