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INTRODUCTION TO INTRODUCTION TO ENTOMOLOGYENTOMOLOGY

STACEY STACEY BEALMEARBEALMEAR

Extension Agent, Urban HorticultureExtension Agent, Urban HorticultureYuma CountyYuma County

Who Cares About Insects?

Pollination (squash, cucumbers, and citrus)Roughly 1/3 possible due to insect pollinators

Decomposition (nutrient recycling)

Insect product (silk, honey, shellac)

Food for humans and other animals

Detrimental (diseases, damage goods…)

The Most Diverse Group

http://www.globalchange.umich.edu/globalchange2/current/lectures/biodiversity/chart1.jpg

Tree of lifeHow do insects fit?

http://byunews.byu.edu/releases/archive04/Nov/crandall/crandall1-h.jpg

Insect Classification

http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/arthropod_chart.gif

Insect Relatives-Uniramia

Chilapoda- Centipedes One pair legs/body segment

15-181 pairs of legs

Diplopoda- Millepedes Two pair legs/body segment

375 pairs of legs

http://www.richard-seaman.com/Wallpaper/Nature/Horrors/HouseCentipede.jpg

http://bitsandpieces1.blogspot.com/2005/10/i-dont-thinks-thats-eyebrow.html

http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/780/20362904.JPG

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Insect Relatives-Chelicerata

Acari-ticks

Xiphosura-horseshoe crab

Opiliones-daddy long legs

A id Araneae-spiders

Uropygi-wipe scorpion

Solifugae-wind scorpion

Pseudo-scorpiones

Scorpiones-scorpion

http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1391/537477396_2c0861d1b5.jpg

http://www.wide-eyed.org/images/articles/daddylonglegcloseup.jpg

Insect Relatives-Crustacea

Lobster

Crab

Shrimp

Pill B Pill Bug

Cray Fish

http://kodiak.asap.um.maine.edu/lobster.jpg

http://www.blue-crab.info/images/blue-crabs.jpghttp://www.shrimp.vn/images/Fresh_Water_Shrimp_From_Vietnam.jpg

http://sciencecastle.com/sc/app/webroot/img/userexperiments/1521.jpg

http://www.geocities.jp/ideryusei/crayfishDM_468x346.jpg

Insect Classification

Kingdom = Animalia

http://www.biologycorner.com/resources/arthropod_chart.gif

Phylum = ArthropodaClass = Insecta

(Hexapoda) Order =

Insect Classification

~30 orders

Grouped by similaritiesp y

Morphology and DNA

http://web.pdx.edu/~stul/images/insectdiversitysmall.gif

http://www.sbs.utexas.edu/jcabbott/abbottlab/images/website.jpg

Insect Classification

Kingdom = AnimaliaPhylum = ArthropodaClass = InsectaO d L id Order = Lepidoptera Family = NymphalidaeGenus = AglaisSpecies = urticae

http://www.butterfly-guide.co.uk/species/nymphalids/uk8.htm

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/7c/Nymphalidae8.jpg

Insect Anatomy and Metamorphosis

http://imagecache2.allposters.com/images/pic/SOM/01-P52~Insect-Metamorphosis-Posters.jpg

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Insect Anatomy

All Insects Have:3 Body Segments3 Pairs of Legs1 Pair of Antenna

Insect Anatomy

Legs Important for identification

Always connected from

thorax

http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/Entomology/images/Topics/extMorphology/leg_master.gif

http://web.localnature.com/articles/backyardnature/pics/insectDesign/cockroch.jpg

http://www.backyardnature.net/in_order.htm

Insect Anatomy

Antennae Sensory organ

Helps with identification

Copyright © 2007 L. Shyamal, license cc-by-SA 2.5http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=63162&rendTypeId=4

http://www.cynical-c.com/archives/bloggraphics/aedes.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/200px-Ant_SEM.jpg

Insect Anatomy

Wings None, one or two sets

Outgrowths of the exoskeleton

Found on the thorax

Important for

identification

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image:Maybug.jpg

http://www.news.wisc.edu/newsphotos/images/fruit_fly_mont-droso04.jpg

Insect Anatomy

Mouth Parts Important for identification

Used to capture, manipulate

and chew food

ChewingMouthparts

http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/mastergardener/mg0012.htm

http://z.about.com/d/insects/1/0/A/0/-/-/mouthparts.jpg

Insect Internal Anatomy

Circulatory system moves nutrients, salts, hormones, and metabolic wastes Open circulatory system I t bl d Insect blood

(Hemolymph) does not deliver oxygen

Digestive system extracts nutrients and other substances from the food

Nervous system is a network of specialized "information highway“

Side view of body showing relative position of circulatory (yellow), digestive (green), and nervous (blue) systems.

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Insect Internal Anatomy

Respiration: Oxygen is delivered through a group of internal tubes

No veins or arteries

http://www.earthlife.net/insects/images/anatomy/trachea-ts.gif

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Actias_selene_5th_instar_spiracles_sjh.jpg/800px-Actias_selene_5th_instar_spiracles_sjh.jpg

Metamorphosis (What is it?)

Grow by molting

Juvenile to Adult

Hard outer shell (Exoskeleton)

http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=93289&rendTypeId=4

http://www.earthlife.net/insects/anatomy.html

Hemimetabolism

Incomplete Metamorphosis ~Five nymphal instar

Resemble adults

Lack wings Lack wings

http://www.saburchill.com/ans02/chapters/chap048.html

Holometabolism

Complete Metamorphosis ~5 larval instar

Do not resemble adults

Lack wings

http://www.saburchill.com/ans02/chapters/chap047.html

Metamorphosis

Most go through complete metamorphosis

http://web.pdx.edu/~stul/images/insectdiversitysmall.gif

Insect Orders

Matthew C. Wilson

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Coleoptera-Beetles

Over 600,000 species have been identified

Coleoptera-Beetles

Complete metamorphosis

Chewing mouthparts

Two pairs of wings One hardened (elytra) h // dki /di / i /877/45001086 JPG One hardened (elytra)

One soft

http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/877/45001086.JPG

http://www.dkimages.com/discover/previews/916/55046138.JPG

http://www.bccranberrygrowers.com/ipm/images/beetle.jpg

Coleoptera-Beetles

Larvae with head capsule

and three pairs of legs C-shaped grubs

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4d/Beetle_larvae_filtered_sw.jpg

Lepidoptera-Butterflies, Moths and Skippers

Complete metamorphosis

Siphoning mouthparts

Two pairs of membranous

wingswings

Lepidoptera-Butterflies, Moths and Skippers

Butterflies

http://magickcanoe.com/butterfly/skipper-antennae.jpg

http://farm1.static.flickr.com/235/456444401_4ff3f66ad8.jpg

http://magickcanoe.com/blog/2006/06/07/antennae/

Skippers

Moths

Lepidoptera-Butterflies, Moths and Skippers

Frenulum

http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425/tutorial/frenulum.gif www.austmus.gov.au/factSheets/butterfly_moth.cfm

http://oliviahorner.com/wp-content/uploads/2008/03/giant-leopard-moth.jpg

Moth

http://www.geocities.com/kishan_nie/photos/butterfly1.jpg

Butterfly

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Lepidoptera-Butterflies, Moths and Skippers

Larvae Three pairs of true legs

5 or less pairs of prolegs

Prolegs with crochetsg

http://www.dkimages.com/discover/Home/Animals/Invertebrates/Arthropods/Insects.html

http://www.macrophotos.com/charleskrebs/prolegs.jpg

http://www.dddi.org/enttutorial/keyimmature/keyimmature3.html

Diptera-Flies

Complete metamorphosis

Sponging/piercing

1 pair of wings

http://www.news.wisc.edu/newsphotos/images/fruit_fly_mont-droso04.jpg

http://www.bccranberrygrowers.com/ipm/images/fly.jpg

Diptera-Flies

http://rebekahusry.files.wordpress.com/2008/02/mosquito_bite.png

Diptera-Flies

Larvae lack Legs

Head capsule

Mouth hooks Mouth hooks

http://www.deathonline.net/decomposition/images/250/mouth_hook.jpg

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3d/Fruit_fly_larva_01.jpg

Hymenoptera-Bees, Wasps and Ants

Complete metamorphosis

Chewing mouthparts (Most)

Two pairs of wings

http://photo.bees.net/biology/ch3/mouthparts.jpg

http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent425.html

Hemuli

http://www.tolweb.org/tree/ToLimages/Fig-1-Aulacid-wings.jpg

Hymenoptera-Bees, Wasps and Ants

Most with thread waist

http://www.extermital.com/images/Paper%20wasp%20diag.jpg

http://www.kendall-bioresearch.co.uk/general3.htm

http://www.dkimages.com/discover/Home/Animals/Invertebrates/Arthropods/Insects/Bees.html

http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/c/c5/Ant_closeup.jpg

http://www.ipm.ucdavis.edu/PMG/GARDEN/IMAGES/INVERT/rassawfly.jpg

http://i.pbase.com/u46/crocodile/large/29990428.cooperativeeffort.jpg

Sawfly Larvae: 6-8 prolegs

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Hymenoptera-Bees, Wasps and Ants

Ants or Wasp?

http://www.spc.int/lrd/images/RIFA-ant_small.jpg

http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2110/2123060109_9893091d13_o.jpg

Ants - Pedicel on waist- Elbowed antennae

http://web.utk.edu/~extepp/profiles/insects/velvetant.htm

Hymenoptera-Bees, Wasps and Ants

Ichneumonid Wasps-

http://www.graciagroup.com/images/sci_ichneumonid.jpg

http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1053/990130537_a2ccd17aa8.jpg?v=0

http://www.entomology.wisc.edu/diaglab/02images/78iwasp.jpg

Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas…..

Incomplete metamorphosis

Sucking mouthparts

Two pairs of wings

http://www.ento.csiro.au/education/Assets/images_hemiptera/bug_life_cycle.gif

http://magickcanoe.com/stinkbugs/predatory-stinkbug-3-small.jpghttp://www.salk.edu/labs/mnl-t/clh/bug%20RNAi.html

Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas…..

Half leathery and half membranous wing

http://schmidling.com/lfbug1.jpg

Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas…..

Suborder Heteroptera- True Bugs

http://www.isledegrande.com/giimages9/largemilkweedbug.jpgUC Statewide IPM Program

http://farm1.static.flickr.com/90/256658220_65d987dc14.jpg?v=0

Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas…..

Suborder Auchenorrhyncha- Cicadas and hoppers

http://biology.clc.uc.edu/Fankhauser/Animals/Insects..JPG

http://princesslilo.files.wordpress.com

http://www.inhs.uiuc.edu/~dietrich/leafhopp.gif

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Hemiptera-True Bugs, Cicadas…..

Suborder Sternorrhyncha- Whiteflies, aphids and scales

http://www.dl-digital.com/images/z_oldimages/2002-10-d28-aphids2-fr4-ed1.jpg

http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/image/81041/Scale_insect_on_Bursaria_620.JPG

Orthoptera-Grasshoppers, Crickets and Katydids

Incomplete metamorphosis

Chewing mouthparts

Two pairs of wings

http://www.saburchill.com/ans02/chapters/chap048.html

http://www.solarnavigator.net

http://www.nku.edu/~biosci/CostaRica2003/Punta%20Marenco/Day3/Punta%20Marenco1.htm

Mantodea-Mantids

Incomplete metamorphosis

Chewing mouthparts

Two pairs of wings

http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=62575&rendTypeId=4 http://www.ivyhall.district96.k12.il.us/4TH/KKHP/1INSECTS/bugpix/mantis2/NYMPH_5icon.jpg

Mantodea-Mantids

http://www.finiteinsight.com/redmantis/plumAB_black_hiweb.jpghttp://www.bugsincyberspace.com/mantids/mantid_images/mantis_oothecae_perch.jpg

Blattodea-Cockroaches

Incomplete metamorphosis

Chewing mouthpart

Two pairs of wings

http://www.ento.csiro.au/education/Assets/images_insects/cockroach_lifecycle.gif

http://www.nhm.ac.uk/about-us/news/2006/may/images/m-blaberoides-370_8130_1.jpg

http://bugs.bio.usyd.edu.au/Entomology/images.jpg

Blattodea-Cockroaches

German

Brown Banded

American

Oriental

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Isoptera-Termites

Incomplete metamorphosis

Chewing mouthparts

Two pairs of wings (reproductive)

http://agspsrv34.agric.wa.gov.au/Ento/_fpclass/termites1.gif

http://bexar-tx.tamu.edu/HomeHort/F1Column/2005%20Articles.jpg

http://www.feelsecure.com.au/pests/tets/pages/Termite20Casts.jpg

Dermaptera-Earwigs

Incomplete metamorphosis

Chewing mouthparts

Two pairs of wingshttp://www3.telus.net/conrad/images3/ch_8-04a.gif

http://www.orchidboard.com/community/attachments/pests-diseases.jpg

http://www.earthlife.net/insects/images/orthopta/earwig.jpg

Thysanoptera-Thrips

Unique metamorphosis

Rasping-Sucking mouthparts

Two sets of wings

http://attra.ncat.org/images/thrips/figure1.jpg

http://www.dpi.qld.gov.au/images/Biosecurity_GeneralPlantHealthPestsDiseaseAndWeeds.jpg

Thysanura-Silverfish

Nonmetamorphosis

Chewing mouthparts

No wings

Eats glue, book bindings, paper, photos, sugar and hairBeen in existence for 300 million years

Collembola-Springtail

Nonmetamorphosis

Chewing and sucking mouthparts

No wings

http://www.cals.ncsu.edu/course/ent525/soil/soilpix/images/collembola.jpg

http://www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/ent/notes/Urban/images/springtail.jpg

Feed on decaying matter

Time for a break

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IntegratedIntegrated Pest Pest MMManagmentManagment

The intelligent selection & use of pest control actions that will ensure favorable economic, ecological and sociological consequences.

What is IPM?What is IPM?

http://www.uky.edu/Ag/IPM/teachers/outdoorclassrm/scat.jpg

Holistic view

Who cares we don’t eat ornamental plants?

Public awareness

IPM: Not Just for Ag Crops!IPM: Not Just for Ag Crops!

Public demand

Stricter regulations

http://www.henningtonfamily.com/photogallery/DSCN2386.JPG

Identify the plant

Identify injury

The Best Part of IPMThe Best Part of IPMEntomologist or Detective?Entomologist or Detective?

Identify injury

Identify the pest

Take steps to manage pest

Identify InjuryIdentify Injury

Piercing-Sucking Mouthparts

Chewing Mouthparts

Siphoning

S iSponging

http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/mastergardener/mg0012.htm

Chewed Leaves or BlossomsChewed Leaves or Blossoms

Chewing Injury Defoliation

Shot holes

Margin notching Margin notching

Skeletonization

Leaf mininghttp://www.rainbowscivance.com/graphics/Sycamore_Anthracnose/syc_lead.jpg

http://www.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/crops/facts/00-095f4.jpg

http://apps.omafra.gov.on.ca/english/graphics/crops/agriphones/uploaded/berry081806f1.jpg

http://www.hiltonpond.org/images/LeafSkeleton02.jpg

http://www.bgi-usa.com/images/pests/leafminers_lg.jpg

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Dieback of Shoots, Twigs or BranchesDieback of Shoots, Twigs or Branches

Chewing Injury Shoot dieback

Branch dieback

Exit holes

http://buckeyegardening.com/images/invasives/bfbshootdieback.jpg

http://www.emnrd.state.nm.us/fd/santafetrees/images/twigdamage2.jpg

http://entweb.clemson.edu/cuentres/cesheets/fruit/ce206.jpg

Discolored Leaves or BlossomsDiscolored Leaves or Blossoms

Sucking Injury Stippling

Streaking

Leaf yellowingy g

http://www.apsnet.org/Education/IllustratedGlossary/PhotosS-V/stippling.jpg

http://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/LSO/images/Thrips/Chilli-Damage/Chilli%20Thrips.html

http://picasaweb.google.com/gardenpunks/02192007/photo#5033381350461781570

Distorted Leaves, Branch or TrunkDistorted Leaves, Branch or Trunk

Sucking and Chewing Injury Leaf galling

Twig gallingg g g

Leaf cupping

Bark rippling

Bark cracking http://www.plantengallen.com/imagesnederlands/hartigiola_ann_nessbg_060804_3.jpg

http://www.extension.iastate.edu/newsrel/garden/OakRoughBulletGall.jpg

http://www.rec.udel.edu/Update02/Issue%2013%202002_files/image006.jpg

http://farm2.static.flickr.com/1337/1022645685_2c2059f132.jpg?v=0

http://www.forestresearch.gov.uk/images/hcbc_042b.jpg/$FILE/hcbc_042b.jpg

Insect ProductsInsect Products

Signs Honeydew

Exoskeletons

Sooty mold

Fecal spots

Silk

Protective cases

Frass

Fluffy white waxhttp://ipm.ncsu.edu/cotton/InsectCorner/photos/images/Honeydew_from_aphids.jpghttp://mgonline.com/sootymold.jpg

http://oregonstate.edu/dept/nurspest/Images/insects/lacebugdamageoemeleriafecalspotsthumbnailJPG.jpg

http://www.biokids.umich.edu/images/signs/build/tent_caterpillar_nest.jpg

http://www.oznet.k-state.edu/entomology/extension/KIN/Kin_2007/kin-12/Frass.jpghttp://www.uky.edu/Ag/IPM/sponsprj/county02/02marshall/mealybugs.jpg

Common PestsCommon PestsCommon PestsCommon Pests

Which mouth parts?Which mouth parts?

Piercing-Sucking Mouthparts

Chewing Mouthparts

Siphoning

S iSponging

http://extension.missouri.edu/explore/mastergardener/mg0012.htm

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PiercingPiercing--Sucking MouthpartsSucking Mouthparts

http://mrec.ifas.ufl.edu/LSO/images/aphids/APHIDFEEDING.jpg

AphidsAphids

Pests of many plants Feed on all plant parts Injury caused

YellowingL f l Leaf curl

Vector plant disease

Insect products Shed skins Honeydew Sooty mold

Alex Wild

WhiteflyWhitefly

• Pests of many plants• Feed on foliage Injury Caused

Yellowing Leaf curl Leaf curl Vector plant diseases

Insect Products Shed skins Honeydew Sooty mold

True BugsTrue Bugs and Hoppersand Hoppers

• Pests of many plants

• Feed on foliage Injury Caused Injury Caused

Stippling

Insect Products Fecal spots

http://www.ext.vt.edu/departments/entomology/ornamentals/1-58.jpeg

http://www.brisbaneinsects.com/brisbane_cicadas/images/wpeA7.jpg

Mealy BugsMealy Bugs

Pests of many plants Injury Caused

Discoloration

Dieback

Insect Products Wax

Honeydew

Sooty mold

Scale InsectsScale Insects

Pests of many plants Feed on many plant parts Injury Caused

Yellowing Dieback

Insect Products Wax Honeydew Sooty mold Ants found on plant

Steve Hise

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Spider Spider MMitesites

Pests of many plants Feed on many plant parts Injury Caused

Stippling Discoloration Discoloration Dieback

Insect Products Webbing

http://entweb.clemson.edu/cuentres/cesheets/veg/ce29.htm

RaspingRasping--Sucking MouthpartsSucking Mouthparts

http://ag.arizona.edu/yavapai/diagnostics/Assets/Images/Insects/thrips.JPG

ThripsThrips Pests of many plants Flowers and foliage Injury Caused

Streaking

C i Cupping

Vector plant diseases

Insect Products Fecal spots

Chewing MouthpartsChewing Mouthparts

http://cache.eb.com/eb/image?id=65596&rendTypeId=4

CaterpillarsCaterpillars Pests of many plants Flowers and foliage Injury Caused

Defoliation Shot holes Skeletonization Mining Bark rippling Shot and branch dieback

Insect Products Frass Protective covers

http://farm3.static.flickr.com/2255/2516808592_a6763d9eff.jpg

BeetlesBeetles

Pests of many plants Flowers and foliage Injury Caused

Shot holes

Margin notching

Skeletonization

Bark rippling

Bark cracking

Branch dieback

http://images.google.com/imgres

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Leaf MinersLeaf Miners

Pests of many plants

Foliage

Injury Caused Mining Mining

http://farm1.static.flickr.com/104/270060746_7f8d6ed5df.jpg?v=0

http://www.ensisjv.com/Portals/0/sawfly006.jpg

White GrubsWhite Grubs

Pest of many plants

Feed on plant roots

I j C d Injury Caused Wilting

Discoloration

Turf death

Insect ControlInsect ControlInsect ControlInsect Control

Most Effective Management?

Design, Design, iiPrevention & Prevention &

EducationEducation

Design/Maintenance Naturalistic

Plant Selection

Landscape DesignLandscape Design

Plant Selection Well adapted

Plant Placement Appropriate microclimates http://www.modernphoenix.net/gatztips.htm

http://www.desertgreenturf.com/photos.html

Pest insects love stressed plants!!!!

Prevention

Resistant Hosts

Sanitation Remove pest source Remove pest source

Clean equipment

Pickup old fruit

Remove alternate hosts (weeds)http://homeharvestseeds.com

http://lh5.ggpht.com/_JI73l40Hi2s/SHlJmas2onI/AAAAAAAABQE/9RYb8fN1A2A/IMG_0792.JPG

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Education: Understand the pest Insect Management

Cultural Pruning, thinning, plant health, crop

rotation, sanitation

Mechanical Hand removal

Physical Control Row covers, traps (sticky, pheromone

…), heat

Natural EnemiesNatural Enemies

The Good Guys!

AphidiusAphidius

Aphids

Commercially available

Assassin BugAssassin Bug

Predaceous on a wide variety of small to medium-sized insects

Not commercially available

Big Eyed BugBig Eyed Bug

Predaceous on a wide variety of small insects

Commercially available

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Brown LacewingBrown Lacewing

Predaceous on a wide variety of small insects

Not commercially available

Convergent Lady BeetleConvergent Lady Beetle

aphids and occasionally on whiteflies, other soft-bodied insects and insect eggs

Commercially available

Damsel BugDamsel Bug

Predaceous on a wide variety of small insects

Commercially available

Green LacewingGreen Lacewing

Predaceous on a wide variety of small insects

Commercially available

Praying MantisPraying Mantis

Generalist predators on wide variety of insects

Commercially available

Mealybug DestroyerMealybug Destroyer

Mealybugs and scales

Commercially available

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Minute Pirate BugMinute Pirate Bug

Predaceous on a wide variety of small insects

Commercially available

SyrphidSyrphid

Predaceous on aphids and other small, soft-bodied insects

Not commercially available

Tachinid FlyTachinid Fly

Some are host specific and others have various host insects

Not commercially available

Twice Stabbed Lady BeetleTwice Stabbed Lady Beetle

Predaceous on many species of scale insects on many fruit, nut, and ornamental trees including

Not Commercially available

Ordering Biological ControlsOrdering Biological Controls

http://greenmethods.com/site/

The Green Spot Ltd.93 Priest Rd93 Priest Rd.Nottingham, NH03290-6204 USA

Phone: 603.942.8925

Fax: 603.942.8932

Pesticide

A chemical used to kill pests (not always an insect). Insecticide- Insects

Herbicide- Weeds

Miticide- MitesM M

Acaricide- Ticks and Mites

Fungicide- Fungus

Rodenticide- Rodents

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Read the label

Follow all directions for Recommended concentration

Safety

Disposalp

Danger-Warning-Caution

Safety equipment

Wear the correct protective equipmentequipment

Storage

Store in original container

Tightly closed Out of reach

(children and pets)

Clean, dry, well vented area

Out of sun and freeze

Disposal

Never dump pesticides

Consult label for proper disposal

Never reuse empty containers

T i l i b f i i Triple rinse sprayers before rinsing

After use

Take off shoes before entering the house

Wash yourself with soap and water

Wash clothes Separate from other

clothes

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Things to Remember

Never spray on a windy day!

If a little is good, more is NOT better!

Pesticides

Depends on the plants use

Safer brand products H ti lt l il d Horticultural oils and soaps

Pyrethrins

http://www.parkorchids.com/safer%20soap.jpg

Pesticides

Bayer Advanced Tree and Shrub Systemic insecticide

Imidacloprid

Bacillus thuringiensis Entomopathogenic bacteria

Caterpillars; some beetle and fly larvae

Larvae stop eating, become limp and shrunken, die and decompose

http://www.bayeradvanced.com

Wrap up

Insects are AWESOME

QuestionsQuestions