Two Ideas for Treating People as Equals
description
Transcript of Two Ideas for Treating People as Equals
Two Ideas for Treating People as Equals
Thomas Pogge
University of Sydney
Rawls’s own favored comprehensive doctrine / favored domestic conception of social justice
Qualifying conditions for comprehensive doctrines / domestic conceptions of social justice or decency to which Rawls is willing to assign equal standing.
Three such competitors that qualify by Rawls’s lights
Qualifying conditions for comprehensive doctrines / domestic conceptions to which competitor 1 is willing to assign equal standing.
Qualifying conditions for comprehensive doctrines / domestic conceptions to which competitor 2 is willing to assign equal standing.
Qualifying conditions for comprehensive doctrines / domestic conceptions to which competitor 3 is willing to assign equal standing.
UPSHOT: The qualifying competitors do not really get equal standing
Segment of U.S.
Population
Share of U.S. Household
Income 1928
Share of U.S. Household
Income 1978
Share of U.S. Household
Income 2007
Absolute Change in
Income Share 1978–2007
Relative Change in
Income Share
Richest 0.01 Percent 5.02 0.86 6.04 +5.18 +602%
Next 0.09 Percent 6.52 1.79 6.24 +4.45 +249% Next 0.9 Percent 12.40 6.30 11.23 +4.93 +78% Next 4
Percent 14.62 13.09 15.17 +2.08 +16% Next 5
Percent 10.73 11.45 11.07 -0.38 -3%
Evolution of US National Household Income Distribution (Top Ten Percent)
Evolution of the Global Household Income Distribution at Market Exchange Rates
Segment of World
Population
Share of Global
Household Income 1988
Share of Global
Household Income 2005
Absolute Change in Income Share
Relative Change in Income Share
Richest 5 Percent 42.87 46.36 +3.49 +8.1% Next 5
Percent 21.80 22.18 +0.38 +1.7% Next 15 Percent 24.83 21.80 -3.03 -12.2% Second Quarter 6.97 6.74 -0.23 -3.3%
Third Quarter 2.37 2.14 -0.23 -9.7% Poorest Quarter 1.16 0.78 -0.38 -32.8%
S
Global Household Income Distribution 1988
Richest Ventile: 42.87%
Next Twenty Percent 46.63%
Second Quarter 6.97%
Top Five Percent 42.87%
2.37%
1.16%
Data Branko Milanovic, World Bank
S
Global Household Income Distribution 2005
Richest Ventile: 42.87%
Next Twenty Percent 43.98%
Top Five Percent 46.36%
2.14%
0.78%Second Quarter 6.74% Data Branko Milanovic, World Bank
Treating Citizens Fairly• Prodecural Fairness, formal: equal political participation
• Procedural Fairness, material: fair value of political liberties
• Substantive (Outcome) Fairness, formal: non-discrimination
• Substantive (Outcome) Fairness, material — at least: In the choice
between two candidate national legislative outcomes, N 1 and N2,
if the representative groups that would do better with a decision
in favor of N1 are (i) larger, (ii) worse off and also (iii) more strongly
affected by the outcome than the representative groups that
would do better with a decision in favor of N2, then the basic
commitment to fairness requires that N1 be chosen over N2.
Treating Human Beings Fairly• Prodecural Fairness, formal: equal political participation
• Procedural Fairness, material: fair value of political liberties
• Substantive (Outcome) Fairness, formal: non-discrimination
• Substantive (Outcome) Fairness, material — at least: In the
choice between two candidate global agreements, G 1 and G2, if
the representative groups that would do better with a decision in
favor of G1 are (i) larger, (ii) worse off and also (iii) more strongly
affected by the outcome than the representative groups that
would do better with a decision in favor of G2, then the basic
commitment to fairness requires that G1 be chosen over G2.