UNICEF Equity Focus: From Data to Policy FormulationVULNERABLE GROUP Poverty in Malaysia 1957 2017...
Transcript of UNICEF Equity Focus: From Data to Policy FormulationVULNERABLE GROUP Poverty in Malaysia 1957 2017...
UNICEF Equity Focus: From Data to Policy Formulation
June 4, 2018Amjad Rabi
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
◼ Motivation
◼ UNICEF Equity Focus
◼ Lots of examples
Motivation
Motivation
◼ Conclusion:
– we need detailed information to make sound judgement in public
policy
– But structured in a way that is informative and guides policy
formulation
PRESENTATION OUTLINE
◼ Motivation
◼ UNICEF Equity Focus
◼ Lots of examples
◼ UNICEF will promote the rights of every child, everywhere, in
everything the organization does.
◼ The equity strategy, emphasizing the most disadvantaged and
excluded children and families, translates this commitment to
children's rights into action.
REALIZING THE RIGHTS OF EVERY CHILD
UNICEF EQUITY FOCUS
Conceptual Framework
Sources of Inequity
Material Deprivations
(income and
basic social services)
Yes No
Discrimination(gender, ethnicity,
disability,
noncitizen,
refugee,
orphanhood, etc.)
Yes
No
Who? Vulnerable
groups
What?
Multidimensional
VULNERABLE GROUPS
Who?
Economic Quintiles (income, wealth), Poor/non-poor
Sexual orientation and
gender identity
Male, female, LGBT
Educational attainment None, primary, secondary, diploma, university
Geography Residence (Urban/rural), Province
Ethnicity, religion, linguistic,
national
Dominant/non-dominant
Demographic Age groups, elderly/working age, children/adults
Status Parent’s occupation, type of employment
Ability People with disability
◼ Why focus on Vulnerable groups?
– National averages mask huge disparities between groups within a
country
– Disaggregating by ethnicity, region, educational level, etc. can lead
to more effective policies
– Mapping inequities can better focus interventions and services toensure universal access
VULNERABLE GROUPS
Why?
Note that this is after all social programs. The gaps will be even much wider in theabsence of the various programs
VULNERABLE GROUPS
Averages Mask Huge Disparities
Example 2:
Argentina:
On average,
things look
great, but..
VULNERABLE GROUPS
Example 3: Education Deprivation in Egypt
7.8
4.3
3.2
Q1
Perc
en
t
Education Deprivations
2000 2005 2008
Source: UNICEF, Trends of Child Poverty and Disparities in Egypt
– 28 % of children with disability have never attended school (compared with 3.2 % national average)
VULNERABLE GROUPS
Example 3: Education Deprivation in Egypt -Continued
1.4 1.41.9
2.2
6.7
5.00
Urban G. Urban LE Rural LE Urban UE Rural UE Frontier G.
Perc
en
t
By Location, 2008
6.5
1.8
0.8 0.6
Average (all children) =
3.2 %
No education Some primaryeducation
Some secondaryeducation
Secondary degreeand above
By Mothers Education, 2008
20.5
0.5
12.7
0.6
9.1
0.8
Q1 Q5
Perc
en
t
Education Deprivation by Wealth Quantiles
2000 2005 2008
4.32
11.50
4.20
5.60
2.4
4.10
Male Female
Perc
en
t
Education Deprivation by Sex
2000 2005 2008
VULNERABLE GROUPS
Example 3: Education Deprivation in Egypt -Continued
◼ Why Children Do not Go to School?
0.0%
10.0%
20.0%
30.0%
40.0%
Cannot affordit
Parents do notwant
Work Health relatedreasons
Customs andtraditions
Don't want tolearn
Help withhousehold
Male
Female
VULNERABLE GROUP
Poverty in Malaysia
1957 2017
GDP per capita RM816 RM42,199
Poverty rate 50% 0.4% (2016)
U5 mortality rate [‘000] 111.2 8.6
Source: Department of Statistics Malaysia, ‘Household Income and Basic Amenities Survey Report 2016’, Putrajaya, October 2017, pp.129; Department of Statistics
Malaysia, Malaysia Economic Statistics, Time-Series Data, available at
https://www.dosm.gov.my/v1/index.php?r=column/ctimeseries&menu_id=NHJlaGc2Rlg4ZXlGTjh1SU1kaWY5UT09
VULNERABLE GROUP
Poverty in Malaysia
VULNERABLE GROUP
Poverty in Malaysia
VULNERABLE GROUP
Poverty in Malaysia
VULNERABLE GROUP
Poverty in Malaysia
RELATIVE POVERTY IN OECD COUNTRIES AND
MALAYSIA, 2012
Source: MWCD and UNICEF, 2017
UNICEF EQUITY FOCUS
Conceptual Framework
Sources of Inequity
Material Deprivations
(income and
basic social services)
Yes No
Discrimination(gender, ethnicity,
disability,
noncitizen,
refugee,
orphanhood, etc.)
Yes
No
Who? Vulnerable
groups
What?
Multidimensional
MULTIDIMENSIONAL CHILD POVERTY
NUTRITION STATUS
FINDINGS FROM THE URBAN POVERTY STUDY
51% of childrenwho are 5 and 6 years old are not in preschool.
The UNICEF Urban Child Poverty and Deprivation Study
FINDINGS FROM THE URBAN POVERTY STUDY
Almost 4 in 10 householdswith children less than 5 years old have no toys.
The UNICEF Urban Child Poverty and Deprivation Study
FINDINGS FROM THE URBAN POVERTY STUDY
By Default, they are entitled for the national Social Assistance Program, BR1M
Yet, 4 out of 10 did NOTreceive it
The UNICEF Urban Child Poverty and Deprivation Study
POLICY RECOMMENDATION
SUGAR TAX
28 Countries Implemented Including Brunei, Philippines and Thailand
THE PROPOSAL: FISCAL NEUTRALITY
Revenue from SSB Tax Reinjected into Household Income
Universalchild careallowance
Taxes on sugar-
sweetened beverages
(SSB)
THE PROPOSAL: FISCAL NEUTRALITY
Revenue from SSB Tax Reinjected into Household Income
THE PROPOSAL
Costed Scenarios
Eligibility
2017
Monthly
Amount
(MR)
Number of Beneficiaries (in
thousands)
Expenditure
(% of GDP)
2017 2021 2031 2017 2021 2031
1000 Days
(From Pregnancy
until Under 2)
150
1,286.37 1,227.93
1,201.54
0.17% 0.13% 0.08%
200 0.23% 0.18% 0.11%
Under 5
150
2,082.19 2,074.4
2,040.32
0.34% 0.28% 0.17%
200 0.45% 0.37% 0.23%
THE PROPOSAL
Constructing a Social Protection Floor
THE PROPOSAL
Constructing a Social Protection Floor
1- Child grant: All
children under an
age cutoff receive a
monthly benefit
Universal Maternity
Benefit
Universal Social
Pension
SOCIAL PROTECTION AND SDGS
The Social Protection Agenda of the SDGs.
◼ Out of the 17 SDGs, 11 have a direct link to social protection
systems. 27 of the targets belonging to these 11 goals likewise have
a link to social protection.
◼ Goal 1 (“End poverty in all its forms everywhere.”)
– Target 1.3: “Implement nationally appropriate social protection
systems and measures for all, including floors, and by 2030
achieve substantial coverage of the poor and the vulnerable.”
◼ Goal 3 (“Ensure healthy lives and promote well-being for all at all
ages.”)
– Target Target 3.8, i.e. “Achieve universal health coverage,
including _financial risk protection, access to quality essential
health-care services and access to safe, effective, quality and
affordable essential medicines and vaccines for all.”
◼ Other goals and targets have a direct relationship to social protection
IF FURTHER FUNDING IS AVAILABLE, YOU CAN
ADD MORE BENEFITS
Costed Scenarios
SHARE OF PERSONS IN RELATIVE POVERTY, 2012
Before and After the Addition of Taxes and Transfers
Source: MWCD and UNICEF, 2017