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WEARTMNT OF IME ARMY

Fort Detrick

Frederick, Maryland

ram

c~?T:3sON Tf SUSCEPTILITY OF S.0' .

C. -Us.. -

V, 1_ O '" :~COTICA TA3ACUM-1 L. AIM X. PZ5 !CA L.

PULag~y 1962

- -,eboznauztwa; Institut ofap~ and Soil Sci ee in

~c~rb ~ oi .of the of b.~.. ~ ~ ,b .

1 _m. of cont-roZ of the s we z on. **=ed

L."- 2.33 b ?ar witne.. ~ :Ze .ee of a o~ s-w.i;e

in ad&7_".or, -,: Zbotoy z d:, iZ-vatiofs aze bein&carried out in~ coaar~e Eaes al a x2.tn. the v-~.eties leas'.sus ceptible to th-1 b Lue .zu, Uch cot2L bF. c- -Iue for breeding andcultivation. f~~n or zhe hLeeding of _-zea: -tt varieties is carriedout under fiJA~tos[,19-1.

Foal~ig .o1-- e eatcsof the Con.,es s in Sofia, imnvest ig; -t-;o.ns on the Le --.:ee o-- suscep'tfoility of td!5accu varieties to 'this diseaseu'ere co_-zenc- ."- "- the laboratory for Tc~acco Breeding and ,Cltivation(?rcowda i Uprawy Tyboniu), IUNG, in 1961.. Durimg the year, th-:-einvesti~mtio..s vere e: _anded to covcer a collec tion-, of w~ild,~ species of thegarms Xicotia=- , vaL:-Leties of makhorka, a;:.. addl~tional varieties oftobac~o.

V' izaterial oa wich~ ob3: vt.. ee carried out in 1962 con-

Best Available Copy

1. A grou:' of 3. wild varieties of the genus 2Nicotiana. SOmze ofthese species could be Of significance in breeding.2. A group of 63 varieties of cigarette tobaccos.. mainiy of foreigniorigin. This number includes the hd2awy-bred varie ies of ."lnowsk- 'aVirginia, Goldenl(c-af lEAR, and Niwa.3. A group oJI 40 varieties of heavy tobacco, inc::.a±n3 six varietiesIbred in Pulawy: HavanA 11c, Kentucky 3002, Rogozinakit c'aucjy, sza12.and Large Nadwislansk±, and Broadleaf Puaaski.4. -A zroup of 69 varieties of ma:,orka (Nicotiana Zustica L.),PinarilY Of Soviet origin, including the ?omeran±.a (Po "- variety),NO S.mtm cf diease were noted on inpection dt-cn t1,e 3b va.tions On the plant', ) Mowth. The tobacco seedlings wer-e plantcd in thefield on 4. %a Iy 1SZ22, and the varieties of makhorka and the wi±1d varietieson 24 1siy 1962 (about 40 plants each for every variety or species).,C.tivt..~arid care Procedures suitable for each group of spegcies were ap-plied during the period of growth.

Sail arid, Climate Conditions in 1962-*O shC mi.e terial &:ew in 1962 on an expe2~zentc., ficjZ O- I-UG(PulavY, 'WrnLstc.'Ace) earmarked for experiments on Peroaosporla ta'.zacina.ThO $Oil -- sllu O ld. ACCUMulation terrace, inedIu .-huoua and light,with~ varlible overlay of sand ard medium powdery silt trom 140 cm; crbomates, ad 1imastones from 1.50 cm.

Atmoslphe~1.c coriditiong in 1962- (Fig. 1)* deviz..tad iCyfthe mean - V ae e, Pas vWel. As f rom the meteorolo&Lcaj cogditioag ';SwAveraS0 rtU2.Y air teperatures frow J&mw-u,a -o ct"r i~xelover tban the Me=n.

ablypt"10 lower than the mean averCo:a tJuly, and Auut. it e~g.ed the moan in. March., anid 6xz4=UC 1i4 cOaa~.cr.abl IntherewA±U z'mtbz.- ParticUlarly noteworthy iz; ;ch'axtromely Wet. D"-L= Yay,. PuAwy had 156.1 tm of riZ.2,..teV 1 ta.Valley ";Mi Uv.-~P1, to 176. 9 aviwt the maczn &VWeZ i~orof6Ji.6, Q-A Won4 ay !sii~tr. l Sco0dA (OVUrac2 t";a~ur l.5C; ea avemrol~ m 13. 0200Y. TOUL. Vera Cray 1c.0sunsine ~ ~dturiS 1' (mean &Vmva.W -242e sunaslna hour),p wh~lonWeth ,owatOn rcd.In 39 3041M

Mae -- Patura, little Q0Unhne VAd the hlc;%~ - o* th afr(&b&e: Vund.y7 puosi toovrae. 70 c CAtributed -,o..ey lovw eaportuon. The sca.1was exnSimy Vat, lIeh 426-tbots& U4 th. 4. lopmt of, the pleets in *7.'

0 &~

Stuli, ... -t exceeded the mean average only during January, ani wascozsiderbly below average i.n the remaining months.

On the ,hole, atmospheric conditions during the :owth period iz

1961 were not favorable for the growth of the tobacco (a distinct°lythermophilic plant), 't were also detrime.-;%.l to the growth of the mould(low temperaure).

Methods

iL. order to hasten the infection of the plants 1y Peronosporatabacina, all thc -lants of the experimental fields were infected artifi-cia2ly with an acueous suspension of The conidia on 8 Au ' 1962 (when thefirs-; natural foci of the mould were discovered). According to the cal-culations, one zilliliter of water contained about 22,000 conidia.

The first ---nifestations of the disease appeared more or less after10 &Lys from the day of the infection. The observations were made inL.:.-.er identical to that in 1961 (2), defining the percentage of diseased' ints and the degree of their infection in accordance with a five-degreescale (in accordance with the recommendations of the Congress in Sofia):00 -- no infection, 10 -- individual necrotic spots wihout spores, 2P --spots cover a 5--20 per cent area of the leaves and the fuagus is in theslporCation stage, 30 -- spots cover 20--40 per cent of the leaves withthe ajppearznce of sporulation, and 4 -- spores cover more than 40 percent of the leaves' surface and the leaves rot.

Tae fi;.%t 4et.iled observations we e carri"e out on 21 Au 1962on the ciarette, heavy, and wl..d species of " cco, ad on 24 Aug 1962-- on th;* varieties of 4.* orka.

The spread of the d"se-se was not as rapid as In 1961 and, consequent-ly, the second set of observatlo. s was made as .late " 10, U1, and 3.7 Sep62. The degree o fLinfe tion of the plants was defined during the lastobservations.

Findita

She nartural foci of the mould were d!szovered on 6 Aug 1962( 1961,, already on 30 Jul). They appeared on the varieties: Samsun935) Sharp-leaf .rasnodar, $h.p-leaf 2746 and 2747, Kozarsko 541,Stani "mcho pe;e, Ustins" 4, egej 4, Cebli, Jaka, Rhisan Burley A,Virginia Joyner, 1aznowski's VirgInia, Goldleaf 1:R, Goldleaf 113 and248# ,raI Il n Yellow, 61655, Cabot. and Havana 111/3.

The r-sults of the observations made on 6 Aug are not given numeri-callyp In v.Law of %he very veak s ptoms of the disease.

:3

1 7

Results Of the later Observations are represented C'aphically,for each group (species or variety) separately (Figs. 2, 3,. 5, and6.The results of the observations on the wild species of Xicotlanaare given In Fig. 2. Most species showed symptoms of the moul~d. Onl.yNicotiana, debneyi and Nicotiana exigua appeared entirely healthy,, andNicotiana panic'4lata and Nicotiana plumbaginifolia showed very faintSyatoms of the disease. Nicotiana glauca exhibited weaker :zanifestationsof the infection than the other species in the initial period of infection,but the spread of the disease in this species was so rapid that by earlySeptember, even all inflorescence was infected, and the plants died. AJLsaostrongly infected was the species of Nicotiana glutinosa.Of the varieties of cigarette tobacco (Fig. 3), the Hicks Resistazt(seeds obtained from'Dresden and Bergerac) and the Hicks fixe. A2 (seedsfrm DrcbheLa) were completely resistant under field conditions Ofthremaining varieties, the oriental tobaccos Nova Crnja, Prilep, and Samsun

X proved distinctive.

)ba -sronlyinfected were, the varietiesAueis rah10.Durley i ppn T. blii 428 and Burley 0.R.NMarca 64 Fg.4Rhat02

Distinctive among the'heavy tobaccos (Fig. 5) were the varietiesDragon Vert, Greenwood,. U-27-5, Havana le, and Havana 111/3. Moststrongly infected were the varieties Havana 307, Ket=4k Gia. No'2 T/371.0* Wisconsin-Ravam 172, and Wisconsin Havana 307.Varieties of A';icotiana rustica L, are also massive!.r nfccl#dby Peronospora tabacina Adam. From our observations (Fig. 6) it appearstha, fom mon th 69varieties of mkhorka, only.Zip (Fial. 7).,* Koarn, Kmrn VI (Fg. 8), and Selvaggio (Fig.. 9) e; ib.it iitr=Ga~rresitane t ble muldthan the other varieties.

Most, strongly infected were the following varieti." o. m CAor:NEiask Balwn Zrar~se)i, XUroZavaYA 196,* LIMOnkg, Brazilian, SaloMbi±,BUM#a Siupr Kootopskaya, Saicent Cla. Tiechiea '32/34p Tou~zbeckpTefrse, Woo."Dtiew±U, Zabkas Yellow, Yellow 2i-9 Yelo106,amXeYo~ 103 (Fi.' 10).

CofclusionObetftti carried oMt In the field (in c onditione an-dwith a44io"nal GArtfCUIe Infection) per'mit to L,,, %4a oovn c-

course toof the blue mould epidic is affactcr byr atmos~ro%4±ins U& S, est~blehad In IU 1962, the epi".ne of thLeM UIA In U fle ds o , U a vy a peared later end was ,

'AMOW

milder tha~n the year before. This remains unquestionably connected with ithe course ,of the weather in the spring and svme r, whi~ch was unfavorablefor the grocth of the parasite.

2. 'twas established, on the basis of the o'bservations in 1962(and previously in 1961) tha.t, under the same conditions,* not al~l of thespecies and varieties of the studied mat-erial were equially susceptibl.eto blue mould, as witnessed by the differences in the degree o,-6 infectioaand percentage of diseased plantu.

3.Among the wild species of Nicotiana,, no manifestations of themould were observed on the species of N. debueyi and N. exigua. - hconforms with the findings of other authors (9, 19, and others) -.> Very weakTsymptoms appeared in N. paniculata arA N. plumbaginifo)2-'.

.~.In the group of cigarette-tobacco varieties only the Hic'ksResistant and Hicks fixed A2 (varieties of Australian origin, obtained bythe cross-breeding of N. tabacum and N. debneyi -- 19) proved free ofthe mould. Like in 1961, the group of oriental tobaccos appea',ed lesssusceptible,# and most strongly infected were the varieties of the "Aurea"

* type.-5.Wh-V ieties of heavy tobacco were not infected az strongly

-' as in 1961. One should, however, assume that this was due rather to themilder course of the disease (connected with unfavorable weather conditions),and not to the lesser susceptibility of these varieties (for example, theDrapnu Vert belonged in 15962 among-the weakly infected varieties, whereasthe year before It ahowed 98 per cent infected plants and degree 3 of infec".tion - 2). Like In 1961, no completely healthy varieties were- noted

* among the members of this group.6. No resistant varieties were noted amona the go,,.p of Nicotiaza

rustic& L.. There ane, hawever,, gVeat variation;,. the 4.egre of sus-* ceptibility of the individual variazies * Least s,.%. ptible to the di-lacse

in 1962 were Komu-r n , xapa, Kow=po and seviac. t appears alsothat the varieties of makhorka with brigh2t leaves L("4C. .. mp L .mk,Zabka# and all Yellow) r.re more susceptible to the ta:" -o.u3.d than the4varieties vith 4arki-gree loame (just a AM type varieties In X.

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13

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BIBLIOGRAPHY

1. Antonenko, G. P., Thoryakov, M4. K., Ternovskiy, M. F. : "Peronospora(Blue Mould) of Tobacco in Czechoslovakia,"! Zashch. Rast. ot Vred.Bolezn., Vol 6. No 5, 1961.

2. Bawoiska, M.: "Observations on the Susceptibility of Tobacco Varieties(Nicotiana tabacum L.) to Blue Mould (Peronoaspora tabacina Adam),8Postepy Nauk Rolniazych, No 3 (73), 1962.

3. Beats, A.: "Considerations sur la lutte contre le Peronospora dutabac." Revue Agric., Brussels, 15, 1962.

33.4. Berger, P.: "Vergleiohende Betrachtung sum Auftreten der Blausc'Airze1-krankheit in Saropa.0 Berichte des Inst. fuer Tabak forsah., Vol 9,No 2, Dresden. 1962.-____ _________

5. Corbas. Rs 'Miteressantes proprietes fongicides dui dimsthylodithio-carbaznate do sodfalx," Phytopath. zscht.. 41 WLe 1, 196&.

6. Decowaka, B.t:'Tobacco R.ue Mould in Poland in 1961,"1 Ocrona Roslinxio 6, 1961.

7. Ibyachkin, 1. IL, Xoamodovq~anskiy. W. N., " Conference on Peronospora* of Tobacco,: Tabk, No 2, 1962.

8. Egerer,, A.: i Zur Frago der '2ebertragung von Feronospw.a tabacoinaAdam duroh Saatgut,' 11r&0hte des Los Wur Tabafoviicli., Vol 9,No 1, Dresden, 1962.

9. Endemazm, W, Ramaoz, As# Egerer, A.s "Die Anfaalligkeito versohitedenerSorten und Zuetataemen von Nicotiana tabacum L. gaenuieber Pero..

No 1, Dresowi, 1962. .O~,A,~f*0 "hi0.Hitler, K. *0 NxchollL ort .98 00 Esi etiee

fongloides oontre l. 1'do utboa4 g jI Ina& t. ,AAa de Der~er Vol I ft 14# 1962.

11. Hater, As, Corbas, 'is i Obervtions our Uc xLldiou en 1961." Revuelots dgbt g ass. Vol. 3?,. No 347#,1962.-

12. lard C, Sobilts , M Qiw1quao prociabo. oonoernant la miethod*do culture do Peoopa taboia Adat. mar lea, diaques decoupesdana 1a, limbo 041aullles t-prooieres obasertion. *in vivo,u6An. 99 X1 Ws. Pa. 0u qbo obzi Vol 3 No 41, 1962.

13. Iza rd, C., Schitz, P., Hit er, H.: "Estimation par la metliode des UNo [ilegible], 196-2.

14. Jankowski, F..: I-Epiphytology of the Blue Mould (PeronosporaL tabacinaAdam) in 1960, Damage Caused by the Disease, and Prospects for itsControl in 1961," B* u2 E CLF Central Laboratory of the TobaccoIndustry), No 1, 191. .oTbacVrite

15. Jankowski, F.: "Observations or, the SuscekptibiityoTbacVriteto Blue Mould (Peronospora tabacina Adam),"1 Biuletyn CUT, No 1, 1962.

16. Jankowski, F.: "Epiphytology of Peronospora tabacina, Adam in Polanid,its Course in Dependence on the Atmospheric Conditions of the VariousRegions, and an Estimate of Economic Losses in 1961," Bialet-yn CLPT,No 2, 1962.

17. Kryachko, Z. F, Witukiewicz, E. 'R.: "Measures Against Tobacco BlueMould," Zashch. Rast. ot Vred. Bolezn., Vol 6, No 1, 1961.

18. Kiriyuchina, P. I., Lalichich, I.: "A Dangerous Disease of TobaccoPeronospora," Zashob. Past. ot Vred. Bolezn. * Vol 6. No 1, 1961.

19. Lea^, H. t1.; "A Review of Two Comercial F2.ue-cured Blue Mould Resist-ant Tobacco Varieties, " Ball. Inform. Coresta, No- 2, 1961.

20. Peyrot, M. : 11pidemie de :idiou du 7=bac an 1961, Acead. A-Or. FranceC., 47 (12), 1961.

21. 2amson, A. : "Untersucliungen zum Einsatz von Fungiziden zur Be1aempfungder Blauschimmelkrankhei-; des Tabaks (Peronos-pora tabacina Adam),"Berichte des Inst. fuaer Tabakforsch., Dresden, Vol 9, No 1, 1962.

22. Smnyk, B., Pytko, U.: "Peronospora tabacina in Poland, iWiad. Botan.,Vol 6, No 1, 1962.

23. Trouvelot, A.: "Bffets de quelques traitements fongicides sur lemildioa du tabac au champ," Revue Int. des Tabacs, Vol 37, No 357,1962.

15

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