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JUDGING HISTORY: REMEMBERING COLUMBUS

Christopher Columbus has been celebrated as a hero that discovered the New World and brought the Americas into the modern civilized age. Others accuse him of being responsible for the fall of American Empires—like the Inca and Aztecs—and the deaths of millions of native people.

Questions that must be answered for this trial*:

Issue 1: How did the Americas change after 1492?

Issue 2: How should we remember Christopher Columbus?

*The format for this cumulative activity is a court room trial; however we will modify the regular court room procedure to get at the above issues. We will not be determining guilt, but rather exploring how to think about this historical figure and to come to some of our own conclusions.

TRIAL DATE: MY ROLE:

TRIAL AND DOCUMENT PACKET

ROLES:

Witnesses to Give Testimony about Issue 1 (in order)Prince Henry of Portugal Tlaxcala WarriorQueen Isabella Bartolome de las CasasChristopher Columbus Juan Gines de SepulvedaHernan Cortes MesoAmerican Encomienda laborerMontezuma Olaudah Equiano

Contemporary Civic OrganizationsUnited Confederation of Taíno People – 3 AttorneysYour job is to convince the jury about Issue 2.

Knights of Columbus – 3 Attorneys Your job is to convince the jury about Issue 2.

Supporting Roles3 Judges – Your job is to control the proceedings and to ask clarification questions to the speakers .

Jury Members – Your job is to listen to the evidence and to determine answers for Issue 2

Journalists – Your job is to report the court’s conclusions to the class.

TRIAL PROCEDURE:

1. Judges call court into session and state the reasons for the trial.2. Witnesses in order give testimony about:

- Who they are- What they did and why- Issue 1 (Judges ask any clarification questions.)

3. United Confederation of Taíno People (UCTP) delivers opening statement about Issue 2.

4. Knights of Columbus (KC) delivers opening statement about Issue 2.

5. UCTP recalls any witnesses for further questioning (maximum of 2 witnesses with 3 questions for each).

6. KC cross-examines witnesses (max 3 questions per witness).7. KC recalls any witnesses for further questioning (maximum of 2

witnesses with 3 questions for each).

8. UCTP cross-examines witnesses (max 3 questions per witness).9. UCTP delivers a closing statement.10. KC delivers a closing statement.11. Jury deliberates on Issue 2 and reports findings.

General Case Introduction

Christopher Columbus first encountered the Taino people upon his arrival to the island of Hispaniola in 1492. Columbus’ arrival began a new push for previously unknown resources and materials in Europe. The following decades of exchange between led to increasing European presence in the “New World,” and a large number of casualties among the people of the Americas.

Main PartiesChristopher Columbus and European Conquistadors

An Italian explorer, he sailed West with funding from the Spanish King and Queen, to find a cheaper alternative route to the Far East (China and India). He unexpectedly hit the island of Hispaniola on his journey to the East, and claimed that despite the presence of the Taino people, the land rightfully belonged to Spain. After Columbus’ first journey, he and other European explorers returned and began to make contact with more people in the Americas.

The Peoples of the AmericasFrom the Aztec and Mayan Empires in Mesoamerica, to the Incas in South America, the people living in the western hemisphere had developed advanced civilizations independent of European influence for thousands of years. These civilizations were not peaceful, but had waged war on others to build Empires. Some groups, like the Taino or the Tlaxcala, were not as advanced as the Empires, but had their own culture and traditions. When Columbus arrived, he met the Taino people living on the island of Hispaniola. Despite their presence, Columbus claimed that he made a “new discovery” and began to take natural resources and even people from the Americas as the property of Spain. This began a new system of slavery and the spread of disease that destroyed the native population of the Americas, wiping out once powerful empires.

Evidence Log for Columbus Trial

1. Marco Polo’s writing about China and the East Indies2. Control of Trade Routes3. Technology that Spread Across the Silk Road4. The Reconquista5. Testimony from Prince Henry of Portugal (date unknown)6. -7. Maps of Explorations8. Letter from Columbus, 15009. Description of Aztec Daily Life pre-149210. Letter: Hernan Cortes to Charles V 11-13. Various documents of life in Tenochtitlan during the Aztec period (pre-1520)

14. Image of Columbus and Queen Isabella15. Letter: Columbus to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella16-17. Journal of Christopher Columbus, Excerpts18. Letter from Columbus to Spain, 149319. Cortes’ Route to Mesoamerica20. Cortes and the Tlaxcala21-22. Description of Cortes’ Arrival in Mexico & Tenochtitlan23-24. Eyewitness Accounts of Spanish arrival in Tenochtitlan25. Speech, Juan Gines de Sepulveda 154726. Bartolome de las Casas from the History of the Indies, 155227. Confession of Leguizamo, 158928. Engraving, Theodore De Bry29-30. Smallpox Outbreak Statistics31. Columbian Exchange32. Encomienda System33. Account of Olaudah Equiano34. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Statistics35-36. Fenwick Letters, 19th century37. Olaudah Equiano on the Treatment of Slaves in the West Indies38. Knights of Columbus History39. United Confederation of Taino People Article 1

Using the Evidence LogThis log has been provided to witnesses, members of the prosecution and the defense, judges and the jury. Everyone will be able to use this evidence to support their arguments however they see fit. Everyone is also welcome to research additional background materials to inform their case.

Questions to think about while reading the documents:o Who was the author?o When was it written?o What do you think was the purpose of this document?o What conclusion about Columbus would this document support, and why? Cite

specific lines from the document.

Note About Supplemental Documents:

These are not required to complete the DBQ or to meet standards for the Columbus trial. However, they are necessary to get an exceeds on these assessments.

1. Marco Polo Writes about China and the East IndiesMarco Polo (1254-1324), an Italian merchant, traveled along the Silk Road to China and India and recorded what he saw. Many Europeans would later read his account of his travels, including Christopher Columbus.

Here is Marco Polo writing about Beijing, in China:

"I assure you that the streets are so broad and straight that from the top of the wall above one gate you can see along the whole length of the road to the gate opposite. The city is full of fine mansions, inns, and dwelling-houses. All the way down the sides of every main street there are booths and shops of every sort.”

“The Hall of the Palace is so large that it could easily dine 6000 people; and it is quite a marvel to see how many rooms there are besides. The building is altogether so vast, so rich, and so beautiful, that no man on earth could design anything superior to it. The outside of the roof also is all colored with vermilion and yellow and green and blue and other hues, which are fixed with a varnish so fine and exquisite that they shine like crystal, and lend a resplendent lustre to the Palace as seen for a great way round. This roof is made too with such strength and solidity that it is fit to last forever.

You must know also that the [nearby] city of Kinsay has some 3000 baths, the water of which is supplied by springs. They are hot baths, and the people take great delight in them, frequenting them several times a month, for they are very cleanly in their persons. They are the finest and largest baths in the world; large enough for 100 persons to bathe together.”

What does Marco Polo think of China? Use specific evidence.

Why was this description interesting to Europeans of the time?

Here is Marco Polo writing about the East Indies (What is today Indonesia):

“When you sail from Champa, one thousand five hundred miles in a course between south and southeast, you come to a great island called Java. It is subject to a great king and tributary to no one else in the world. The people are idolaters. The island is of surpassing wealth, producing black pepper, nutmegs, spikenard, galingale, cubebs, cloves, and all other kinds of spices. This island is also frequented by a vast amount of shipping, and by merchants who buy and sell costly goods from which they reap great profit. Indeed the treasure of this island is so great as to be past telling.”

Why were the East Indies so interesting to Europeans of the time? Explain.

2. Control of Trade Routes. - World History: Patterns of Interaction. Eds: Beck, et al. McDougal Littell, 2005. page 530

The Muslims and the Italians controlled the trade of goods from East to West. Muslims sold Asian goods to Italian merchants, who controlled trade across the land routes of the Mediterranean region. The Italian merchants resold the items at increased prices to merchants throughout Europe. Other European traders did not like this arrangement. Paying such high prices to the Italians severely cut into their own profits. By the 1400s, European merchants—as well as the new monarchs of England, Spain, Portugal, and France—sought to bypass the Italian and Muslim merchants. This meant finding a sea route directly to Asia.

What do you think is the purpose of this document? What does it tell us about Europeans like the Spanish and Portuguese?

3. Technology that Spread to Europe from the Middle East and Asia

From China:Gunpowder -

Compass -

Paper -

From the Middle East:Astrolabe -

Next to each piece of technology, explain what it is and how Europeans like Columbus could use it to their advantage. 4. Reconquista by Spaniards and Portuguese

In Spain and Portugal, Muslims (called Moors there) controlled most of the peninsula until the 1100s. The Reconquista (or re-taking) was a long effort by the Spanish and Portuguese kingdoms to drive the Muslims back to North Africa. By the late 1400s, the Muslims held only the small kingdom of Granada. In 1492 (same year as Columbus’ first voyage), the Christian army of Ferdinand and Isabella of Spain succeeded in expelling the Muslims from the peninsula. The Reconquista had the support of the Pope in Rome and along with the Crusades, was one of the main goals of Christian Europe to re-take territory.

The Reconquista lasted many generations and had lasting effects on Spain and Portugal. It made their societies used to and skilled in warfare. It also filled them with religious intolerance. For example, Ferdinand and Isabella expelled the Jewish minority from Spain at the end of the Reconquista. Later Conquistadors in the “New World” came from a culture with a long history of violence and Christian chauvinism. – World History: Patterns of Interaction textbook.

What was the Reconquista?

What effect did the Reconquista have on Spaniards that would later go to the Americas?

5. Prince Henry “the Navigator” of Portugal (1394-1460)

For his role in promoting Portuguese exploration, historian call Prince Henry "the navigator". Although he never went of voyages of discovery, Prince Henry “the Navigator” was consumed by the quest to find new lands and to spread Christianity. A devout catholic, he wanted to "increase in the faith of our lord Jesus Christ and bring to him all the souls that should be saved." he organized and financed more than 14 voyages along the western coast of Africa. He died in debt. The voyages that he paid for in the mid-1400s helped launch Portugal into the front of the race to find a sea route to the Indies, and then to the Americas.

What was Prince Henry interested in?

Why is Prince Henry so important?

Explain Prince Henry’s quote. What does it tell us about the mentality of European rulers of the time?

6. Portuguese find Sea Routes to the East

Explain 3 conclusions that can be drawn from the map:

7. Columbus’ voyage

Explain Columbus’ strategy for getting to China and the Indies:

8. Christopher Columbus, Letter to Spain, 1500

I should be judged as a captain who went from Spain to the Indies to conquer a people numerous and warlike, whose manners and religion are very different from ours, who live in sierras and mountains, without fixed settlements, and where by divine will I have placed under the sovereignty of the King and Queen our lords, an Other World, whereby Spain, which was reckoned poor, is become richest of countries. . . .

In seven years I, by the divine will, made that conquest. At a time when I was entitled to expect rewards and retirement, I was incontinently arrested and sent home loaded with chains, to my great dishonour and with slight service to their Highnesses.

I beg your graces, with the zeal of faithful Christians in whom their Highnesses have confidence, to read all my papers, and to consider how I who came from so far to serve these princes, . . . now at the end of my days have been despoiled of my honor and my property without cause, wherein is neither justice nor mercy.

Who was the author? ________________________________________________________When was it written? _____________________What do you think was the purpose of this document? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________What conclusion about Columbus would this document support, and why? Cite specific lines from the document.______________________________________________________________________________

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Write one question you could use in the trial if this was your witness. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

9. Ancient America, Jonathan Norton Leonard, 1967

Home life for the ideal Aztec family was both well disciplined and warm. Parents had a close relationship with children and brought them up according to a strict regime. At the age of three a child was given life-like toys such as a small loom or grinding stone and was assigned certain household tasks; at six he took on broader domestic responsibilities, and at 15 began regular schooling…

The rigid order that governed an Aztec child’s upbringing continued into his adult years. Marriage was expected when a young man reached 20 and a girl 16. Matches were arranged by the 2 families—presumably with some occasional sub rosa guidance from the young people. Once agreement was reached, the youth’s relatives sent two old women to negotiate the marriage with the bride’s parents.

On the evening designated for the ceremony the girl was carried to the grooms home; daughters of the nobility were born on litters, while poor girls rode on the back of an old woman, their path lighted by other women carrying burning pine branches. During the ceremony held before the hearth, the groom’s tunic was knotted to the bride’s blouse, officially uniting them…

After marriage, the strict Aztec code continued to govern every aspect of family behavior. If the children stepped out of line, parents were entitled to give them the smoke treatment, prick their flesh with thorns, or leave them outside all night to sleep in a mud puddle. When the adults themselves erred, the consequences were considerably more severe: thieves, drunkards, and adulterous couples were put to death—commoners in public, aristocrats by private execution.

Who was the author? ________________________________________________________When was it written? _____________________What do you think was the purpose of this document? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What conclusion about the Aztecs would this document support, and why? Cite specific lines from the document.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

10. Hernan Cortés: Exerpt from Second Letter to Charles V, (1520)

…This great city of Temixtitlan [Mexico] is situated in [a] salt lake…. There are four avenues or entrances to the city, all of which are formed by artificial causeways…. The city is as large as Seville or Cordova; its streets, I speak of the principal ones, are very wide and straight; some of these…are half land and half water, and are navigated by canoes. All the streets at intervals have openings, through which the water flows… there are also very wide bridges, composed of large pieces of timber, of great strength and well put together; on many of these bridges ten horses can go abreast…

This city has many public squares, in which are situated the markets and other places for buying and selling. There is one square twice as large as that of the city of Salamanca, surrounded by porticoes, where are daily assembled more than sixty thousand souls, engaged in buying and selling; and where are found all kinds of merchandise that the world affords... There are apothecaries' shops, where prepared medicines, liquids, ointments, and plasters are sold; barbers' shops… and restaurateurs, that furnish food and drink at a certain price.

This great city contains a large number of temples, or houses, for their idols… which are situated in the different districts and the suburbs …. Among these temples there is one which far surpasses all the rest, whose grandeur of architectural details no human tongue is able to describe; for within its precincts, surrounded by a lofty wall, there is room enough for a town of five hundred families. There are fully forty towers, which are lofty and well built, the largest of which is higher than the tower of the principal tower of the church at Seville.

VocabularyCauseway-raised path over water that is sometimes covered by waterPortico-covered entranceApothecary-pharmacistRestaurateur-someone who owns/manages a restaurantSect-a smaller group within a larger religious groupGrandeur-the quality of being very impressive Precinct-a district of a city, or an area surrounding a religious building

Who was the author? _____________________________________________________When was it written? _____________________What do you think was the purpose of this document? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What conclusion about the Aztecs would this document support, and why? Cite specific lines from the document._________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

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Write one question you would ask Cortes if you had to question him during the trial. ________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

11. Aztec Chinampas System

What do you think is the purpose of this document? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________

______________________________________________________________________________What conclusion about the Aztecs would this document support, and why?

______________________________________________________________________________12. Map of Tenochtitlan (Aztec capital)


______________________________________________________________________________What conclusion about the Aztecs would this document support, and why?

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______________________________________________________________________________13. Images from the Aztec Codex Magliabecchi (Illustrated Histories)

What conclusions about the Aztecs would this document support, and why? Cite specific evidence from the document.______________________________________________________________________________

The Aztecs had a polytheistic religion in which their gods required many offerings, many times in the form of food, to please them. They built huge temples to worship their gods and often performed human sacrifices to appease them in times of great crisis. Many times captured enemies were the ones sacrificed. In some MesoAmerican cultures, it was considered an honor to voluntarily offer yourself for sacrifice, as a way of serving the greater community.

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Explain the differences between Spanish and Aztec religion: ___________________________________________________________________________________________

13. Images from the Aztec Codex Florentino (Illustrated History)

14. Drawing, Harpers Weekly, John Gilbert 1868

15. Christopher Columbus to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella, February 15, 1493

. . . In this island [Hispaniola], there are many spices and great mines of gold and of other metals. . . .

I have taken possession of all for their Highnesses, and all are more richly endowed than I know how or am able to say, and I hold all for their Highnesses, so that they may dispose of them as they do of the kingdoms of Castile and as absolutely. . . .

In conclusion, to speak only of what has been accomplished on this voyage, which was so hasty, their Highnesses can see that I will give them as much gold as they may need,

if their Highnesses will render me very slight assistance; presently, I will give them spices and cotton, as much as their Highnesses shall command… and slaves, as many as they shall order, and who will be from the idolaters. I believe also that I have found rhubarb and cinnamon, and I shall find a thousand other things of value, which the people whom I have left there will have discovered, for I have not delayed at any point, so far as the wind allowed me to set sail. . . .

Who was the author? ______________________________________________

When was it written? _____________________

What do you think was the purpose of this document? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What conclusion about Columbus would this document support, and why? Cite

Caption: Columbus explains the discovery of America to King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella. John Gilbert

specific lines from the document.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Write one question you could use in the trial if this was your witness. _______________________________________________________________________________________________

16. Journal of Christopher Columbus, Excerpts, 1492

They brought us parrots and balls of cotton and spears and many other things, which they exchanged for the glass beads and hawks’ bells. They willingly traded everything they owned. But they seemed on the whole to me, to be a very poor people. They all go completely naked, even the women, though I saw but one girl… They were well-built, with good bodies and handsome features…They do not bear arms, and do not know them, for I showed them a sword, they took it by the edge and cut themselves out of ignorance. They have no iron. Their spears are made of cane…They would make fine servants…With fifty men we could subjugate [conquer] them all and make do whatever we want.

Hispaniola is a miracle. Mountains and hills, plains and pastures, are both fertile and beautiful…the harbors are unbelievably good and there are many wide rivers of which the majority contain gold…there are many spices, and great mines of gold and other metals.

It appears to me, that the people are ingenious, and would be good servants and I am of opinion that they would very readily become Christians, as they appear to have no religion. They very quickly learn such words as are spoken to them. If it please our Lord, I intend at my return to carry home six of them to your Highnesses, that they may learn our language. I saw no beasts in the island, nor any sort of animals except parrots.

Here is no village, but farther within the island is one, where our Indians inform us we shall find the king, and that he has much gold. I shall penetrate so far as to reach the village and see or speak with the king, who, as they tell us, governs all these islands, and goes dressed, with a great deal of gold about him. I do not, however, give much credit to these accounts, as I understand the natives but imperfectly, and perceive them to be so poor that a trifling quantity of gold appears to them a great amount. This island appears to me to be a separate one from that of Saomete, and I even think there may be others between them. I am not solicitous to examine particularly everything here, which indeed could not be done in fifty years, because my desire is to make all possible discoveries, and return to your Highnesses, if it please our Lord, in April. But in truth, should I meet with gold or spices in great quantity, I shall remain till I collect as much as possible, and for this purpose I am proceeding solely in quest of them.

Who was the author?_____________________________________________________When was it written? _____________________What do you think was the purpose of this document? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What conclusion about Columbus would this document support, and why? Cite specific lines from the document.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Write one question you could use in the trial if this was your witness. __________

17. Christopher Columbus, Journal Excerpt October 13, 1492

They came loaded with balls of cotton, parrots, javelins, and other things too numerous to mention; these they exchanged for whatever we chose to give them. I was very attentive to them, and strove to learn if they had any gold. Seeing some of them with little bits of this metal hanging at their noses, I gathered from them by signs that by going southward or steering round the island in that direction, there would be found a king who possessed large vessels of gold, and in great quantities. …

The natives are an inoffensive people, and so desirous to possess any thing they saw with us, that they kept swimming off to the ships with whatever they could find, and readily bartered for any article we saw fit to give them in return, even such as broken platters and fragments of glass. I saw in this manner sixteen balls of cotton thread which weighed above twenty-five pounds, given for three Portuguese ceutis. This traffic I forbade, and suffered no one to take their cotton from them, unless I should order it to be procured for your Highnesses, if proper quantities could be met with. It grows in this island, but from my short stay here I could not satisfy myself fully concerning it; the gold, also, which they wear in their noses, is found here, but not to lose time, I am determined to proceed onward and ascertain whether I can reach Cipango…

Who was the author? ____________________________________________________When was it written? _____________________What do you think was the purpose of this document? ______________________

___________________________________________________________________________What conclusion about Columbus would this document support, and why? Cite specific lines from the document.___________________________________________________________________________

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Write one question you could use in the trial if this was your witness.____________________________________________________________________________________

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18. Christopher Columbus, Letter to Spain May 1493SUPPLEMENTAL

Yet when they [the Natives] perceive that they are safe, putting aside all fear, they are of simple manners and trustworthy, and very liberal with everything they have, refusing no one who asks for anything they may possess, and even themselves inviting us to ask for things. They show greater love for all others than for themselves; they give valuable things for trifles, being satisfied even with a very small return, or with nothing … and I gave to them many beautiful and pleasing things that I had brought with me, no value being taken in exchange, in order that I might the more easily make them friendly to me, that they might be made worshipers of Christ, and that they might be full of love towards our king, queen, and prince, and the whole Spanish nation; also that they might be zealous to search out and collect, and deliver to us those things of which they had plenty, and which we greatly needed.

Let the king and queen, the princes and their most fortunate kingdoms, and all other countries of Christendom give thanks to our Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ, who has bestowed upon us so great a victory and gift. Let religious processions be solemnized; let sacred festivals be given; let the churches be covered with festive garlands. Let Christ rejoice on earth, as he rejoices in heaven, when he foresees coming to salvation so many souls of people hitherto lost. Let us be glad also, as well on account of the exaltation of our faith, as on account of the increase of our temporal affairs, of which not only Spain, but universal Christendom will be partaker. These things that have been done are thus briefly related. Farewell.

Who was the author? ___________________________________________________When was it written? _____________________What do you think was the purpose of this document? ____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What conclusion about Columbus would this document support, and why? Cite specific lines from the document.______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Write one question you could use in the trial if this was your witness. __________

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19. Cortes’ Route through Mexico to Tenochtitlan, 1519

20. Cortes’ Arrival in Mexico and Alliance with the Tlaxcala people, 1519

Tlaxcaltecâ allies accompany Hernan Cortés during the Spanish conquest of the Aztec empire, 1519, from the History of Tlaxcala an illustrated codex written by

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Tlaxcala

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hernan_Cort%C3%A9s

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tlaxcaltec

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/45/Entrada_a_Chalco.jpg

Diego Munoz Camargo. The Tlaxcala were a group of MesoAmerican people that were enemies of the Aztecs. The Aztec Empire was at war with the Tlaxcala, trying to conquer them, when Cortes and the Conquistadors stepped in and Allied with the Tlaxcala.

What do you think was the purpose of this document? _________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________What conclusion about Cortes and the Conquistadors would this document support, and why? Cite specific lines from the document.___________________________________________________________________________

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Write one question you could use in the trial if a Tlaxcala warrior was your witness. _____________________________________________________________________________________

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21. Cortes’ Arrival in Tenochtitlan, 1519

On November 8, 1519, the Spaniards marched along the causeway leading into the city. The towers, temples and canoes were thick with crowds who gathered to gape at the men and their horses.

The two processions met at the entrance to Tenochtitlán. Montezuma was in a litter draped with fine cotton mantles and borne on the shoulders of the lords. He emerged from the litter and placed necklaces of gold and precious stones round Cortés' neck. Cortés placed a necklace of pearls and cut glass around the neck of Montezuma, but was held back by two lords when he tried to embrace the emperor.

The Aztecs led the Spaniards into the heart of the city where Montezuma showered them with more gifts and then quartered them in sumptous apartments. The Aztecs knew about the massacre in Cholula and believed that the Spaniards could be irrationally and unpredictably cruel. It was as if Tenochtitlán had given shelter to a monster. An Aztec account relates how the people of Tenochtitlán felt:

"as if everyone had eaten stupefying mushrooms..., as if they had seen something astonishing. Terror dominated everyone, as if all the world were being disembowelled.... People fell into a fearful slumber...

What do you think is the purpose of this document? _________________________________________________________________________________________________

___________________________________________________________________________What conclusion about Cortes and the Conquistadors would this document support, and why? Cite specific lines from the document.___________________________________________________________________________

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Write one question you could use in the trial if Cortes was your witness. _____________________________________________________________________________________

22. Thomas C. Mann, 1491: New Revelations of the Americas before Columbus

SUPPLEMENTAL

An astute politician, Cortés studied the Triple Alliance [the Aztec Empire] with a view to dismembering it. The empire, he quickly understood, was anything but unified…It was a patchwork of satrapies [small kingdoms] rather than a unified state; indeed several large groups had managed to hang on to their independence despite being surrounded by hostile forces. Although the [Aztec] empire left the original elites of conquered lands in place, it humiliated them. The people, forced to disgorge ever increasing tribute [taxes] to Tenochtitlan, were resentful and bitter.

Marching inland from the sea, the Spanish at first fought repeatedly with Tlaxcala, a confederation of four small kingdoms that maintained

its independence. Thanks to their guns, horses, and steel blades, the foreigners won every battle, even with Tlaxcala’s huge numerical advantage. But Cortés’s force shrank with every fight. He was on the verge of losing everything when the four Tlaxcala kings abruptly reversed course. Concluding from the results of their battles that they could wipe out the Europeans, though at great cost, the Indian leaders offered what seemed a win-win deal: they would stop attacking Cortés, sparing his life, the lives of surviving Spaniards, and those of many Indians, if he in return would join with Tlaxcala in a united assault on the hated Triple Alliance [the Aztec Empire].

Who was the author? ____________________________________________________

What do you think was the purpose of this document? What conclusions can be drawn from it? ___________________________________________________________________________

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23. The General History of the Things of New Spain, Aztec Eyewitness Account, 1519

Having bided their time, having waited for an opportune moment, the Spaniards came forth to slay us.... They first struck a drummer; they severed both his hands and cut off his head, which fell to the ground some distance away.... They hacked at the shoulders of others, splitting their bodies open; or at their shanks, or at their thighs, or at their abdomens, breaking out their entrails, which dragged as they tried to run.... Some of us, playing dead, crawled in among the bodies of the slain and escaped - unless the Spaniards saw one breathe and stabbed him. The blood of the young warriors ran like water; it gathered in pools. A foul stench arose from and spread about the carnage.

Who was the author? ________________________________________________________When was it written? _____________________What do you think was the purpose of this document? _________________________

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______________________________________________________________________________What conclusion about the Conquistadors would this document support, and why? Cite specific lines from the document.______________________________________________________________________________

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Write one question you could use in the trial if an Aztec person was your witness. ___________________________________________________________________________________________

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24. Aztec Perspective on Spanish Conquistadors, 1519

The Spaniards appeared to be much delighted, they seized upon the gold like monkeys, their faces flushed. For clearly their thirst for gold was insatiable; they starved for it; they lusted for it; they wanted to stuff themselves with it as if they were pigs. They went about fingering, handling the streamers of gold, passing them back and forth, grabbing them one to the other, babbling, talking gibberish among themselves.


______________________________________________________________________________What conclusion about the Conquistadors would this document support, and why? Cite specific lines from the document.______________________________________________________________________________

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25. Juan Ginés de Sepulveda Belittles the Indians (1547)

…the most powerful and most perfect rule over the weakest and most imperfect. This same relationship exists among men, there being some who by nature are masters and others who by nature are slaves. It is just and useful that it be this way. We even see it sanctioned in divine law itself, for it is written in the Book of Proverbs: “He who is stupid will serve the wise man.” And so it is with the barbarous and inhumane peoples [the Indians] who have no civil life and peaceful customs. It will always be just and in conformity with natural law that such people submit to the rule of more cultured and humane princes and nations. Thanks to their virtues and the practical wisdom of their laws, the latter can destroy barbarism and educate these [inferior] people to a more humane and virtuous life. And if the latter reject such rule, it can be imposed upon them by force of arms. Such a war will be just according to natural law.…

The Spanish have a perfect right to rule these barbarians of the New World and the adjacent islands, who in prudence, skill, virtues, and humanity are as inferior to the Spanish as children to adults, or women to men, for there exists between the two as great a difference as between savage and cruel races and the most merciful, between the most intemperate and the moderate and temperate and, I might even say, between apes and men.

You surely do not expect me to recall at length the prudence and talents of the Spanish.... And what can I say of the gentleness and humanity of our people, who, even in battle, after having gained the victory, put forth their greatest effort and care to save the greatest possible number of the conquered and to protect them from the cruelty of their allies? Well, then, if we are dealing with virtue, what temperance or mercy can you expect from men who are committed to all types of intemperance and base frivolity, and eat human flesh? Although some of them show a certain ingenuity for various works of artisanship, this is no proof of human cleverness, for we can observe animals, birds, and spiders making certain structures which no human accomplishment can competently imitate.

How are we to doubt that these people, so uncultivated, so barbarous, and so contaminated with such impiety and lewdness, have not been justly conquered by so excellent, pious, and supremely just a king as Ferdinand the Catholic was and the Emperor Charles now is, the kings of a most humane and excellent nation rich in all varieties of virtue?

War against these barbarians can be justified not only on the basis of their paganism but even more so because of their abominable licentiousness, their prodigious sacrifice of human victims, the extreme harm that they inflicted on innocent persons, their horrible banquets of human flesh... The wars’ purpose is not so much to punish as to correct evils. [The Indians] have already begun to receive the Christian religion. They have already been provided with teachers learned in both the sciences and letters and, what is more important, with teachers of religion and good customs.

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26. Bartolome de Las Casas Defends the Indians (1552)

Now if we shall have shown that among our Indians of the western and southern shores (granting that we call them barbarians and that they are barbarians) there are important kingdoms, large numbers of people who live settled lives in a society, great cities, kings, judges and laws, persons who engage in commerce, buying, selling, lending, and the other contracts of the law of nations, will it not stand proved that the Reverend Doctor Sepulveda has spoken wrongly and viciously against peoples like these, either out of malice or ignorance of Aristotle's teaching, and, therefore, has falsely and perhaps irreparably slandered them before the entire world? From the fact that the Indians are barbarians it does not necessarily follow that they are incapable of government and have to be ruled by other's, except to be taught about the Catholic faith and to be admitted to the holy sacraments. They are not ignorant, inhuman, or bestial. Rather, long before they had heard the word Spaniard they had properly organized states, wisely ordered by excellent laws, religion, and custom. They cultivated friendship and, bound together in common fellowship, lived in populous cities in which they wisely administered the affairs of both peace and war justly and

equitably, truly governed by laws that at very many points surpass ours, and could have won the admiration of the sages of Athens....

Next, I call the Spaniards who plunder that unhappy people torturers.... For God's sake and man's faith in him, is this the way to impose the yoke of Christ on Christian men? Is this the way to remove wild barbarism from the minds of barbarians? Is it not, rather, to act like thieves, cut-throats, and cruel plunderers and to drive the gentlest of people headlong into despair? The Indian race is not that barbaric, nor are they dull witted or stupid, but they are easy to teach and very talented in learning all the liberal arts, and very ready to accept, honor, and observe the Christian religion and correct their sins (as experience has taught) once priests have introduced them to the sacred mysteries and taught them the word of God. They have been endowed with excellent conduct, and before the coming of the Spaniards, as we have said, they had political states that were well founded on beneficial laws.

The Indians are our brothers, and Christ has given his life for them. Why, then, do we persecute them with such inhuman savagery when they do not deserve such treatment? The past, because it cannot be undone, must be attributed to our weakness, provided that what has been taken unjustly is restored.

Finally, let all savagery and apparatus of war…be done away with. Let upright heralds be sent to proclaim Jesus Christ in their way of life and to convey the attitudes of Peter and Paul. [The Indians] will embrace the teaching of the gospel, as I well know, for they are not stupid or barbarous but have a native sincerity and are simple, moderate, and meek, and, finally, such that I do not know whether there is any people readier to receive the gospel. Once they have embraced it, it is marvelous with what piety, eagerness, faith, and charity they obey Christ's precepts and venerate the sacraments. For they are docile and clever, and in their diligence and gifts of nature, they excel most peoples of the known world. . . .


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27. Confession of Mancio Sierra de Leguizamo, Septempber 18, 1589 SUPPLEMENTAL

"… for many years now I have desired to speak to the Catholic majesty of King Philip our lord, knowing how Catholic and most Christian he is, because I took part in the name of the Crown in the discovery, conquest and settlement of these kingdoms when we deprived those who were the lords, the Incas, who had ruled them as their own. And it should be known to His Most Catholic Majesty that we found those realms in such good order that there was not a thief or a vicious man, nor an adulteress, nor were there fallen women admitted among them, nor were they an immoral people, being content and honest in their labor. All things from the smallest to the greatest had their place and order. And that the Incas were feared obeyed and respected by their subjects as being very capable and skillful in their rule, as were their governors.

I wish your majesty to understand the motive that moves me to make this statement is the peace of my conscience and because of the guilt I share. For we have destroyed by our evil behaviour such a government as was enjoyed by these natives. They were so free of crime and greed, both men and women, that they could leave gold or silver worth a hundred thousand pesos in their open house. So that when they discovered that we were thieves and men who sought to force their wives and daughters to commit sin with them, they despised us. But now things have come to such a pass in offence of God, owing to the bad example we have set them in all things, that these natives from doing no evil have turned into people who can do no good, something which must touch your Majesty’s conscience as it does mine, as one of the first conquistadors and discoverers, and something that demands to be remedied."

Who was the author? ________________________________________________________When was it written? _____________________What do you think was the purpose of this document? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________What conclusion about Columbus, Cortes, and the Conquistadors would this document support, and why? Cite specific lines from the document.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Write one question you could use in the trial if this was your witness. _________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

28. Engraving, by Theodore De Bry, based on Bartolome de Las Casas descriptions of Spanich Atrocities, 16th century

Who was the author? ________________________________________________________When was it written? _____________________What do you think was the purpose of this document? _____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

What conclusion about the Conquistadors would this document support, and why? Cite specific evidence from the document.____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


29. Native American Population of Central Mexico (1500-1600)

Year Population (In millions)

1500 25

1520 20

1540 8

1560 4

1580 2

1600 1

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30. Maps of Exploration and Smallpox Outbreaks

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31. Map of the Columbian Exchange – World History, Patterns of

InteractionWhat were some positive and negative plants, animals, and microbes brought from the “Old World” to the “New World”?

What were some positive and negative plants, animals, and microbes brought from the “New World” to the “Old World”?

32. Encomienda System - The Gilder Lehrman Institute of American History

The encomienda system was created by the Spanish in 1512 to control and regulate American Indian labor and behavior during the colonization of the Americas. Under the encomienda system, conquistadors and other leaders (encomenderos) received grants of a number of Indians, from whom they could exact “tribute” in the form of gold or labor. The encomenderos were supposed to protect and Christianize the Indians granted to them, but they most often used the system to effectively enslave the Indians and take their lands. Many American Indians lost their lives under the brutal conditions or simply ran away from the encomiendas. Soon after, the Spaniards started importing African labor to the Americas.

What was the Encomienda system?

How did effect Native Americans? How is it connected to the Transatlantic slave trade?

33. Olaudah Equiano (18th century): The Interesting Narrative: Boarding a Slave Ship

When I was carried on board I was immediately handled, and tossed up, and I was now convinced that I was got into a world of bad spirits, and that they were going to kill me. Their complexions too differing so much from ours, their long hair, and the language they spoke, which was very different from any I had ever heard, united to confirm me in this belief.

When I looked round the ship I saw a multitude of black people of every description chained together, every one of their faces expressing dejection and sorrow. I no longer doubted of my fate, and, quite overpowered with horror and anguish, I fell motionless on the deck and fainted. When I recovered a little, I found some black people about me, who I believed were some of those who brought me on board, and had been receiving their pay; they talked to me in order to cheer me, but all in vain. I asked them if we were not to be eaten by those white men with horrible looks, red faces, and long hair? They told me I was not. Soon after this, the blacks who brought me on board went off, and left me abandoned to despair.

Under the decks I received such a salutation in my nostrils as I had never experienced in my life; so that with the loathsomeness of the stench, and crying together, I became so sick and low that I was not able to eat, nor had I the least desire to taste any thing. I now wished for the last friend, Death, to relieve me; but soon, to my grief, two of the white men offered me food; and, on refusing to eat, one of them held me fast by the hands, and tied my feet, while the other flogged me severely.

I had never experienced any thing of this kind before; and could I have got over the nettings, I would have jumped over the side. But I could not; and, besides, the crew used to watch us very closely, lest we should leap into the water; and I have seen some of these poor African prisoners most severely cut for attempting to do so, and hourly whipped for not eating. This indeed was often the case with myself.

In a little time after, amongst the poor chained men, I found some of my own nation, which in a small degree gave ease to my mind. I inquired of these what was to be done with us? They gave me to understand we were to be carried to these white people's country to work for them. I was then a little revived, but still I feared I should be put to death. The white people looked and acted, as I thought, in so savage a manner; for I had never seen among any people such instances of brutal cruelty.

At last, when the ship we were in had got in all her cargo, they made ready with many fearful noises, and we were all put under deck, so that we could not see how they managed the vessel.

The stench of the hold while we were on the coast was so intolerably loathsome, that it was dangerous to remain there for any time...some of us had been permitted to stay on the deck for the fresh air. But now that the whole ship's cargo were confined together, it became absolutely pestilential. The closeness of the place and the heat of the climate, added to the number of the ship, which was so crowded that each had scarcely room to turn himself, almost suffocated us.

This produced copious perspirations so that the air became unfit for respiration from a variety of loathsome smells, and brought on a sickness among the slaves, of which many died--thus falling victims of the improvident avarice, as I may call it, of their purchasers. This wretched situation was again aggravated by the galling of the chains, which now became insupportable, and the filth of the necessary tubs [toilets] into which the children often fell and were almost suffocated. The shrieks of the women and the groans of the dying rendered the whole a scene of horror almost inconceivable.


What conclusion about Columbus would this document support, and why? Cite specific lines from the document.________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________


34. Trans-Atlantic Slave Trade Statistics

Trans-Atlantic imports by century (1450-1870)

YearsAverage number of slaves imported to Americas (per year)

1500-1600 1,8001601-1700 13,4001701-1810 55,0001810-1870 31,600

Trans-Atlantic Imports by region (1450-1900)

Trans-Atlantic imports by region1450-1900

Region

Number of slaves

accounted for %

Brazil 4,000,000 35.4Spanish Empire 2,500,000 22.1British West Indies 2,000,000 17.7French West Indies 1,600,00 14.1British North America and United States 500,000 4.4

Dutch West Indies 500,000 4.4Danish West Indies 28,000 0.2Europe (and Islands) 200,000 1.8

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35. Letter by Eliza Fenwick from West Indies to her mother , 1814

SUPPLEMENTAL"I think the slaves - I mean the domestic slaves - the laziest and most impertinent set of people under the sun. They positively will do nothing but what they please. There are always three or four to do the work of one, and they laugh in the Owner's face when reproved for not doing their duty. They take liberties that no English servant would be allowed to do. They will not scour the floor that is too hard for them, and the field Negroes are sent for to do it. I am told the condition of the field Negroes is deplorable enough and the only way to make the domestic slave do as they are bid is by threatening to send them to the plantations."

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What conclusion about Columbus would this document support, and why? Cite specific lines from the document.

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36. Letter by Eliza Fenwick's mother, 21 March 1815 SUPPLEMENTAL

Mrs Fenwick, who later joined her daughter in West Indies as English school teacher, writes of her abhorrence of slavery to a friend back in England.

It is a horrid and disgraceful system. The female slaves are really encouraged to prostitution because their children are the property of the owner of the mothers. These children are reared by the Ladies as pets, are frequently brought from the negro houses to their chambers to feed and sleep and reared with every care and indulgence till grown up, when they are at once dismissed to labour and slave-like treatment. What is still more horrible, the gentlemen are greatly addicted to their women slaves and give the fruit of their licentiousness to their white children as slaves.

licentious—pursuing desires selfishly and immorally, especially in sexual matters




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37. Olaudah Equiano, Chapter V: The Abuse of Slaves in the West Indies

SUPPLEMENTAL

While I was thus employed by my master, I was often a witness to cruelties of every kind, which were exercised on my unhappy fellow slaves. It was almost a constant practice with our clerks, and other whites, to commit violent depredations on the chastity of the female slaves. And yet in Montserrat I have seen a negro man staked to the ground, and cut most shockingly, and then his ears cut off bit by bit, because he had been connected with a white woman, who was a common prostitute. As if it were no crime in the whites to rob an innocent African girl of her virtue; but most heinous in a black man only to gratify a passion of nature, where the temptation was offered by one of a different color.

One Mr. D--- told me that he had sold 41,000 negroes, and that he once cut off a negro man's leg for running away. He then said that his scheme had the desired effect-it cured that man and some others of running away.

Another negro man was half hanged, and then burnt, for attempting to poison a cruel overseer. These overseers are indeed for the most part persons of the worst character of any denomination of men in the West Indies, They pay no regard to the situation of pregnant women, nor the least attention to the lodging of the field negroes. Their huts, which ought to be well covered, and the place dry where they take their little repose, are often open sheds, built in damp places; so that when the poor creatures return tired from the toils of the field, they contract many disorders, from being exposed to the damp air in this uncomfortable state, while they are heated, and their pores are open. This neglect certainly conspires with many others to cause a decrease in the births as well as in the lives of the grown negroes.

To the honor of humanity, I knew several gentlemen who managed their estates in a proper manner. I have the honor of knowing a most worthy and humane gentleman, who is a native of Barbadoes, and has estates there. This gentleman has written a treatise on the usage of his own slaves. He allows them two hours of refreshment at mid-day, and many other indulgencies and comforts, particularly in their lodging; and, besides this, he raises more provisions on his estate than they can destroy; so that by these attentions he saves the lives of his negroes, and keeps them healthy, and as happy as the condition of slavery can admit.

Even in Barbadoes, notwithstanding those humane exceptions which I have mentioned, this island requires 1,000 negroes annually to keep up the original stock, which is only 90,000. So that the whole term of a negro's life may be said to be there but sixteen years! It was very common in several of the islands, particularly in St. Kitt's, for the slaves to be branded with the initial letters of their master's name; and a load of heavy iron hooks hung about their necks. Indeed, on the most trifling occasions, they were loaded with chains; and often instruments of torture were added. The iron muzzle, thumb-screws, &c., are so well known, as not to need a description, and were sometimes applied for the slightest faults. I have seen a negro beaten till some of his bones were broken, for only letting a pot boil over. Is it surprising that usage like this should drive the poor creatures to despair, and make them seek a refuge in death from those evils which render their lives intolerable?-

Nor is there any greater regard shown to the little property, than there is to the persons and lives of the negroes. I have already related an instance or two of particular oppression out of many which I have witnessed; but the following is frequent in all the islands. The wretched field-slaves, after toiling all the day for an unfeeling owner, who gives then but little victuals, steal sometimes a few moments from rest or refreshment to gather some small portion of grass, according as their time will admit. This they commonly tie up in a parcel; either a bit's worth (sixpence) or half a bit's worth, and bring it to town, or to the market, to sell.

Mr. James Tobin, a zealous laborer in the vineyard of slavery, gives an account of a French planter of his acquaintance in the island of Martinico, who showed him many mulattoes working in the field like beasts of burden; and he told Mr. Tobin these were all the produce of his own loins!

I have often seen slaves, particularly those who were meagre, in different islands, put into scales and weighed, and then sold from three pence to six pence or nine pence a pound. And at or after a sale, it was not uncommon to see negroes taken from their wives, wives taken from their husbands, and children from their parents, and sent off to other islands, and wherever else their merciless lords choose; and probably never more during life see each other! Oftentimes my heart has bled at these partings, when the friends of the departed have been at the water side, and with sighs and tears, have kept their eyes fixed on the vessel, till it went out of sight.

For, in all the different islands in which I have been, (and I have visited no less than fifteen,) the treatment of the slaves was nearly the

same; so nearly, indeed, that the history of an island, or even a plantation, with a few such exceptions as I have mentioned, might serve for a history of the whole.




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Write one question you could use in the trial if this was your witness. _____________

38. From the Knights of Columbus website (www.kofc.org): History of the Knights of Columbus

ESSENTIAL

On Oct. 2, 1881, a group of men met in the basement of St. Mary’s Church on Hillhouse Avenue in New Haven, Connecticut. Called together by their 29-year-old parish priest, Father Michael J. McGivney, these men formed a fraternal society that would one day become the world’s largest Catholic family fraternal service organization.

They sought strength in solidarity, and security through unity of purpose and devotion to a holy cause: they vowed to be defenders of their country, their families and their faith.

http://www.kofc.org/

These men were bound together by the ideal of Christopher Columbus, the discoverer of the Americas, the one whose hand brought Christianity to the New World. Their efforts came to fruition with the incorporation of the Knights of Columbus on March 29, 1882.

They were Knights of Columbus.

The Order has been called "the strong right arm of the Church," and has been praised by popes, presidents and other world leaders, for support of the Church, programs of evangelization and Catholic education, civic involvement and aid to those in need.



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39. From the United Confederation of Taino People website (www.uctp.org): Article 1 of the UCTP Articles of Confederation

ESSENTIALThe United Confederation of Taino People…. endeavors to unite and enlist representatives of Taino organizations, groups, and societies devoted to

http://www.uctp.org/

protect, defend, and preserve the Taino cultural heritage and spiritual tradition. Taino cultural heritage and spiritual tradition includes but is not limited to the protection and maintenance of our ancestral remains, sacred sites, artifacts, and religious practices which involve the use of ceremonial objects such as sacred plants and various feathers indigenous to the Circum-Caribbean region which shall include: The Greater and Lesser Antilles, the Bahamas, Bimini (Florida), the northern coastal area of South America and the Yucatan Peninsula.What do you think is the purpose of this document? _______________________________________________________________________________________________________


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