TTC- THERMODYNAMIC THEROY OF CREATION

Pier Maria Boria Thermodynamics amp life

TTC ndash Thermodynamic Theory of Creation (Refreshed in AD 2013)

Part 1 (of 4) Entropy

11 ENTROPY

To understand the meaning of Entropy1 the first pillar of this paper it would be useful to start

with its generalized qualitative definition it is an indicator of the state of disorder of a defined

group of bodies The greater is the disorder the greater the Entropy (ldquoEntropy synonymous

with disorderrdquo Helmholtz 1821-1894)

We will proceed backwards until its first inception a strictly thermodynamic origin

To provide clarity let us consider the following situation a room containing a table and on

the table a bottle which is sealed and filled with smoke (of unknown nature) An observer can take a

photograph as a witness of the initial state of order clearly defined are the bottle the table the

smoke which occupies a well defined volume as well as the room (which constitutes our

ldquouniverserdquo) system being observed plus environment

Figure 11 ndash From the point of view of Thermodynamics the only possible spontaneous

transformation is that of increasing entropy

Opening the bottle Figure 11 will result in diffusion of the smoke into the room After a

certain period of time (letrsquos say a day) the observer will be able to record a state of increased disorder the smoke has come out of the bottle

One could imagine that after a million days the table could have disintegrated or in any case

the interaction of this universe with others (caused for example by a cataclysm) would have

resulted in the destruction of the table and the bottle and finally of the room itself the observer will

take a different photograph

Since the observations could be thought to extend over an unlimited time the photographs in

succession will indicate an increasing state of disorder in other words entropy Adopting the

language of Prigogine the transformation towards increasing entropy ldquoproducedrdquo positive entropy

(the difference in entropy between the final and initial states ge 0) while those of decreasing entropy

produce negative entropy

In parentheses we note that the inverse transformation (the smoke re-entering into the bottle)

could not occur due to at least two reasons each sufficient in themselves first the escape of smoke

1 En = inside tropien = direction in the sense of side evolution


is an asymptotic function and its concentration tends towards perfect uniformity in volume with

infinite time second without a concentration gradient it is not possible to have any movement of

mass within the expanded smoke

Proceeding backwards in history we observe that the concept of entropy makes its first entry

in physics thanks to the work of Clausius (Germany 1822-1888) who was searching for principles

of conservation which govern thermodynamics

The principles of conservation (which answers the question ldquowhat remains the

same after a transformationrdquo) represents the pillars of any scientific discipline2

Curiously he falls upon a principle of non conservation and comes to define an index of state

which someone defined as anomalous and which he called Entropy

Therefore initially the concept of entropy was strictly thermodynamic (the state of the

system under observation depends on variables such as temperature pressure and volume) while

the observation with which we started as stated are macroscopic qualitative generalizations It is understood that entropy is not an entity of conservation (except in reversible

transformations which are entirely theoretical) in transformations which can be performed in practice in which there is an interaction between the system under observation and the

environment there is an increase in entropy after the transformation (this allows a prediction of the direction which the transformation will take)

In Figure 12 is another example a ldquocoldrdquo body at temperature T1 is placed into contact with a ldquowarmrdquo body at temperature T2 the variables at play are the quantity of heat exchanged Q and the

temperature T experience tells us that the quantity of heat Q will pass from the body of higher temperature to that of lower temperature (Clausiusrsquo postulate) until an equilibrium temperature Te is

reached somewhere between the two

Figure 12 ndash For Clausiusrsquo Postulate

Clausius identifies that the relationship for the ldquoquantity of heat transformedrdquo Q between

final and initial temperatures is

0

2 We are reminded for example amongst others of the principle of conservation of energy the principle of the

conservation of Angular Momentum etc


because

Te lt T2

Clausius called Entropy the ratio S = QT

Using current thinking we can say that the heat exchanged has performed a transformation in

that

∆S gt 0

12 A NUMERICAL APPLICATION

Now we do a simple numerical example using what we call the Clausius Calorimeter

consisting of an adiabatic calorimeter containing water and a warm body (a cube of copper)

Figure 13 ndash The Clausius Calorimeter

We postulate the following conditions

bull Starting temperature of water 300 K

bull Starting temperature of copper 400 K

bull Equilibrium temperature 310 K

bull Quantity of heat exchanged 30 J

Since as it is well known the elementary variation of entropy is

introducing the thermal capacity C (mass m multiplied by itrsquos specific heat c) of the bodies we have

13 ∙ ∙ ∙ and integrating for each of the two bodies we obtain

for the copper


4

∆

∙ 0255

for the water

∆

∙ +0033

More simply we obtain the thermal capacity of each body

∆

5090 0 5

∆

5010 5

and subsequently we can calculate the total variation in entropy of our closed system

∆ ∆ + ∆ 0142 + 0165 +0023 amp () 01

As a preview to the second law of Thermodynamics

In the equation 1) we found two addends of opposite sign each one representing a ldquolocalrdquo

variation of entropy it follows that even though the total entropy of the testing universe increases

we can have local variations of opposite sign3

In fact generally when we have a thermal transformation some mass increase in temperature

and the other decrease the heat exchanged is equal and we can say

∆ 0ℎ- lt 0∆ lt 0ℎ-

that is the cooled body decreased its own enthalpy in an opposite direction to that of overheating

(the meaning of indices is obvious)

This observation will soon be useful when talking about ldquoEntropy and Liferdquo

13 ANALOGY BETWEEN ENTROPY AND WEIGHT

The content of this paragraph is not essential for the purpose of this paper However we

consider it useful to complete the understanding of entropy

Amongst the physicists of the XIX century Zeuner (Germany 1828-1907) proposed an

interesting analogy between the gravitational potential energy of a weight P and the entropy of a

mass with a heat Q and a temperature T

With reference to Figure 14 we know that the potential energy (ie the mechanical work which can be performed) of the water mass of the reservoir is L = P ∆H

3 It seems rational to accept the popular statement according to which the entropy of the astronomical universe is

indefinitely increasing in spite of our lesser knowledge of the astronomical universe (see also the ldquoAnthropic Principlerdquo)

in any case pay attention not to confuse that with testing a closed universe


5

Figure 14 ndash System to transform gravitational potential energy into mechanical energy of a

motor shaft

Zeuner studied the work obtainable from a thermal motor capable of transforming heat into

work with a Carnot Cycle4 allowing the efficiency of the heatwork transformation to be expressed

exclusively in temperature terms (as opposed to quantity of heat) which leads us to our goal In fact as is widely known the efficiency of the Carnot Cycle is

T

T

T

TT 00 1minus=minus

=η

where T-T0 is the difference in temperature between ldquosourcerdquo and ldquocoolantrdquo

Consequently introducing the quantity of heat Q into the motor the mechanical work L obtainable will be

1 ∆ ∆2

or rather the expression that appears in Figure 4 where the entropy ∆QT is a factor of

proportionality analogous to the weight P where the change in height ∆H corresponds to the change in temperature ∆T which the motor is able to produce (from ∆rdquoT lt ∆rsquoT one has in

proportion LrdquoltLrsquo with the consequence that the residual internal energy after being depleted and not able to be transformed into work will be Urdquo gt Ursquo)

We can observe that a functional tie exists between Q and T such that by increasing Q T is

increased in direct proportion (considering as constant the specific heat of the mass which runs the

cycle with no latent heat exchange) and therefore given a particular initial entropy the work

obtainable depends exclusively on the ∆T achievable

A motor which expels heat at a lower temperature produces more mechanical work at equal

ldquoconsumptionrdquo this is the purpose of the comparison between the two thermal motors in Figure 15

4 A car run on petrol will produce an Otto Cycle one on diesel a Diesel Cycle an exothermic motor will produce a Rankin

Cycle etc


6

Figure 15 ndash Comparison between the mechanical work obtained from two identical thermal motors

functioning according to the Carnot cycle for two different exhaust temperatures

(T0rdquo in case A and T0rsquo in case B)

The point of view seen above and resumed in equation 2) seems favorable to the presence of

high values of entropy tout court to avoid erroneous generalizations it needs remember that Gibbs

says that the maximum energetic gain in thermal transformations that is to obtain the maximum

ldquofree energyrdquo G is to exploit the total energy (enthalpy) H of the active mass minimizing the

entropy at discharge In fact the Gibbs equation states that

2 3 ∙ ∆

where H represents the entalpy of the mass transformed

We stress that it is necessary to compare two cases with identical initial temperature (as in

Figure 41) and to consider that it is the factor ∆T which determines the efficiency of the transformation5

Sea water contains an enormous amount of thermal energy but at a temperature T (of the source) very near to T0 (that of the coolant) in other words rendering unusable the heat it contains

we can state that sea water contains a ldquolargerdquo amount of thermal energy but no practical possibility of making a thermal motor work (the thermal difference available is ldquopractically nilrdquo)

Exactly for this reason a boiler which burns a combustible fossil material capable of achieving ldquohighrdquo temperatures enabling it to provide water at 90 degC is to be considered the perpetrator of a

grave ldquothermodynamic crimerdquo That combustible could be used with more results for example in a

cogeneration plant where water at low temperature is a ldquowasterdquo product

5 Sources at high temperature are necessary to produce thermodynamic cycles with acceptable results Our car be it Otto

or Diesel develops a temperature of around 1500 degC in the combustion chamber and give us a mechanical efficiency at the

wheels of about 35 (approx 30 remains ldquointernal energyrdquo and is expelled to the exhaust The coolant temperature is

that of the atmosphere the remainder is transformed into heat by thermal loss and passive resistances and is dispersed

mainly by the radiator)


7

14 ENTROPY AND LIFE

Livio Gratton (Italian cosmologist from Trieste died in 1991 and considered the father of

Italian Astrophysics) observed that the phenomenon ldquoliferdquo contains something singular which does

not fit in with the mechanism described up to this point The appearance of life in an electromagnetically structured universe constitutes a singular moment which cannot be explained

technically In fact an organism is alive when within itself it produces transformations of negative

entropy (that is with ∆Slt0) which contradicts the second principle Let us observe a plant seed if it is alive in conditions expected in nature it germinates

spontaneously and grows capturing carbon from the atmosphere giving body to the plant and releasing oxygen through chlorophyll synthesis

A small wheat seedling recently sprouted amongst the snow germinates and grows warming itself up at the expense of the ground (who has not observed the molten snow round the seedling

The seedlings under a thin blanket of snow poke out and are clearly visible green seedlings on a

white blanket in the middle of a dark patch of earth free from that which surrounds them)

Naturally if we were to also consider the interaction of the plant with the quanta of solar

energy and the surrounding minerals we would find that the sum of transformations has generated

positive entropy (the affirmation that the entropy of the universe tends to increase without limits is

correct)

A living animal organism should it be injured is capable of healing itself the vis vitalis as

our ancestors called it produces such an effect while a dead animal organism remains injured and

decomposes with the passing of time (increase of disorder)

One could consider the possibility of turning to entropy to define the state of life or death

about which we periodically debate even in practical cases (Terry Schiavo Eluana Englarohellip) if the organism produces negative entropy it is alive in the opposite case it is nothellip

One could also suggest a crude experimental procedure of a slightly Hitlerian nature which would settle the matter once and for all consisting of injuring an organism that has a dubious state

of life to verify its reactions in one entropic direction or the otherhellip The vis vitalis departs even if all the mechanical organs would be perfectly functional we can

think of the so called cardiac arrest (a phrase that could be a savior for the corner of the art of medicine) One could certainly object that the arrest is the cause while the departure of the vis

vitalis is the effect who knows The only certainty is that with death an irreversible process starts with the production of positive entropy and we fall back into line with the second principle

In conclusion it can be said that the property of entropy is that of an increase in every

transformation that can be performed practically (like saying in every irreversible transformation)

except in the case of living organisms

How to produce heating of the plant at the expense of the surrounding masses and to increase

the order of the molecules to the point of ldquoforcingrdquo the carbon taken from the most formless state in

existence (that of gaseous CO2) to take on the shape of a trunk giving rise to transformations of

decreasing entropy

Also an ordinary refrigerator can produce a local decrease of entropy expending some

energy in the following figure we represent the energy transformations occurring in it at the end of

the transformation we have the temperatures marked with an asterisk after the energy Q leaves the

cool body to join the warmest body with the energy Q3 that is needed for the refrigerator to run6

6 The ratio (Q2+Q+Q3)Q3 is the widely known COP (Coefficient Of Performance) of the heat pumps


Figure 16 ndash Heat pumping in a refrigerator

In this sketch the external energy Q3 appears essential and the system is open the energy Q

increase its entropy gaining the temperature T2 entering the condensator Restarting the numerical example of the Clausius calorimeter we reconfirm Q=50 J as the

heat exchanged in this condition it is easy to verify that the water temperature decreases by 10 K while the copper increases by 90 K

Assuming COP=3 we have

final temperature of water T1 = 290 K

and for the copper T2 = 490+903 = 520 K

proceeding as above it follows that

for the copper

∆ 520400 0 5 ∙ 004 002

(

for the water

∆ 290300 5 ∙ 0034 0170

(

Therefore the quantity of transformed heat Q is subject to the variation

∆ ∆ + ∆ 002 0170 015 lt 0 ( ∶

thanks to the contribution of the external energy Q3 the exchanged heat decreases its entropy

Now we will see in what way nature does the heat pumping


9

Part 2 (of 4) Boltzmannrsquos Distribution

21 THE BOLTZMANNrsquoS DISTRIBUTION

We will reply to the question after having examined the second pillar on which we base this paper Boltzmannrsquos Distribution (Ludwig Boltzmann Austria 1844-1906)

As can also be seen in excellent web pages the disorganized vibrational velocity of the molecules of a gas (but also those of liquids and solids) at a given temperature take on values

which are continuously and randomly variable following a particular distribution represented graphically in Figure 21

Figure 21 ndash Probability distribution of the velocity of molecules of a gas as a function

of the velocity itself according to Boltzmannrsquos Statistic

It is thanks to this distribution discovered by Boltzmann that living nature vegetable and animal can perform local transformations with decreasing entropy the great masters have

thought up theoretical experiments based on devices capable of selecting molecules of colder gas having higher velocities than what is thought to be the average velocity of the molecules of the

warmer gas (Maxwell the demon Polvani the choosing porter Amerio the selecting valve) to allow them to pass from a lower temperature environment to another adjacent environment with

higher temperature in this way obtaining a transformation which locally invalidates the second

principle of thermodynamics

In Figure 22 it is possible to see that at every average velocity (considered) of the ldquowarmrdquo

molecules one can find a corresponding branch of the ldquocoldrdquo curve related to those particles that

should they pass to the warmer side could cause an increase in that average velocity and therefore

of the temperature


10

Figure 22 ndashThe Maxwell demon allows the passage from the colder to the warmer

environment only of the molecules which have a velocity higher than the

weighted average velocity of the warmer molecules

It is necessary to perform a sorting of the molecules one by one with mechanical means not

available to man while the experimental observations of the type reported above would suggest

that nature is capable of it operating at a molecular level in the realm of living organisms

In Figure 23 is represented the device which allows the ldquotheoretical experimentrdquo in the form

proposed by Prof Amerio of the Polytechnic of Milano (1955) Maxwell had proposed a ldquodemonrdquo

as selector of the molecules (1867) the selection device has been the object of particular attention

on the part of Szilard (1929) and later Bennet (1981) with the scope of correctly counting the

variation of entropy in the test universe and calculate the required energy for the selection

Figure 23 ndash The selective valve allows the passage from the colder to the warmer


weighted average velocity of the warmer molecules as shown in Fig 22


These elementary applications of classic thermodynamics based on the concept of entropy

and on Bolzmannrsquos Distribution suggest to us that the phenomenon ldquoliferdquo is to be associated with a

ldquovis-vitalisrdquo external to the dissipative mechanism for which we have ample and daily experience

Obviously it is impossible for man to build a Maxwell device but in our research we have

found a very interesting observation by Jaques Monod (Nobel Prize in 1965) that confers the part of

demon to the natural enzymes7

According to this point of view we can convert the Figure 16 as follows

Figure 24 ndash The natural heat pumping performed by enzymes

and this sketch we consider as typical of the phenomenon ldquoliferdquo The role played by the vis-vitalis seems essential because the only electro-chemical energy

associated with enzymes are components easily deliverable in the biological laboratories but

nobody has been able to start life from these components8

There are those who attempt an approach to this argument with improper methods and with

arbitrary applications of the concept of probability which leads to theories that are devoid of the

required respect for a sound scientific doctrine

22 CONCLUSIONS FROM THE FIRST AND SECOND PART

Rivers of ink have been written about the origin of life to the point that it is possible to read

about the most bizarre theories that completely ignore that which is suggested by the Queen of

Physics Thermodynamics

Paleontology Biology extraterrestrials UFOs Cosmic Palingenesis and similar are all

stirred numbers equations concepts of probability principles of conservation etc are not used

7 Le hazard et la neacutecessiteacute 1970 ndash Arnoldo Mondadori Editore Spa ndash Milan ndash Pag 58

8 See the Stanley Miller experiment at the end of paragraph 54


12

correctly These are the only foundations possible for a correctly stated scientific discussion (there

is no adjective more abused than the term ldquoscientificrdquo)

The reader could (perhaps on a rainy Sunday) do some research on the ldquoprimordialrdquo soup (but

if it is not Knorr for whorsquos brand modestly in youth we made thermodynamics projects does not

taste good) on the ldquocosmic tankrdquo on the ldquotyping monkeysrdquo on the cycle of carbon and oxygen (in relation to the demonization of CO2) on the hydrological cycle (which is a substance that cannot

be ldquoconsumedrdquo as is currently heard said otherwise what cycle would it complete subjects often treated by substituting Science with ideology and making ample use of the principle of superior

authority (the ipse dixit of historical memory) upholding disjointed dogma but which are

politically correct

Sometimes one has the feeling of witnessing the squalid discourse of gossiping women by the fountain

It can be noted that in the observations made up to now we have practically not talked about energy whorsquos role in the economy of our discourse has been secondary Itrsquos the definition of the

entropy index state which changes the way to view the cosmos we would not talk of it if it were

possible to carry out reversible reactions

We would come to suspect that the irreversibility is a ldquodefectrdquo of the cosmos having the

function of forcing it to a gradual entropic enrichment (and therefore to a degeneration of energy)

such that the final form of all the energy available becomes one that is thermally and entropically

unusable therefore by virtue of what has been discussed at a certain point in the evolution of the

universe at a finite time it will not be possible to practically perform any thermodynamic cycle9

That is to say the thermal death of the universe

9 We will be further willing to suspect a decay of the cosmological properties correlated to the original sin Ah free

thought


13

Part 3 (of 4) Probability

31 PROBABILITY IN BOLTZMANNrsquoS STATISTICS

Boltzmann obtained the graph of the probability as a function of temperature postulating that

a certain number m of particles which are indistinguishable from each other (which we will call A

B C M) and a number n of possible states (a b c n) in which one or more particles (even if

m) can find themselves the presence of particles in each state could occur with different possibilities

If the identical particles are free to occupy the various states (as in the case of a gas) these could continuously exchange states between themselves (for example thanks to reciprocal impacts

as in Figure 23) whilst ldquoon averagerdquo maintaining a certain distribution subject to the conditions around them (for example temperature) a certain distribution of the possible configurations would

be typical of such conditions

Continuing with this example if by state of the particles we mean possessing a certain amount

of kinetic energy E associated with each molecule of a gas in a certain interval of values of energy

∆E there will be a stable quantity of molecules even if amongst themselves continues exchanges of

energy occur Therefore in the range of the same interval some particles enter and some leave

If for the sake of imagination in what follows particles will be considered as ldquoballsrdquo and

states as levels of energy the balls will represent the particles while the levels will represent an

interval of energy (∆E)

Let us start with a very simple case consisting of 3 particles (m=3) able to be hosted by two

levels (n=2) as illustrated in Figure 31

In the left column we see all the possible combinations In the central section we see that certain combinations repeat themselves in such a way that if the particles become indistinguishable

(column 3) they are to be considered the same amongst themselves Therefore three possibilities exist such that both the combinations 234 and 567 can occur

and only once for the combinations 1 and 8 If we ldquonormalizerdquo the possibility (expressing it in unitary or percentage terms) it assumes the

role of probability (ratio between favorable cases and possible cases) which we have done in the last column by expressing it in percentage terms as is common practice


14

Figure 31 ndash A rather simple case to demonstrate how given m=3 and n=2 it is possible to

have different probabilities for each combination


15

This allows us to draw the graph of Figure 32 where we can begin to see the

Boltzmann distribution forming

Figure 32 ndash The embryonic Boltzmann diagram increasing particles and the number of

possible states the envelope of the columns (in this particular case not yet)

acquires the characteristic asymmetric bell shape

Following in the footsteps of the great Ludwig we enter into systems which are numerically

more substantial three combinations of seven states with an arbitrary arrangement of four particles

as represented in Figure 33 the three combinations are equivalent because the particles are

indistinguishable by hypothesis


16

Figure 33 - The three configurations are equivalent if the four particles are indistinguishable

amongst themselves

Each of the n states can be associated with A B C etc (that is to each or more of the m

particles) and since a single particle can occupy each time a different state (and other particles

other states) m times the possible combinations C are ntimesntimesntimeshelliptimesn (m factors equal to n)

C = nm

We could also be convinced observing for example Figure 34 where it is assumed that n=5

(it looks like a musical stavehellip) and m=2 particles (therefore 52=25 combinations)


Figure 34 ndash Beyond the 25th beat the preceding configurations are repeated because A and B are

indistinguishable Within the range of the 25 possible configurations some are more favored

because they appear more frequently for example 6 and 22 9 and 25 etc The unoccupied

states are identified by a circle

As is fair to expect configuration 1 is least favored


18

We can arrive at the same result with a more practical method suitable also for very large

values of n and m which we will use as follows

It consists of a tabular method stolen from Combinatorial Analysis where for n and m equal to

various units it avoids the need to write hundreds or thousands of key strokes as used above

Let us take two rows and as many columns as there are states thereby obtaining a grid in

Figure 35 to verify what has been said above we have taken 2 rows and 5 columns (n=2 m=5)

Figure 35- With this grid we obtain the number of possible configurations

To further demonstrate we will build a grid for n=5 and m=4 as in Figure 36 where there are sufficient rows to progressively expose the number of particles (from 4 to 1 in the first box of

the first column of the occupancy numbers) and there are n columns


19

Figure 36 - Since 54= 625 there are 625 possible combinations the relative probabilities are

listed in the last column note the asymmetry


20

It is necessary to observe that in the figure the table of numbers of occupancy reminds

us not by chance of Tartagliarsquos Triangle while the Boltzmann type diagram that can be

associated shown in Figure 37 takes on an almost familiar shape

Figure 37 - Graphical representation of Figure 62 the bars are asymmetric


21

To provide an example and referring to Figure 36 we can see how it is possible to obtain 80

possibilities corresponding to his second line

If a box is occupied by 3 particles out of an available 4 the simple combinations of 4 objects

with 3 by 3 (as taught by the Combinatorial Analysis) are given by the binomial coefficient

6437 4

and the four possible groups of three numbers have five positions from which to choose From here 4times5=20 possibilities for the group of three numbers

The single remaining particle has the possibility of the four remaining locations and therefore has 1times4=4 possibilities

The product 20times4=80 gives us the total possibilities in the case that the particles arrange themselves in two groups one with three and one with a single particle and having five boxes

suitable It is easy to verify that we will obtain the same result considering first the single particle

having five boxes suitable (five possibilities 1x5=5) and after the three having the four remaining

(one is occupied by the single particle therefore 4x4=16 and 5x16=80)

Applying the procedure line by line it produces the results shown


22

Part 4 (of 4) Chance

41 CHANCE

A sharp-shooter shoots at a target with an excellent rifle he aims carefully chooses the

moment when his breathing will not interfere and the amount of force with which to pull the trigger so as not to move the barrel fires the shot and hits the bullrsquos-eye

Immediately afterwards he takes all the same precautions but the shot ends up being slightly off target it could have been a slight disturbance to his sight an involuntary variation in his

breathing an imperceptible abnormal movement of the finger a very slight unpredictable wind or who knows what else

The causes are many and imponderable slight if each is considered in itself but interacting differently each time ensuring that each shot has a different fate

This complex of innumerable causes of disturbance which are not controllable or predictable

and which not being able to take each into account one by one are called the Law of Probability

(Gaussrsquos Law)10

Probability for the reasons given and law thanks to Carl Friedrich Gauss (1777-1855) who

wrote an equation capable of taking into consideration in a global manner all those fleeting causes

so as to be able to predict with near accurate approximation how the shots will arrange themselves

percentage wise round the target with different distances from the bullseye The approximation will

be more accurate the greater the number of shots that are fired

Let us assume that the target is as represented in Figure 41 and is divided into two parts by

means of the section AB and that our sharpshooter fires many shots after which we count the

number of shots which hit the target in each half

Figure 41- The segmented target

If the reasons for the error are truly random (rifle without defects such that it does not tend to

deviate the shot systematically and neither does the sharpshooter have an analogous defect there is

10

The example of the sharpshooter was published by Engineer Mario Manaira in Ndeg 256 of ldquoJournal of Mechanicsrdquo

together with our first article concerning thermodynamics more than half a century ago (1961)


23

not a steady wind etc in other words there does not exist a cause which always influences with the

same bias called a systematic cause) we could note the following

1 The shots will be greater in number in the first band round the center

2 The shots will progressively decrease in number in the subsequent bands as these distance themselves further from the center until there are very few in the bands furthest away

3 The shots in the two halves right and left in any similar band will tend to have the same number and will even be identical if sufficient shots are fired

It is therefore possible to represent the phenomenon graphically as in the following figure

Figure 42 ndash The random distribution of the shots in each band and the Gaussian distribution that

would be obtained with an infinite number of shots fired

If the marksman were less capable the concentration of shots near the zero on the abscissa would reduce and the curve would flatten itself while maintaining the characteristics given and

represented in Figure 43 The first observation is that the maximum height of the curve constitutes the ldquotargetrdquo in other words the goal of the operation while the absence of systematic causes (in

antithesis of randomness) ensures the symmetry of the curve with respect to the vertical which

represents our target zero


24

Figure 43 - If the marksman is less skilled the Gaussian flattens

In the case of a systematic cause of error the curve loses its symmetry if we assume that the

test is performed with a constant wind from left to right the graph will take on the shape of Figure

44

Figure 44 ndash When the Gaussian is asymmetric it implies that the phenomenon is not ldquoentirely

randomrdquo11

Let us suppose now that our sharpshooter is blindfolded the target becomes very large and is

moved he will have to shoot blindly (randomly) left and right high and low Given that the Gauss

11

Gauss suggests that the analytical expression of the Law of Randomness is the function

2xey minus

=

where it can be seen that the curve is symmetrical with respect to the axis x=0 and decreasing both towards the left and

right of this line and has a maximum for x=0

It can be shown further that the area subtended is

π=int+infin

infinminus

minusdxe

x2

To ensure that this area is equal to unity as opposed to π appropriate steps can be taken which without

changing the general properties illustrated give the normalized Gaussrsquos Law


function still applies the probability curve will flatten itself maintaining the essential

characteristics in particular the two tails which will tend towards a tangent with the abscissa

tending towards infinity a maximum point a point of inflection and the other characteristics

illustrated in Figure 45

Figure 45 ndash Typical characteristics of a normalized Gaussian

Supposing once more that the Gauss function still applies it would be logical to expect a distribution with a curve that is so flat that it will be difficult to see a maximum point corresponding

to the center of the target it will be necessary to fire enough shots so as to occupy every position on the abscissa and to have hit with 100 certainty the bullrsquos-eye

This implies that everything is possible as long as an infinite number of shots are available

(using rhetorical language)

42 SOME PROPERTIES OF RANDOM EVENTS

The perplexities regarding the applicability of chance as referred to the blind sharpshooter

depend on the fact that the Gaussian assumes that programming has been applied to reach an

objective which implies that the operator is conscious of the objective an element which in this

case is absent

Both the existence of a program (the sharpshooter sets out to hit the bullrsquos-eye) and the

existence of an objective (the card with circles) appear to be essential to be able to talk about

chance

Another example let us imagine a machine programmed to produce a certain mechanical

piece the program is the design of the piece written in machine language and the objective is the production of the piece In mass production we will find that it is the case that despite the work

conditions being maintained the same each piece will be different to the other to the point that the pieces which exceed the tolerances (which would not allow them to be interchangeable) will be

rejected Innumerable examples could be presented identifying in every case these two characteristics

a program and an objective Statistics also operate in reverse from the measurement of a group of subjects it creates a bar

chart its envelope will be the curve of the random distribution It will give us the average of the values measured if the curve is symmetrical it will tell us that the phenomenon is not influenced by

systematic causes further it will tell us the value of the standard deviation etc


26

To fix this thought in our heads let us suppose that we want to study the average height of a

population of people who are male we make many measurements on many subjects creating bars

for every centimeter we will obtain a graph similar to Figure 46

Figure 46 ndash A practical application the Gaussian deduced from experimental measurements for

statistical purposes

In this statistical application where are the program and objective They are there they are

there they were contained in the information which the people naturally had at conception a

matter of genes and of DNA (an observation coherent with ldquoThe Kid Equationrdquo See the

ldquoIntroduction to Hyperspacerdquo12

)

These considerations lead us to think that the meaning of the word ldquochancerdquo commonly given

does not make sense that ldquochancerdquo does not exist and lead us to suspect that Anatole France had an

inspired guess when he said ldquochance is Godrsquos pseudonym when He does not want to sign his

namerdquo

This strongly agrees with what illustrious philosophers have been confirming for centuries

ldquoDeus absconditus estrdquo (Is XLV XV)

12

In our first volume ldquoCaro amico miohelliprdquo ndash Ed Pagine ndash 2010 In our second volume (ldquoVerba volant eqvuationes

manentrdquo) other considerations about a fundamental theorem of Genetics the Hardy Weinberg theorem


27

43 CHANCE amp PROBABILITY

We can now summarize some salient functions of Boltzmann and Gauss

Boltzmann

1 Deals with probability regarding the characteristics that can be assumed by many identical particles having a certain number of positions available (Dirac and Fermi deal

with particles which are distinguishable but the correct reference in our observations are the identical particles)

2 The function presents a maximum and aesthetically looks like a Gaussian but it is not symmetrical

3 It has only a single asymptote to the right of the maximum and its minimum at infinity coincides with zero the origin of the reference system

4 It is normalized so that the area subtended represents the total probability of 100

Gauss

1 Deals with chance and is applicable when an objective exists that is defined by a

program

2 The phenomenon ldquopurely by chancerdquo is represented by a curve that is symmetrical

about the axis x=0

3 The Gaussian has a maximum and no minimum at infinity

4 It possesses two asymptotes one to the right and one to the left of the maximum

5 Well defined values of probability can be associated with multiples of the standard deviation

6 It is normalized as for Boltzmannrsquos

44 THE EDDINGTONrsquoS PARADOX13

Eddingtonrsquos famous ldquoInfinite monkey theoremrdquo can be counted amongst the most discussed

paradoxes for the fact that it is often quoted by so called ldquoscientific popularizersrdquo The original assertion states ldquohellipa monkey hitting keys at random on a typewriter keyboard

for an infinite amount of times will almost surely type a given text such as the complete works of

William Shakespearerdquo

Having taken away the condition of an infinite amount of time the paradox remains acceptable

(from the moment we are able to demonstrate that a finite amount of time is sufficient) However

such a long period of time is necessary that the original statement could be seen as an hyperbolic

discussion

We have seen that random phenomena require a program in light of an objective In the case

of the typing monkeys the program could include the elimination of duplicate pages (actually the

identical pages as we will see below) and the objective could consist in the conservation of ldquogoodrdquo

pages arranged in the right sequence

Applying Boltzmannrsquos statistics let us assume that the typewriter has m=30 keys (we can think of ldquoblindrdquo keys without any writing and all identical) and that we want to write a book of

only 106

letters (a thousand typed pages) as we have observed in paragraph 31 all the possible combinations are

13

The reader can find all the details regarding these various arguments on the web


C = nm = (10

6)30

= (10)180

In other words there are 10180

possible configurations

Let us assume that the monkeys are capable of striking 10 keyssec (skilled typistshellip) the

time necessary would be

t = 10180

x 106 10 = 10

185 sec

Since we can count 1016 seconds in a billion years it is also possible to say that the time

required will be

10185

1016

= 10169

billion years (giga-years)

(let us remember that the big-bang has an age of ldquoonlyrdquo 14 billion years)

In reality the situation is even ldquoworserdquo in fact this calculation (which is generally accepted)

is wrong because we cannot talk about only thirty objects (the letters punctuation marks spaces between lines etc) to be arranged in 10

6 positions otherwise in each of 10180 configurations

obtainable we would find empty spaces up to 106-30 in each configuration

It is necessary to postulate that there are 106 letters to be arranged like conceding that the

monkeys have to insert 106 objects ie 10

6 key strokes In other words it is necessary that n = m =

106 and in this case the formula of the combinations gives us an astronomical value

6106 )10(===

mm mnC combinations

At a rhythm of 10 key strokes sec the time corresponds to

9899995005000616106 10sec101010)10(

6

equiv=sdotsdot=minust years

Figure 47 ndash Summary table of the probabilities according to Boltzmann

In realty the situation is even ldquoworserdquo still In fact in the calculation of the combinations duplicate configurations are not considered

(which necessarily must be considered as possible) in other words our monkeys could produce the same combinations several times (or two identical pages) anyway the duplications will be useless

in the compilation of our small book of only 106 letters

To this end we invoke chance (to attempt to appreciate the incidence of the repeating of

identical pages) and having constructed a Gaussian by arranging the frequency of identical pages we can reason as follows having produced all the astronomical combinations as above in the time

calculated (which we will call a cycle) the highest probability of identical pages is in pairs (which


29

we will assign the maximum position) then in threes and so on At infinity with a probability of

zero all the pages will be identical

It seems fair to presume that the standard deviation could be very large qualifying for a very

flat Gaussian and let us suppose that the pages to be rejected (one for the doubles two for the

triplets etc) are contained within the first standard deviation (as in Figure 48) then the duplicate pages to be thrown away would be about 68

Figure 48 ndash The postulated conditions (pages to be eliminated because they are duplicated equal

to the standard deviation) make 68 of the pages produced useless Iterating the cycle one could

consider the duplication of other pages however it can be demonstrated that the phenomenon

continues to imply finite times

How much does the required time increase to generalize we assume the length of a cycle to be of one unit and we identify with K the average cost of discarded pages (in the previous numerical

case K= 068) and then we observe Figure 49

Figure 49 ndash Having exhausted the first cycle identified by 1 the second of length K allows the

replacement of the duplicate pages produced in the first cycle the third of length K2 is used to

replace those produced in the second cycle and so on

The time necessary to complete the cycles required to eliminate the duplicates as they are produced will be given by the sum

suminfin

=0n

nK

which constitutes a geometric series

The Mathematical Analysis teaches us that such a series converges for 1ltK as is confirmed

in our case where it takes on the value 068

KS

minus=

1

1 and if K = 068 gives 1253

6801

1=

minus=S


30

Therefore multiplying by 3125 the time dedicated to complete a cycle (317middot105999989 billion

years) for the hypothesis made we also eliminate all the duplicate pages of our little book of 106

key strokes

Changing the value of K (always lt1) one obtains different multipliers but always of a finite

value let the reader imagine the time necessary to type all of Shakespearersquos works It must be highlighted that the monkey operation to be considered a success requires the

intervention of external intelligence capable of selecting the useful pages (like thought by Theory of

Information) and ordering them in the right sequence to obtain a final legible manuscript this

obvious necessity implies that negative entropy be introduced into the system as covered at the

beginning this is like a living being taking the trouble to ldquoput in orderrdquo otherwise the ldquopurely

randomrdquo work would be entirely useless because it will exclusively produce positive entropy

All experiments attempted by man with the goal of demonstrating the random production of

complex molecules (first building blocks of living organisms) have the defect of requiring an a

priori living system like man to arrange this production

When later chaotic physical-chemical conditions are created (temperature pressure

methane electrical arching etc) hoping to obtain that which Thermodynamics does not permit the

inventors of the moto perpetuo come to mind who never give up

The research on the ldquoprimordial souprdquo belongs to this type of experimentation a battle horse

of the followers of the ldquomaitre agrave penserrdquo of the last century and which regard in particular the laboratory experiments of Stanley Miller the goal of his research of a physical-chemical nature

was to recreate life it was an understandable but too ambitious of a project for a researcher The result was absolutely negative (Miller himself recognized it) however this last piece of information

is only whispered in scientific circles so that we still find genuine touts who speak with enthusiastic coram populo of the primordial soup and its miraculous effects14 with a self-assurance

that is truly shameful

45 CONCLUSION

On 4 July 2007 at the London Kinetics Museum a serious presentation of a perpetual motion

machine was scheduled a machine capable of supplying the user with a power greater than that

absorbed ldquoObviouslyrdquo the presentation was postponed due to ldquoa technical problemrdquo15

It would appear impossible but advocates convinced of such a motion exist and many

inventors submit patent after patent even though still in illo tempore Max Planck declared himself

to be contrary to such a possibility which violates the principles of Thermodynamics

Based on the reasoning we have developed regarding entropy probability and chance the

violation of such principles is implicit even in the attempts to obtain living organisms in a

laboratory (characterized as we have seen as being producers of negative entropy) and as such a

strong analogy can be seen between the advocates of perpetual motion and those aspiring to create

life

1 The correct application of Boltzmannrsquos statistics a phenomenon for which we call on

probability demonstrates that combinations of large numbers of particles to the point of generating complex organisms require very long periods of time in comparison the age of

the universe is but the blink of an eye

2 The probabilities take on the largest numbers in correspondence with the most disordered

configurations

14

From ldquoCorriere della Serardquo october 2008 ldquoLa vita sulla Terra Cominciograve nei vulcani con un innesco chimicordquo 15

-Source Wikipedia


3 The most ordered combinations are those which characterize organic structures and the action

of an intelligent being is necessary to select order and conserve in time the favorable

combinations

4 The phrase ldquochance phenomenonrdquo is somewhat less intuitive than what ldquocommon senserdquo

would suggest In fact the Gaussian perspective implies that such phenomena are necessarily

associated with a program this program implies the existence of an objective around which

we have an increased concentration of events

5 In every case it is necessary to postulate the existence of an intelligent design without which

the configurations and the favorable events constitute events without any functional link

between themselves

6 The existence of life as a producer of negative entropy on a continuous basis (not cyclical) is a fact visible with our own eyes

All this leads us to support the existence of a Co-ordinating Entity which possesses life ldquoa

priorirdquo and which is capable of transmitting it to animals (animalis homo included) and vegetation It can be noted that the two living systems animal and vegetable complement each other in the

sense that the design requires that emissions from the first (CO2) are the nutrients for the second and the byproducts of the second (O2) are essential for the first the carbon and oxygen cycles look

like they have been designed According to the author there is only one explanation we are in the presence of the greatest

Design Physicist of all times God the Creator

This is what we call Him as Christians while Israelites call Him Jehovah the Ishmaelites

Allah the Masons GADU (Great Architect of the Universe) etc

In other terms

the Creation is a thermodynamic necessity

Amen


is an asymptotic function and its concentration tends towards perfect uniformity in volume with

infinite time second without a concentration gradient it is not possible to have any movement of

mass within the expanded smoke

Proceeding backwards in history we observe that the concept of entropy makes its first entry

in physics thanks to the work of Clausius (Germany 1822-1888) who was searching for principles

of conservation which govern thermodynamics

The principles of conservation (which answers the question ldquowhat remains the

same after a transformationrdquo) represents the pillars of any scientific discipline2

Curiously he falls upon a principle of non conservation and comes to define an index of state

which someone defined as anomalous and which he called Entropy

Therefore initially the concept of entropy was strictly thermodynamic (the state of the

system under observation depends on variables such as temperature pressure and volume) while

the observation with which we started as stated are macroscopic qualitative generalizations It is understood that entropy is not an entity of conservation (except in reversible

transformations which are entirely theoretical) in transformations which can be performed in practice in which there is an interaction between the system under observation and the

environment there is an increase in entropy after the transformation (this allows a prediction of the direction which the transformation will take)

In Figure 12 is another example a ldquocoldrdquo body at temperature T1 is placed into contact with a ldquowarmrdquo body at temperature T2 the variables at play are the quantity of heat exchanged Q and the

temperature T experience tells us that the quantity of heat Q will pass from the body of higher temperature to that of lower temperature (Clausiusrsquo postulate) until an equilibrium temperature Te is

reached somewhere between the two

Figure 12 ndash For Clausiusrsquo Postulate

Clausius identifies that the relationship for the ldquoquantity of heat transformedrdquo Q between

final and initial temperatures is

0

2 We are reminded for example amongst others of the principle of conservation of energy the principle of the

conservation of Angular Momentum etc


because

Te lt T2



that

∆S gt 0













for the copper


4

∆

∙ 0255

for the water

∆

∙ +0033


∆

5090 0 5

∆

5010 5


∆ ∆ + ∆ 0142 + 0165 +0023 amp () 01







∆ 0ℎ- lt 0∆ lt 0ℎ-















5


motor shaft




T

T

T

TT 00 1minus=minus

=η



1 ∆ ∆2











Cycle etc


6









2 3 ∙ ∆















7

14 ENTROPY AND LIFE













correct)
















decreasing entropy















for the copper

∆ 520400 0 5 ∙ 004 002

(

for the water

∆ 290300 5 ∙ 0034 0170

(


∆ ∆ + ∆ 002 0170 015 lt 0 ( ∶




9
















of the temperature


10







































12








politically correct












thought


13
























14




15











16


amongst themselves




C = nm










18











19




20






21





6437 4









22


41 CHANCE








(Gaussrsquos Law)10












10




23














24




44


randomrdquo11



11


2xey minus

=




π=int+infin

infinminus

minusdxe

x2

















case is absent



chance









26










)




namerdquo



12




27



Boltzmann






Gauss


program


about the axis x=0













discussion






only 106


13



C = nm = (10

6)30

= (10)180





t = 10180

x 106 10 = 10

185 sec


required will be

10185

1016

= 10169











6106 )10(===

mm mnC combinations


9899995005000616106 10sec101010)10(

6










29
















suminfin

=0n

nK




KS

minus=

1


6801

1=

minus=S


30



key strokes



















45 CONCLUSION











life





configurations

14


-Source Wikipedia




combinations







between themselves









In other terms


Amen


because

Te lt T2



that

∆S gt 0













for the copper


4

∆

∙ 0255

for the water

∆

∙ +0033


∆

5090 0 5

∆

5010 5


∆ ∆ + ∆ 0142 + 0165 +0023 amp () 01







∆ 0ℎ- lt 0∆ lt 0ℎ-















5


motor shaft




T

T

T

TT 00 1minus=minus

=η



1 ∆ ∆2











Cycle etc


6









2 3 ∙ ∆















7

14 ENTROPY AND LIFE













correct)
















decreasing entropy















for the copper

∆ 520400 0 5 ∙ 004 002

(

for the water

∆ 290300 5 ∙ 0034 0170

(


∆ ∆ + ∆ 002 0170 015 lt 0 ( ∶




9
















of the temperature


10







































12








politically correct












thought


13
























14




15











16


amongst themselves




C = nm










18











19




20






21





6437 4









22


41 CHANCE








(Gaussrsquos Law)10












10




23














24




44


randomrdquo11



11


2xey minus

=




π=int+infin

infinminus

minusdxe

x2

















case is absent



chance









26










)




namerdquo



12




27



Boltzmann






Gauss


program


about the axis x=0













discussion






only 106


13



C = nm = (10

6)30

= (10)180





t = 10180

x 106 10 = 10

185 sec


required will be

10185

1016

= 10169











6106 )10(===

mm mnC combinations


9899995005000616106 10sec101010)10(

6










29
















suminfin

=0n

nK




KS

minus=

1


6801

1=

minus=S


30



key strokes



















45 CONCLUSION











life





configurations

14


-Source Wikipedia




combinations







between themselves









In other terms


Amen


4

∆

∙ 0255

for the water

∆

∙ +0033


∆

5090 0 5

∆

5010 5


∆ ∆ + ∆ 0142 + 0165 +0023 amp () 01







∆ 0ℎ- lt 0∆ lt 0ℎ-















5


motor shaft




T

T

T

TT 00 1minus=minus

=η



1 ∆ ∆2











Cycle etc


6









2 3 ∙ ∆















7

14 ENTROPY AND LIFE













correct)
















decreasing entropy















for the copper

∆ 520400 0 5 ∙ 004 002

(

for the water

∆ 290300 5 ∙ 0034 0170

(


∆ ∆ + ∆ 002 0170 015 lt 0 ( ∶




9
















of the temperature


10







































12








politically correct












thought


13
























14




15











16


amongst themselves




C = nm










18











19




20






21





6437 4









22


41 CHANCE








(Gaussrsquos Law)10












10




23














24




44


randomrdquo11



11


2xey minus

=




π=int+infin

infinminus

minusdxe

x2

















case is absent



chance









26










)




namerdquo



12




27



Boltzmann






Gauss


program


about the axis x=0













discussion






only 106


13



C = nm = (10

6)30

= (10)180





t = 10180

x 106 10 = 10

185 sec


required will be

10185

1016

= 10169











6106 )10(===

mm mnC combinations


9899995005000616106 10sec101010)10(

6










29
















suminfin

=0n

nK




KS

minus=

1


6801

1=

minus=S


30



key strokes



















45 CONCLUSION











life





configurations

14


-Source Wikipedia




combinations







between themselves









In other terms


Amen


5


motor shaft




T

T

T

TT 00 1minus=minus

=η



1 ∆ ∆2











Cycle etc


6









2 3 ∙ ∆















7

14 ENTROPY AND LIFE













correct)
















decreasing entropy















for the copper

∆ 520400 0 5 ∙ 004 002

(

for the water

∆ 290300 5 ∙ 0034 0170

(


∆ ∆ + ∆ 002 0170 015 lt 0 ( ∶




9
















of the temperature


10







































12








politically correct












thought


13
























14




15











16


amongst themselves




C = nm










18











19




20






21





6437 4









22


41 CHANCE








(Gaussrsquos Law)10












10




23














24




44


randomrdquo11



11


2xey minus

=




π=int+infin

infinminus

minusdxe

x2

















case is absent



chance









26










)




namerdquo



12




27



Boltzmann






Gauss


program


about the axis x=0













discussion






only 106


13



C = nm = (10

6)30

= (10)180





t = 10180

x 106 10 = 10

185 sec


required will be

10185

1016

= 10169











6106 )10(===

mm mnC combinations


9899995005000616106 10sec101010)10(

6










29
















suminfin

=0n

nK




KS

minus=

1


6801

1=

minus=S


30



key strokes



















45 CONCLUSION











life





configurations

14


-Source Wikipedia




combinations







between themselves









In other terms


Amen


6









2 3 ∙ ∆















7

14 ENTROPY AND LIFE













correct)
















decreasing entropy















for the copper

∆ 520400 0 5 ∙ 004 002

(

for the water

∆ 290300 5 ∙ 0034 0170

(


∆ ∆ + ∆ 002 0170 015 lt 0 ( ∶




9
















of the temperature


10







































12








politically correct












thought


13
























14




15











16


amongst themselves




C = nm










18











19




20






21





6437 4









22


41 CHANCE








(Gaussrsquos Law)10












10




23














24




44


randomrdquo11



11


2xey minus

=




π=int+infin

infinminus

minusdxe

x2

















case is absent



chance









26










)




namerdquo



12




27



Boltzmann






Gauss


program


about the axis x=0













discussion






only 106


13



C = nm = (10

6)30

= (10)180





t = 10180

x 106 10 = 10

185 sec


required will be

10185

1016

= 10169











6106 )10(===

mm mnC combinations


9899995005000616106 10sec101010)10(

6










29
















suminfin

=0n

nK




KS

minus=

1


6801

1=

minus=S


30



key strokes



















45 CONCLUSION











life





configurations

14


-Source Wikipedia




combinations







between themselves









In other terms


Amen


7

14 ENTROPY AND LIFE













correct)
















decreasing entropy















for the copper

∆ 520400 0 5 ∙ 004 002

(

for the water

∆ 290300 5 ∙ 0034 0170

(


∆ ∆ + ∆ 002 0170 015 lt 0 ( ∶




9
















of the temperature


10







































12








politically correct












thought


13
























14




15











16


amongst themselves




C = nm










18











19




20






21





6437 4









22


41 CHANCE








(Gaussrsquos Law)10












10




23














24




44


randomrdquo11



11


2xey minus

=




π=int+infin

infinminus

minusdxe

x2

















case is absent



chance









26










)




namerdquo



12




27



Boltzmann






Gauss


program


about the axis x=0













discussion






only 106


13



C = nm = (10

6)30

= (10)180





t = 10180

x 106 10 = 10

185 sec


required will be

10185

1016

= 10169











6106 )10(===

mm mnC combinations


9899995005000616106 10sec101010)10(

6










29
















suminfin

=0n

nK




KS

minus=

1


6801

1=

minus=S


30



key strokes



















45 CONCLUSION











life





configurations

14


-Source Wikipedia




combinations







between themselves









In other terms


Amen










for the copper

∆ 520400 0 5 ∙ 004 002

(

for the water

∆ 290300 5 ∙ 0034 0170

(


∆ ∆ + ∆ 002 0170 015 lt 0 ( ∶




9
















of the temperature


10







































12








politically correct












thought


13
























14




15











16


amongst themselves




C = nm










18











19




20






21





6437 4









22


41 CHANCE








(Gaussrsquos Law)10












10




23














24




44


randomrdquo11



11


2xey minus

=




π=int+infin

infinminus

minusdxe

x2

















case is absent



chance









26










)




namerdquo



12




27



Boltzmann






Gauss


program


about the axis x=0













discussion






only 106


13



C = nm = (10

6)30

= (10)180





t = 10180

x 106 10 = 10

185 sec


required will be

10185

1016

= 10169











6106 )10(===

mm mnC combinations


9899995005000616106 10sec101010)10(

6










29
















suminfin

=0n

nK




KS

minus=

1


6801

1=

minus=S


30



key strokes



















45 CONCLUSION











life





configurations

14


-Source Wikipedia




combinations







between themselves









In other terms


Amen


9
















of the temperature


10







































12








politically correct












thought


13
























14




15











16


amongst themselves




C = nm










18











19




20






21





6437 4









22


41 CHANCE








(Gaussrsquos Law)10












10




23














24




44


randomrdquo11



11


2xey minus

=




π=int+infin

infinminus

minusdxe

x2

















case is absent



chance









26










)




namerdquo



12




27



Boltzmann






Gauss


program


about the axis x=0













discussion






only 106


13



C = nm = (10

6)30

= (10)180





t = 10180

x 106 10 = 10

185 sec


required will be

10185

1016

= 10169











6106 )10(===

mm mnC combinations


9899995005000616106 10sec101010)10(

6










29
















suminfin

=0n

nK




KS

minus=

1


6801

1=

minus=S


30



key strokes



















45 CONCLUSION











life





configurations

14


-Source Wikipedia




combinations







between themselves









In other terms


Amen


10







































12








politically correct












thought


13
























14




15











16


amongst themselves




C = nm










18











19




20






21





6437 4









22


41 CHANCE








(Gaussrsquos Law)10












10




23














24




44


randomrdquo11



11


2xey minus

=




π=int+infin

infinminus

minusdxe

x2

















case is absent



chance









26










)




namerdquo



12




27



Boltzmann






Gauss


program


about the axis x=0













discussion






only 106


13



C = nm = (10

6)30

= (10)180





t = 10180

x 106 10 = 10

185 sec


required will be

10185

1016

= 10169











6106 )10(===

mm mnC combinations


9899995005000616106 10sec101010)10(

6










29
















suminfin

=0n

nK




KS

minus=

1


6801

1=

minus=S


30



key strokes



















45 CONCLUSION











life





configurations

14


-Source Wikipedia




combinations







between themselves









In other terms


Amen

























12








politically correct












thought


13
























14




15











16


amongst themselves




C = nm










18











19




20






21





6437 4









22


41 CHANCE








(Gaussrsquos Law)10












10




23














24




44


randomrdquo11



11


2xey minus

=




π=int+infin

infinminus

minusdxe

x2

















case is absent



chance









26










)




namerdquo



12




27



Boltzmann






Gauss


program


about the axis x=0













discussion






only 106


13



C = nm = (10

6)30

= (10)180





t = 10180

x 106 10 = 10

185 sec


required will be

10185

1016

= 10169











6106 )10(===

mm mnC combinations


9899995005000616106 10sec101010)10(

6










29
















suminfin

=0n

nK




KS

minus=

1


6801

1=

minus=S


30



key strokes



















45 CONCLUSION











life





configurations

14


-Source Wikipedia




combinations







between themselves









In other terms


Amen


13
























14




15











16


amongst themselves




C = nm










18











19




20






21





6437 4









22


41 CHANCE








(Gaussrsquos Law)10












10




23














24




44


randomrdquo11



11


2xey minus

=




π=int+infin

infinminus

minusdxe

x2

















case is absent



chance









26










)




namerdquo



12




27



Boltzmann






Gauss


program


about the axis x=0













discussion






only 106


13



C = nm = (10

6)30

= (10)180





t = 10180

x 106 10 = 10

185 sec


required will be

10185

1016

= 10169











6106 )10(===

mm mnC combinations


9899995005000616106 10sec101010)10(

6










29
















suminfin

=0n

nK




KS

minus=

1


6801

1=

minus=S


30



key strokes



















45 CONCLUSION











life





configurations

14


-Source Wikipedia




combinations







between themselves









In other terms


Amen


14




15











16


amongst themselves




C = nm










18











19




20






21





6437 4









22


41 CHANCE








(Gaussrsquos Law)10












10




23














24




44


randomrdquo11



11


2xey minus

=




π=int+infin

infinminus

minusdxe

x2

















case is absent



chance









26










)




namerdquo



12




27



Boltzmann






Gauss


program


about the axis x=0













discussion






only 106


13



C = nm = (10

6)30

= (10)180





t = 10180

x 106 10 = 10

185 sec


required will be

10185

1016

= 10169











6106 )10(===

mm mnC combinations


9899995005000616106 10sec101010)10(

6










29
















suminfin

=0n

nK




KS

minus=

1


6801

1=

minus=S


30



key strokes



















45 CONCLUSION











life





configurations

14


-Source Wikipedia




combinations







between themselves









In other terms


Amen


15











16


amongst themselves




C = nm










18











19




20






21





6437 4









22


41 CHANCE








(Gaussrsquos Law)10












10




23














24




44


randomrdquo11



11


2xey minus

=




π=int+infin

infinminus

minusdxe

x2

















case is absent



chance









26










)




namerdquo



12




27



Boltzmann






Gauss


program


about the axis x=0













discussion






only 106


13



C = nm = (10

6)30

= (10)180





t = 10180

x 106 10 = 10

185 sec


required will be

10185

1016

= 10169











6106 )10(===

mm mnC combinations


9899995005000616106 10sec101010)10(

6










29
















suminfin

=0n

nK




KS

minus=

1


6801

1=

minus=S


30



key strokes



















45 CONCLUSION











life





configurations

14


-Source Wikipedia




combinations







between themselves









In other terms


Amen


16


amongst themselves




C = nm










18











19




20






21





6437 4









22


41 CHANCE








(Gaussrsquos Law)10












10




23














24




44


randomrdquo11



11


2xey minus

=




π=int+infin

infinminus

minusdxe

x2

















case is absent



chance









26










)




namerdquo



12




27



Boltzmann






Gauss


program


about the axis x=0













discussion






only 106


13



C = nm = (10

6)30

= (10)180





t = 10180

x 106 10 = 10

185 sec


required will be

10185

1016

= 10169











6106 )10(===

mm mnC combinations


9899995005000616106 10sec101010)10(

6










29
















suminfin

=0n

nK




KS

minus=

1


6801

1=

minus=S


30



key strokes



















45 CONCLUSION











life





configurations

14


-Source Wikipedia




combinations







between themselves









In other terms


Amen








18











19




20






21





6437 4









22


41 CHANCE








(Gaussrsquos Law)10












10




23














24




44


randomrdquo11



11


2xey minus

=




π=int+infin

infinminus

minusdxe

x2

















case is absent



chance









26










)




namerdquo



12




27



Boltzmann






Gauss


program


about the axis x=0













discussion






only 106


13



C = nm = (10

6)30

= (10)180





t = 10180

x 106 10 = 10

185 sec


required will be

10185

1016

= 10169











6106 )10(===

mm mnC combinations


9899995005000616106 10sec101010)10(

6










29
















suminfin

=0n

nK




KS

minus=

1


6801

1=

minus=S


30



key strokes



















45 CONCLUSION











life





configurations

14


-Source Wikipedia




combinations







between themselves









In other terms


Amen


19




20






21





6437 4









22


41 CHANCE








(Gaussrsquos Law)10












10




23














24




44


randomrdquo11



11


2xey minus

=




π=int+infin

infinminus

minusdxe

x2

















case is absent



chance









26










)




namerdquo



12




27



Boltzmann






Gauss


program


about the axis x=0













discussion






only 106


13



C = nm = (10

6)30

= (10)180





t = 10180

x 106 10 = 10

185 sec


required will be

10185

1016

= 10169











6106 )10(===

mm mnC combinations


9899995005000616106 10sec101010)10(

6










29
















suminfin

=0n

nK




KS

minus=

1


6801

1=

minus=S


30



key strokes



















45 CONCLUSION











life





configurations

14


-Source Wikipedia




combinations







between themselves









In other terms


Amen


20






21





6437 4









22


41 CHANCE








(Gaussrsquos Law)10












10




23














24




44


randomrdquo11



11


2xey minus

=




π=int+infin

infinminus

minusdxe

x2

















case is absent



chance









26










)




namerdquo



12




27



Boltzmann






Gauss


program


about the axis x=0













discussion






only 106


13



C = nm = (10

6)30

= (10)180





t = 10180

x 106 10 = 10

185 sec


required will be

10185

1016

= 10169











6106 )10(===

mm mnC combinations


9899995005000616106 10sec101010)10(

6










29
















suminfin

=0n

nK




KS

minus=

1


6801

1=

minus=S


30



key strokes



















45 CONCLUSION











life





configurations

14


-Source Wikipedia




combinations







between themselves









In other terms


Amen


21





6437 4









22


41 CHANCE








(Gaussrsquos Law)10












10




23














24




44


randomrdquo11



11


2xey minus

=




π=int+infin

infinminus

minusdxe

x2

















case is absent



chance









26










)




namerdquo



12




27



Boltzmann






Gauss


program


about the axis x=0













discussion






only 106


13



C = nm = (10

6)30

= (10)180





t = 10180

x 106 10 = 10

185 sec


required will be

10185

1016

= 10169











6106 )10(===

mm mnC combinations


9899995005000616106 10sec101010)10(

6










29
















suminfin

=0n

nK




KS

minus=

1


6801

1=

minus=S


30



key strokes



















45 CONCLUSION











life





configurations

14


-Source Wikipedia




combinations







between themselves









In other terms


Amen


22


41 CHANCE








(Gaussrsquos Law)10












10




23














24




44


randomrdquo11



11


2xey minus

=




π=int+infin

infinminus

minusdxe

x2

















case is absent



chance









26










)




namerdquo



12




27



Boltzmann






Gauss


program


about the axis x=0













discussion






only 106


13



C = nm = (10

6)30

= (10)180





t = 10180

x 106 10 = 10

185 sec


required will be

10185

1016

= 10169











6106 )10(===

mm mnC combinations


9899995005000616106 10sec101010)10(

6










29
















suminfin

=0n

nK




KS

minus=

1


6801

1=

minus=S


30



key strokes



















45 CONCLUSION











life





configurations

14


-Source Wikipedia




combinations







between themselves









In other terms


Amen


23














24




44


randomrdquo11



11


2xey minus

=




π=int+infin

infinminus

minusdxe

x2

















case is absent



chance









26










)




namerdquo



12




27



Boltzmann






Gauss


program


about the axis x=0













discussion






only 106


13



C = nm = (10

6)30

= (10)180





t = 10180

x 106 10 = 10

185 sec


required will be

10185

1016

= 10169











6106 )10(===

mm mnC combinations


9899995005000616106 10sec101010)10(

6










29
















suminfin

=0n

nK




KS

minus=

1


6801

1=

minus=S


30



key strokes



















45 CONCLUSION











life





configurations

14


-Source Wikipedia




combinations







between themselves









In other terms


Amen


24




44


randomrdquo11



11


2xey minus

=




π=int+infin

infinminus

minusdxe

x2

















case is absent



chance









26










)




namerdquo



12




27



Boltzmann






Gauss


program


about the axis x=0













discussion






only 106


13



C = nm = (10

6)30

= (10)180





t = 10180

x 106 10 = 10

185 sec


required will be

10185

1016

= 10169











6106 )10(===

mm mnC combinations


9899995005000616106 10sec101010)10(

6










29
















suminfin

=0n

nK




KS

minus=

1


6801

1=

minus=S


30



key strokes



















45 CONCLUSION











life





configurations

14


-Source Wikipedia




combinations







between themselves









In other terms


Amen















case is absent



chance









26










)




namerdquo



12




27



Boltzmann






Gauss


program


about the axis x=0













discussion






only 106


13



C = nm = (10

6)30

= (10)180





t = 10180

x 106 10 = 10

185 sec


required will be

10185

1016

= 10169











6106 )10(===

mm mnC combinations


9899995005000616106 10sec101010)10(

6










29
















suminfin

=0n

nK




KS

minus=

1


6801

1=

minus=S


30



key strokes



















45 CONCLUSION











life





configurations

14


-Source Wikipedia




combinations







between themselves









In other terms


Amen


26










)




namerdquo



12




27



Boltzmann






Gauss


program


about the axis x=0













discussion






only 106


13



C = nm = (10

6)30

= (10)180





t = 10180

x 106 10 = 10

185 sec


required will be

10185

1016

= 10169











6106 )10(===

mm mnC combinations


9899995005000616106 10sec101010)10(

6










29
















suminfin

=0n

nK




KS

minus=

1


6801

1=

minus=S


30



key strokes



















45 CONCLUSION











life





configurations

14


-Source Wikipedia




combinations







between themselves









In other terms


Amen


27



Boltzmann






Gauss


program


about the axis x=0













discussion






only 106


13



C = nm = (10

6)30

= (10)180





t = 10180

x 106 10 = 10

185 sec


required will be

10185

1016

= 10169











6106 )10(===

mm mnC combinations


9899995005000616106 10sec101010)10(

6










29
















suminfin

=0n

nK




KS

minus=

1


6801

1=

minus=S


30



key strokes



















45 CONCLUSION











life





configurations

14


-Source Wikipedia




combinations







between themselves









In other terms


Amen


C = nm = (10

6)30

= (10)180





t = 10180

x 106 10 = 10

185 sec


required will be

10185

1016

= 10169











6106 )10(===

mm mnC combinations


9899995005000616106 10sec101010)10(

6










29
















suminfin

=0n

nK




KS

minus=

1


6801

1=

minus=S


30



key strokes



















45 CONCLUSION











life





configurations

14


-Source Wikipedia




combinations







between themselves









In other terms


Amen


29
















suminfin

=0n

nK




KS

minus=

1


6801

1=

minus=S


30



key strokes



















45 CONCLUSION











life





configurations

14


-Source Wikipedia




combinations







between themselves









In other terms


Amen


30



key strokes



















45 CONCLUSION











life





configurations

14


-Source Wikipedia




combinations







between themselves









In other terms


Amen




combinations







between themselves









In other terms


Amen

TTC- THERMODYNAMIC THEROY OF CREATION

Documents

Transcript of TTC- THERMODYNAMIC THEROY OF CREATION