Unimas Visit 2011 (Oct)

8/3/2019 Unimas Visit 2011 (Oct)

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WELCOME

TO

BAKO NATIONAL PARKSARAWAK, MALAYSIA


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PRESENTATION OUTLINE

PART 1 INTRODUCTION

Establishment history; management authority

NATURAL RESOURCES

Ecosystems; attractions; visitor activities

PART 2 MANGROVES & COMMON WILDLIFE

CONCLUSION Conservation achievements; contribution; awareness; towards service excellence


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Why BAKO is a CHOICE

BAKO

GEO-SETTING & LONG PROTECTED PARK

VEGETATION

WILDLIFE

AESTHETIC

COMMUNITY & CULTURE

HISTORICAL VALUES

FRIENDLY SERVICES

GEOLOGY

NATURAL AMBIENCE

BOATING EXPERIENCE

QUIETNESS & PRIVACY

BASIC FACILITIES


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Comparing Bako to the Worlds Oldest NP

1.3.1872 (139 years)

898,330 hectares

370 miles pavedroad

1920km of trails

1.5.1957 (54 years)

2,727 hectares(0.3% of YSNP)

No road access

32km of trails

YELLOWSTONE NP(USA)

BAKO NP(MALAYSIA)


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Early Establishment

Formerly gazetted as Muara Tebas ForestReserve(1927)

Established as a national park on 1st May 1957(before Sarawak joined Malaysia Federation)

Oldestand first National Park in Sarawak (alsoBorneo)

Park land area of 2,727 hectaresincluding thesmall Lakei Island after 2nd Extension (not

including the marine waters) Native rights along the coast between Tg.

Pandan and Tg. Sibur (only 20 fathoms inland)


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Establishment History

The park, as it will be after constitution year, will cover thewhole part of the Muara Tebas Peninsula, an area of a littlemore than 10 square miles. Bako was picked in preference tothe Santubong peninsula and the Matang Hills (both in the FirstDivision) as both the flora and the bird life of Bako are of

exceptional interest, the scenery beautiful and there arenumerous bathing beaches. The Bako coastline is muchindented by small bays and coves, most of which are backed bybold cliffs. The highest points have an altitude of 800ft and thenorthwest table land varies from 300 and 500ft. The remarkable

feature of the park is the occurrence of considerable stretchesofopen country (padang) and many part afford wide panoramicviews.

SARAWAK GOVERNMENT GAZETTTE MAY 31, 1957


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Park Legislation & Authority

Protection Status as Totally Protected Area(TPA) Sarawak Forestry Corporation as the operational authority

Sarawak Forest Department deals with statutory functions

Ordinances, Rules & Regulations

Forest Ordinance, 1958 Forest Rules, 1962

Sarawak Forestry Corporation Ordinance, 1995 ***

Wildlife Master Plan for Sarawak, 1997

National Parks and Nature Reserves Ordinance, 1998

Wildlife Protection Ordinance, 1998

Wildlife (Edible Birds Nests) Rules, 1998

National Parks & Nature Reserves Rules & Regulations,1999


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Chronological Events

1. Bako village was established (1853) - 158 years before the park

2. Tg. Po lighthouse completed (1872)

3. Datuk Ibrahim old mausoleum and his Arabic khats at SalamunPond, Lakei Island found (~1900)

4. Muara Tebas Forest Reserve (1927)5. Park HQ area as a landing point during the Japanese Occupation

(2nd World War, 1943)

6. Japanese goldmine remnants found along Serait valley (1945)

7. Bako NP established as 1st National Park of Sarawak (1.5.1957)

8. 1st Orangutan trial rehabilitation program (1961-failure)

9. Sarawak joined the Malaysia Federation (1963)

10. Kuching-Bako road completed (1985)

11. Sarawak Forestry Corporation as management authority (2004)


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Management Chronology

1957 1973 (15 years) under SarawakNational Parks Board of Trustees

1973 2003 (30 years) under SarawakForest Department, National Parks &Wildlife Division

2003 onwards under Sarawak Forestry

Corporation - PABC (government-ownedcorporation) now 8 years


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Name & Native Rights

Name Named after the mangroves

Rhizophora species (localname as bakau or bako),

thus there are the Bako River,Bako Village and BakoNational Park

Native rights Inhabitants of Bako Village and

native fishermen are allowed to

remove poles for domestic useonly, structures for customaryfishing activities, to land and drytheir nets along the coast of Tg.Pandan and Tg. Sibur notexceeding 20 fathoms (400 yards)inland and subject to restrictions

by the park management

Rhizophora sp.

(Bakau)

Bako Village

Traditional Fishing


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Geography

Located at the Muara Tebaspeninsula with no direct roadaccess (excellent buffer for theprotection of the parkresources)

Covered by an entire plateau

of sandstone and becomingundulating towards the inlandwith some prominent hills(Bukit Tambi & Bukit Gondol)

Rugged rocky coastline withsteep cliffs sheltering a few

secluded beaches andmudflats

Normally experiencing roughseas and high rainfall fromNovember to March annually


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Natural Resources Vegetation Types

Park Vegetation typesContains a remarkablevariety of 5 mainvegetation types a goodrepresentative for

Borneos forests Beach Forest

Mangrove Forest

Peat Swamp Forest

Mixed Dipterocarp

Forest Kerangasor Tropical

Heath Forest (75%) Cliff Vegetation Pole Forests Open Scrubland or

Padang


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Natural Resourcesflora species

Bako has a record of about 600 species of floweringplants (Teo S.P.,2005)

Also in record, about 49 species of orchids

About 49 species of dipterocarps (23 sp endemic toBorneo) including Whiteodendron sp. or Kawi( aKerangas indicator species)

Diverse plant speciesi. Carnivorous PlantsNepenthes, Sundew & Bladderwort

ii. Epiphytes Ant plants, Orchids & Bird Nest Ferns

iii. Medicinal Tongkat Ali (Eurycoma longifolia), Kacip Fatimah(Labisia pumila)

iv. Primitive Paku Laut (Cycas rumphii)

v. Keystone Fig Ficus, Sonneritia alba, Eugenia spp.

vi. Edible, Commercial, Unique (Artocarpus sp, Shorea sp , Rattan,Johannesteijmannia altifrons, etc)


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FLORA


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> 30 species of mammals

> 34 species of bats (8 new records by UNIMAS in 2005)

> 24 species of reptiles

> 16 species of amphibians (10% of total species in Borneo)

> 250 species of birds

Including migratory birds along Bako & Buntal Bay

More than 4,000 waders and egrets (representing at least 1% of worldspopulation by species) each year

Natural Resources - fauna


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Natural Resources - fauna

a. Totally Protected Species - Proboscis Monkey, Silver Leaf Monkey,Slow Loris, Tarsier, Dolphins & Turtles, (Clouded Leopard ????)

b. Protected Species - pythons, long-tailed macaques, etc

c. Migrant Species - waders, egrets, herons, terns, curlews, etc

d. Commonly seen mammals - wild pigs, squirrels, pit vipers,

proboscis, silver-leaf monkey, macaques, monitor lizards, rats, etce. Commonly seen birds - bulbuls, drongos, eagles, owls, etc

f. Venomous Species - pit vipers, cobra, stingrays, catfish, etc

g. Nocturnal animals - flying lemur, wildcats, civets, fireflies, bats etc

h. Marine & freshwater life - turtle, dolphin, tortoise, otters, etc

i. Insects - termites, mosquitoes, beetles, butterflies, etc

j. Amphibians and reptiles - frogs, toads, lizards, etc (Crocodile ????)


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FAUNA


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GEOLOGY AND GEOMORPHOLOGY


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Geology

During the Miocene period

23 million years ago,Sarawak experienced theuplifting of rocks and latersedimentary rockscontinuously eroded

Traces of gold discovered

along Serait valley duringthe Japanese Occupation(not open to public)

Sandstone Pink ironpatterns of cliff faces,honeycombs, solution pans,iron skins, veins & flakes,sea arches, sea stacks, rockstatues, etc.

Soils are mostly nutrient-poor, leached and sandy

Cliff face

Leisegang

Sea stack Iron flakes

Rock statue Rock outcrop


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PLATEAU SANDSTONE FORMATION Sedimentary rocks formed from erosion of pre-existing rocks

Layering and cementing of sediments (sandstonesminerals & rockparticles), (conglomerates round granules, pebbles & boulders),(breccias angular-shaped gravel) & mudstones

Found at Bako, Santubong, Matang and Bungo Range

Sandy sediments as a delta along an ancient coastline about 23 millionyears ago (Miocene period), therefore not completely marine.

Evident of mud-cracks found at the Padang area mud deposited at deltaand exposed during period of low tides

During this time, the region undergoing uplifting, and an older rock calledthe Sejingkat Formation was eroded and deposited as the PlateauSandstone

Due to precipitation of silica formed hard, strong but porous rock (quartz) resistant to erosion


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PLATEAU SANDSTONE at BAKO

At Bungo Range, a syncline (bowl shape),

At Matang, folded with granitic intrusion

At Bako, flat

20 million years ago, hot molten lava from earths mantle,

forming sills or dykes - dark coloured diorite (T. Limau) Lines calledjoints or faults determining direction of streams

creating waterfalls & rapids, generally trending SE to NW,later forming valleys to the sandy bays

Where sandstone headland meets the sea action of wateralong eroding lines of weakness (faults or lines) ofsandstone sea caves, sea stacks, sea arc, honeycombrocks, solution pans, iron-stained rock, iron vein, iron flakes,iron-capping, etc


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THE SOILS Soil composition depends on type of rocks

In Bako, sandstone is flat with very little mudstone except BukitGondol

High rainfall and porous sandstone - leaching

3 types of soil:

Red-yellow podzolic soil (mudstone + sandstone)

Cover ridges and valleys where slopes are gentle tomoderately steep

Alluvial soil

Found along riverbanks or streams and under swamps

Deposited clay, silt and sand

Usually water-logged

Mangrove soil

Formed on tidal flats where clay and silts are deposited bythe sea

High salt content

Compare to Matang, the soil is poorer in Bako why?


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Nature Trails

A network of 17 trails (including

one at Lakei Island) From jungle setting to coastal

beaches, hot-dry to damp-wet

Passes through most vegetationtypes (tall forests, grasslands,scrublands, bare rocks, etc),waterfall & streams, scenicviewpoints & natural wilderness

From short easy, leisure strolls tosome distant climbing & strenuoustrekking, dipping in pools (tea-coloured water), swimming theseas (just in a day outing)

Experiencing wilderness, nature,clean air, unexpected wildlife &

participating in a night walk

N il h i


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Nature trails ....... at owns choice

Page 3

No. Trail NameTrail

Length

One Way Time&

Distance FromHQ

Color Code

1 Tanjung Sapi 0.5 km30 minutes (0.8

km)White/Red

2 Telok Paku 0.8 km 1 hour (1.2 km) White

3 Ulu Assam 0.8 km1 1/4 hours (1.4km)

Blue/Red

4 Telok Delima 0.25 km45 minutes (1km)

Blue/White

5 Serait 1.25 km1 1/2 hours (2.2km)

White/Yellow

6

Telok PandanBesar

0.75 km 1 hour (1.75 km) Yellow

Telok Pandan Kecil 1.5 km1 1/2 hours (2.5

km)Yellow

7 Lintang 5.25 km3 1/2 hours

returnRed

8 Tajor 2.75 km2 1/2 hours (3.5km)

Red/White

9 Tanjung Rhu 1.8 km2 1/2 hours (4.2km)

Red/Yellow

10 Bukit Keruing 2.25 km3 1/2 hours (5.5km)

Blue

11 Paya Jelutong 0.2 km3 1/2 hours (5.7

km)

White/Blue

12 Bukit Gondol 2 km4 1/2 hours (7.7km)

Yellow/White

13 Ulu Serait 2.75 km 3 hours (4.8 km) Blue/Yellow

14 Telok Sibur 0.8 km3 1/2 hours (5.3km)

Red/Black

15 Telok Limau 5.75 km 7 hours (10 km) Red/Blue

16 Telok Kruing 1.5 km7 1/4 hours(10.5 km)

Blue/Black

17

Pa Amit (Lakei

Island) 1.0 km

30 minutes (from

Base) Orange


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Natural Attractions - beautiful scenes

Telok Limau

Telok Assam

Telok Assam Telok Pandan Kecil Tajor Waterfall

Telok Assam

Bukit Keruing

Bukit Tambi


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OUR VISION

To be globally recognized as a Model Park and aleader in the management excellence of a TotallyProtected Area in Sarawak

OUR MISSION

To conserve, develop and marketparks productsand services while maintaining the balance ofeconomic, environmental and social interests


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MANAGEMENT OBJECTIVES

To protect and conserve wildlife and its habitat

To protect the geological and physiographical features

To protect the aesthetic value and historical monuments

To enhance research and studies

To provide an area for public enjoyment, education andappreciation in support to ecotourism

To provide management benefits (environmental, social &

economic) to the local communities and other stakeholders

ZONING Wilderness, Natural,Recreational & Developed Areas


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VISITOR ACTIVITIES

Training and Courses Guided Walk

Wildlife Watching Camping


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VISITOR ACTIVITIES

Filming Swimming

Beach Games Trekking


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VISITOR ACTIVITIES

Boating/Kayaking Education & Research

Relaxing Coastal Cruise


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NIGHT-WALK(a new experience!!!)

Sleeping Kingfisher

Active Tarantula

Safety Briefing


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VISITOR TREND (1981 2010)

05000

1000015000

200002500030000350004000045000

SFD

1981

SFD

1983

SFD

1985

SFD

1987

SFD

1989

SFD

1991

SFD

1993

SFD

1995

SFD

1997

SFD

1999

SFD

2001

SFD

2003

SFC

2005

SFC

2007

SFC

2009

Foreign

Local

Total


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BAKO

MANGROVES & WILDLIFE


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MANGROVES


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MANGROVE FOREST

A unique, dynamic and highly productive ecosystem foundalong sheltered coast & river mouth e.g. Sg. Assam, Sg.Delima, Sg. Lakei, Sg. Bako

Saline soil and brackish water (fresh & salty water inundation)

Mangrove trees have specific characteristics:

Tough root system

Special bark and leaf structures

Other unique adaptations

Occupying only about 1% of Sarawaks land area Also found at Bako National Park, Rejang Mangrove

National Park, Kuching Wetland National Park, SimilajauNational Park, Samunsam Wildlife Sanctuary and SibutiWildlife Santuary


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Mangroves

To survive habitats harsh conditions, mangrove trees havespecific characteristics tough root systems, special barkand leaf structures, other unique adaptation

Long cable roots with aerial or prop or spike roots

(pneumatrophores or respiratory roots) for oxygen intake stilt roots for support, trapping mud & silt and help

prevent other seeds from growing too close

Special glands on leaves to excrete salts

Viviparous seed geminates inside the fruit on tree beforefalling to the ground, root shoots out downwards, gainnutrient from mother tree, drops and anchors before tidecan carried them away


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MANGROVE FOREST

Importance of mangroves:

Protect coastlines as wave and wind breakers

Prevent salt water from intruding to upriver

Natural filters retain and recycle nutrients, removetoxicants

Provide resources (forest products) to the local

communities with sustainable harvesting

Breeding ground for marine animals (50% of fishlandings is associated with mangroves at west coastof Peninsula Malaysia)


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MANGROVE & WILDLIFE


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MANGROVE & WILDLIFE


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Some Common Fauna

associated withCoastal Zone


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Proboscis MonkeyNasalis larvatus

Status

Totally Protected Animal in Sarawak

Endemic to Borneo (Sarawak, Sabah,Brunei & Kalimantan)

Sarawak around 2,000 individuals left

Bako estimated 150 to 250 individuals

Morphology

Male body mass is between 16 to 20 kg

Female body mass is between 7 to 12kg (half of male size)

Male has large pendulous nose toenhance vocalization and to regulatetemperature from its body, maybe forsex appeal!!!


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Proboscis MonkeyCont

Morphology (Cont)

Grouped as Colubine several sectorsin their stomach (similar with cow)

The infants are born with vivid bluecolour in their face & will change to bethe same as an adult face when itreached about 8.5 months.

Ecology

Only consume non-sweet fruits, seeds,flowers, shoots & young leaves

Preferred foodSonneratia sp.(Pedada), Eugenia sp.

The distribution of this animal isrestricted to the mangrove and coastalareas

Proboscis Monkey


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Proboscis MonkeyCont

Behavior

Group range from 3 to 32 individuals

Two level of social system Unimale(harem) group and All male group.

Unimale group Consist 1 alpha male,several females, juveniles and infants.

All male group - juvenile, adolescent,and adult males.

Usually active during early morning andlate afternoon.

Good swimmer to cross the river

Reproduction

Gestation period 166 days

Give birth at night and that process can

goes up to 3 minutes


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Silver Leaf LangurPrebystis cristata

Status

Protected animal

Around 30 - 40 individuals at T. Assam,BNP

Morphology

Male body mass average 6.6 kg

Female body mass average 5.7 kg

The newborn is always orange-yellow incolour.

The newborns will change their colourfrom orange to same grayish colour asadult only after 3 to 5 months


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Silver Leaf LangurCont

Ecology

Consumes fruits, flower, young leavesand shoots.

prefers to eat young leaves overmore mature ones because they

contain less lignin and tannin.

Social behaviour

Uni-male group system where the groupcontains one alpha male, severalfemales, juveniles and infants.

The group is territorial and leader will actaggressively toward other males.

Male normally live solitary before findinghis own group.


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Silver Leaf LangurCont

Reproduction

Give birth to single offspring.

birth occurs throughout the year.


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Long Tailed MacaqueMacaca fascicularis

Status

Protected Animal

Around 20-30 individuals at T. Assam,BNP

Morphology

Male body mass is around 6 kg

Female body mass is around 4 kg.

This species has cheek pouch to carryfood while foraging.

Ecology

eats leaves, insects, grasses, seeds,flowers, buds, shoots, gum, sap, andbark etc. Eats anything what

human eats


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Long Tailed MacaqueCont

Social Behaviour

Multimale & Multifemale social system

The mating system is a promiscuous(Secara rambang) system, but most ofthe mating is done by an alpha male.

Both males and females are aggressiveduring intergroup encounters.


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Bearded PigSus babartus

Status

One of the most common animals in BNP

2 are residents (male) at T. Assam (do notmigrate to other place) and the female willcome when she want to give birth or mating.

Morphology Adult bearded pigs are characterized by

their relatively large body size, a degree ofsexual dimorphism, an elongated skull, longlegs, a 'bearded' jaw (gonial tuft) and sparse

body hair (Pfeffer, 1959).


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Bearded PigCont

Ecology

Consumes roots, fungi, invertebrates in

soil and rotting wood, small vertebrates,turtle eggs, carrion, and items from at

least 50 genera and 29 families of

plants. Tong Sampah Bergerak

Reproduction

Age at first pregnancy presumably varies inthe wild from 10-20 months.

Gestation period is not known but estimated

from 90-120 days

Birth occurs within a nest, which isconstructed using vegetation by the mother,and occupied by mother and the new pigletsfor a week or so.

Waglers Pit Viper


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Wagler s Pit ViperTropidolaemus wagleri

Status

The most common snake in Bako NP

Morphology

Distinguished by the presence of deep pit oneach side of the head, between eye and nostril.

This organ a very thermo-sensitive thatdesignated to detect heat from warm- bloodedanimals like small mammals and birds.

With availability of this organ, it enable the pitviper to find their prey in complete darkness.

Behaviour

Lives in trees and bushes (arboreal)

Usually very sluggish & disincline to move


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Aves

the class of vertebrates whichcomprises the birds.

> 250 species have been recorded inBNP

5 totally protected animal (e.g. hornbills)

44 protected animals (e.g Kingfisher)

Migratory birds along Bako & Buntal Bay

More than 4,000 waders and more than 50Chinese egrets a year (represent at least 1%of population of this species in the world)


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Reptiles

a cold-blooded vertebrate animal ofa class (Reptilia) that includessnakes, lizards, crocodiles, turtles,and tortoises, typically having a dryscaly skin and laying soft-shelled

eggs on land. > 24 species have been recorded in

BNP

3 protected animals (e.g. python &

cobra)


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Amphibians

a cold-blooded vertebrate animal of a class(Amphibia) that comprises the frogs, toads, newts,salamanders and caecilians, distinguished by anaquatic gill-breathing larval stage followed by aterrestrial lung-breathing adult stage.

> 16 species have been recorded in BNP

10 % of total species of amphibian recorded inBorneo

At least 2 species are endemic to Borneo.


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NOCTURNAL ANIMALS


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NOCTURNAL ANIMALS


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NOCTURNAL ANIMALS


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NOCTURNAL ANIMALS


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MARINE LIFE


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OUR RESPONSIBILITY


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OUR RESPONSIBILITY


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Human vs. Wildlife


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Human with Wildlife

CONCLUSION


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CONCLUSION

A 54-year achievement of successful collaborative protectionand conservationSUSTAINABLE MANAGEMENT

Conservation and protection first, visitor management nextto manage impacts and sell the park BALANCE theeconomic, social and environmental interests, in particular for

LOCAL COMMUNITY BENEFITS. Enhancing partnership on natural resource researches and

studies as a nature-based resource pool for learninginstitutionsDEVELOPING FUTURE LOCAL SCIENTISTS

Conservation awareness continuously instilled to the public -

addressing negative habits such as littering, graffiti, feedingwild animals, collecting shells and plants, etcEDUCATIONAL AND AWARENESS EFFORTS

Moving towards the challenge for quality park experience andecotourismCUSTOMER SERVICE EXCELLENCE


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Unimas Visit 2011 (Oct)

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