Turning Points

Revolutions

Agricultural RevolutionChange – Hunting-Gathering to Farming

10,000 BC – 5000 BC Early River Civilizations (Fertile Crescent) Causes: glacial melt (wooly mammoth die), need steady food supply Results: settle along rivers (silt, irrigation), increased populations,

govt., new technology (new stone tools), religious buildings (ziggurats), wheels (pottery)

Protestant Reformation

1517 – Central Europe (Germany – England)

Protestant Reformation Causes: decrease power of Catholic Church

(crusades failure, rising power of monarchs who angry at Catholic Church’s control – Henry VIII), abuses of church (indulgences, simony, lay investiture, wealth used wrongly), humanism (questioning spirit)

Key Players – Martin Luther – 95 Theses (vernacular bible); John Calvin – predestination; Gutenberg’s printing press

Results: ended unity of Christianity, gave rise to movements to end “divine right” concept of kings (enlightenment) and sparked interest in non-Church controlled science (scientific revolution)

Commercial RevolutionChange from barter economy to money economy

1520-1650 – Europe Cause: increase power of middle class

(bourgeoisie) and interest in trade (tax for military), urbanization, need for raw materials, competition btw monarchs

Results: banks, joint-stock companies, exploration, capitalism, mercantilism (desiring favorable balance of trade with access to bullion or capital)

Key Players: Medici, Vasco da Gama, Magellan, Dutch East India Company

Scientific RevolutionChange – Knowledge based on Church to knowledge based on inquiry

1550-1700 (Europe – especially France, Italy and Poland)

Causes: decline of Church as dominating force (Protestant Reformation), Renaissance humanism, increased commercial interests (Age of Exploration and Imperialism)

Results: new technologies, rise of secularism (created spirit for enlightenment)

Key Players in Scientific Rev. Francis Bacon – Scientific

Method Copernicus – heliocentric

model of universe Galileo – proved

Copernicus through telescope (charged with heresy)

Vesalius – studies anatomy through dissection

Priestley – nature of oxygen and gas

Newton – calculus and laws of motion

Agrarian Revolution

1701 – Jethro Tull’s Seed Drill

1720s Good Weather in England

1600s Enclosure Mvmt. – by 1700s more popular in England

1730 – Townshend suggest clover for crop rotation

Food Surplus

Landless Farmers – need new job and

new home (move to cities)

Results of Agrarian Revolution

Food Surplus

More People Excess Capital Trade

New Markets Needed

(Imperialism)Invest in InventionsNeed More Stuff

Rise of Bourgeoisie Capitalist

Industrial Revolutions

Cause & Effects

Textile Industry

Flying Shuttle (Kay) 1733

Spinning Jenny (Hargreaves) 1764

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Need More Cotton1793 Eli Whitney’s

Cotton Gin

India’s Market Can Not Keep Up – 1840sBuy from America

America uses more slaves to keep up with labor demands

America has civil war over abuse of slaves

Europe can not get cotton during civil war turn

to Africa (Egypt)

Scramble for Africa – Divide up Continent

in 1884

Power

Water Power Limited

Turn to Coal & Steam

James Watt Steam Engine 1769

1814 Steam Powered Train to get more coal

Urbanization – not have to be along

rivers any more

Factories

Industrial Pollution

Health Boards

HealthCodes

Pasteur discovers

germs

New Labor Forces

(children & women

Labor Unions

Factory Act

Feminism (suffrage)

Charles Dickens/ Karl Marx

1848 Revolutions

Green RevolutionChange in Planting

1940s – India and Mexico Causes: Bengal Famine

(1943) – 4 million people died (cash crop economies), not enough food to feed increasing populations

Results: new technology (irrigation systems, cloning, genetically modified foods, herbicides, pesticides), increased food outputs; lower bio-diversity, shifting wealth

Political Revolutions

Glorious RevolutionChange from somewhat absolutism to constitutional monarchy

1688 – England Causes: monarchs becoming increasingly absolutist despite Magna Carta

(1215) and Parliament (controlled tax).1. James I thought he ruled by divine right.2. Charles I disbanded Parliament after agreeing to “Petition of Rights” to get money and then ripping it up. 3. Civil war – King vs. Parliament (headed by Oliver Cromwell) – Charles I beheaded, Cromwell creates

commonwealth4. Charles II restored to power – no heir

1. James II new monarch – but Catholic – protestant Parliament refuse to recognize James II’s son as heir – he disbands parliament.

Parliament asks William and Mary of Orange to take over government, James II flees (bloodless coup)

Result: William and Mary grant parliament “English Bill of Rights”

French RevolutionChange from absolutism to constitutional monarchy

1789-1799

Causes: absolutism of Louis XVI; American and English Example*, enlightened philosophers, economic disaster (wars, Palace of Versailles), Estates General disbanded (3rd estate – all tax, no representation)

Pattern of Revolution

Tennis Court Oath, Declaration of Rights of Man

Reign of Terror, Committee of Public Safety, Robespierre,

guillotine

DirectoryNapoleon Bonaparte

Results of French Revolution

Declaration of Rights of Man Napoleonic Code Increased Nationalism Grand Empire (except England and Russia –

scorched earth policy) Ends with limited monarchy and social unrest

“When France Sneezes Europe Catches a Cold” – 1848 unrests

Mexican Revolution – 1810Change from imperialism to nationalism

Cause: Spanish control over Latin America weakened when Bonaparte defeated, American Revolutionary example, social unrest causes by encomienda system (peninsulares had power, not mestizos or native americans)

Key Players – Hidalgo (creole priest – stirred up mestizos), Iturbide becomes president forced Spain to sign Treaty of Cordoba, Santa Anna (period of instability in government – “emperor” presidents.

Result – political freedom from Spain, but not social equality – no Bill of Rights, economics still dominated by European and American mercantalism/cash crops.

Bolshevik or “Russian” RevolutionChange autocracy to communism - 1917

Causes: Czar Nicholas II (Romanov) was autocrat – created Duma (legislative body) but disbanded it; helped cause WW1 – but had not supplied troops – massive losses at Battle of Tanneburg Forest to Germans; poverty of people – both as peasant/serfs and newly industrialized peoples.

(History of Loss – Crimean War 1855, Russo-Japanese War 1905)

Bolshevik Revolution (cont)

Key Person – Lenin with slogan “Peace, Land & Bread” w/Trotsky leading Red Guard overthrew government – Marxists

Results: Nicholas II killed, Lenin signs Treaty of Brest-Litovsk (ceding Poland and northeastern territories to Germany – leaves war), civil war between Whites (republican and non-socialists) and Reds; introduces “War Communism” (stringent price control, forced labor) – which will lead to famines and depopulation of cities;

Chinese Communist Revolution

1927-1950 Causes:1. 1911 – Sun Yat Sen overthrew Qing dynasty

(blaming it for losses in Opium War)2. 1927 – Chiang Kai-Shek followed Sun as leader of

Kuomintang party – supported nationalism and democratic ideals. Mao Zedong supported by peasants was communist.

3. 1934 – Chiang forces Mao on a Long March – many communist killed

4. WW2 – unite to fight Japan

Results of Chinese Revolution

Mao dominates supported by USSR. Establishes Cultural Revolution to get rid of

opposition. Establishes Great Leap Forward –

communes, heavy industry

Iranian Revolution - 1979

Causes: British and Soviets put Shah Reza Pahlavi in place to avoid Iran joining Nazis. Shah favored secularization and modernization – used autocratic methods (like Ataturk – forbid eastern clothing, etc.); economics dominated by foreigners like US

Key Terms: Ayatollah Khomeini (shiite caliph) promoted reactionary Islamic fundamentalism; Iran Hostage Crisis – Islamic students captured 52 US citizens in Tehran held them for 444 days (turned over on day Reagan came to office)

Results: established an Islamic Fundamental State in Iran – Shariah laws, anti-western philosophy.

Collapse of USSR – 1989/1991

Cause – economic collapse after arms and space race; Gorbachev’s perestroika (limited privatization) and glasnost (freedom of speech – Chernobyl)

Events – Fall of Berlin Wall Results – Unification of Germany, creation of

15 countries, economic problems for eastern Europe, Eastern European nations want to be part of Nato and EU.