Tuesday Lecture – Fruits and Nuts of Temperate Regions

Reading: Textbook, Chapter 3

Collect assignment – Origin of Foods

Quiz

1. What is a fruit? Give an example. Also give an example of a plant food that we eat that is not a fruit.

2. In what century, and in what part of our country did Johny Appleseed live?

Vegetable Fruits and Meaty Nuts

What is a Fruit?

Fruit = mature ovary (for a botanist)

Flowers to Fruits

Ovary (in flower)

With ovules

Fruit (with 1+ seeds)

Fruit Types

Major Distinctions:

- dry vs. fleshy

See Table 3.1, p. 54

Also Fig. 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 pages 56-57

Fruit Types

Major Distinctions:

- dry vs. fleshy

- dehiscent vs. indehiscent

See Table 3.1, p. 54

Also Fig. 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 pages 56-57

Fruit Types

Major Distinctions:

- dry vs. fleshy

- dehiscent vs. indehiscent

- product of 1 ovary vs. 2+ ovaries

See Table 3.1, p. 54

Also Fig. 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 pages 56-57

Fruit Types

Major Distinctions:

- dry vs. fleshy

- dehiscent vs. indehiscent

- product of 1 ovary vs. 2+ ovaries

- product of 1 flower vs. multiple flowers

See Table 3.1, p. 54

Also Fig. 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 pages 56-57

Fruit Types

Major Distinctions:

- dry vs. fleshy

- dehiscent vs. indehiscent

- product of 1 ovary vs. 2+ ovaries

- product of 1 flower vs. multiple flowers

See Table 3.1, p. 54

Also Fig. 3.1, 3.2, 3.3 pages 56-57

Pericarp – fruit wall

- endocarp (inside)

- mesocarp (middle)

- exocarp (outside)

Dry, Indehiscent Fruits – Achene, Grain

Achene – 1-seeded, fruit and seed wall separate

Dry, Indehiscent Fruits – Achene, Grain

Achene – 1-seeded, fruit and seed wall separate

Grain – 1-seeded, fruit and seed wall fused Chapter 5

Dry Indehiscent Fruits - NutNut – 1 seeded, enclosed by hard pericarp, surrounded by “husk”

See Figs. 3.15, 3.16, pages 70-71

Dry, Dehiscent Fruits – Follicle

Follicle – from simple ovary, splits along 1 seam only

Spiraea Fruitsmilkweed

See Figs. 3.4, p. 58

Dry, Dehiscent Fruits - Legume

Legume – from simple ovary, splits along 2 seams

Fruit of Fabaceae, only: beans, peas, lentils etc. Chapter 6

Dry, Dehiscent Fruits – Capsule

Capsule = from compound ovary, splits along >2 seams or pores

Dry, Dehiscent Fruits - Schizocarp

Schizocarp = from compound ovary, splits into 1-seeded units

Maple Schizocarp

Carrot

Fleshy Fruits from 1 Ovary - BerryBerry – multiple seeds, embedded in fleshy pulp

Fleshy Fruits from 1 Ovary - BerryBerry – multiple seeds, embedded in fleshy pulp

Seedless fruits – sterile, so no seeds develop, but still considered to be berries

Fleshy Fruits from 1 Ovary - BerryBerry – multiple seeds, embedded in fleshy pulp

Special types of Berries

Pepo – hard rind

Fleshy Fruits from 1 Ovary - BerryBerry – multiple seeds, embedded in fleshy pulp

Special types of Berries

Pepo – hard rindHesperidium – flesh = juice-filled hairs

Fleshy Fruits from 1 Ovary - BerryBerry – multiple seeds, embedded in fleshy pulp

Special types of Berries

Pepo – hard rindHesperidium – flesh = juice-filled hairs

Pome – most of flesh = hypanthium

Fleshy Fruits from 1 Ovary - Drupe

See Fig. 3.4, page 59; also Fig. 3.12, page 68

Fleshy Fruits from 1 Ovary - Drupe

See Fig. 3.4, page 59; also Fig. 3.12, page 68

Fleshy Fruits from 1 Ovary - Drupe

See Fig. 3.4, page 59; also Fig. 3.12, page 68

Fleshy Fruits from > 1 Ovary See Fig. 3.8, p. 66

Fleshy Fruits - Comparison

Fleshy Fruits from > 1 Flower

Temperate Fruit & Nut Crops

Rosaceae – Rose Family

- Apples, Pears, and Quinces

- Plums, Cherries, Peaches, Apricots, Almonds

- Strawberries, Raspberries, Blackberries

Blueberries & Cranberries

Grapes

Olives

Kiwi Fruit

Walnuts & Pecans

Pistachios

See Tables 3.2, p. 55; Table 3.5, p. 62-63

Apples, Pears, and QuincesSee Fig. 3.6, p. 64

Apple Production

Native to: Caucasus Mountains, Kazakhstan

Apple Production

Native to: Caucasus Mountains, Kazakhstan

Apple Production

Native to: Caucasus Mountains, Kazakhstan

“Seed” apples (Johnny Appleseed) – diverse

Apple Production

Native to: Caucasus Mountains, Kazakhstan

“Seed” apples (Johnny Appleseed) – diverse

Cultivars – grafted onto rootstocks

Apple Production

Native to: Caucasus Mountains, Kazakhstan

“Seed” apples (Johnny Appleseed) – diverse

Cultivars – grafted onto rootstocks

Modern Favorites: Washington State, Oregon – Red Delicious

Being Superseded By: Granny Smith, Gala, Fuji, Braeburn

Economics: production cost = $12/box; wholesale $8-12/box

Stone Fruits – Plums, Cherries, Peaches, Apricots

Stone Fruits – Plums and PeachesPlum Peach

Stone Fruits – Cherries

Berries that are not really berries

Strawberry - Fragaria

See Fig. 3.8, p. 66

Berries that are not really berriesBrambles – raspberries and blackberries

Fruit = aggregate of small drupes (drupelets)

Berries that are not really berries

Raspberry – receptacle stays behind when fruit detached

Blackberry – receptacle detaches with fruit

BoysenberryLoganberryBlack raspberry

Blackberry

Berries that are really BerriesBlueberry

CranberrySee Fig. 3.9, p. 67

Another Popular BerryGrapes - Vitis

Vineyard grapes

Muscadine grapesTable grapes

Flowers

See Fig. 3.11, p. 68

A Berry with an AccentSee Fig. 3.14, p. 70

Note: some individuals can be allergic to kiwi

Kiwi Fruit – Actinidia deliciosa (original common name = Chinese gooseberry)

Drupes Again

Olive – Olea europea

See Fig. 3.12, p. 68

Nuts to YouPecans Walnuts

See Fig. 3.15, 3.16, p. 70-71

More Nuts

Hazelnut

See Figs. 3.17, 3.18, p. 72

Chestnut - Castanea

Nuts that are not nuts

Pistachio – Pistacia vera

Almond - PrunusFig. 3.19, p. 73;

Figs. 3.20, 3.21, p. 74

Thursday Lecture – Fruits and Nuts of Warm Regions

Reading: Textbook, Chapter 4