Natural England works for people, places and nature to

conserve and enhance biodiversity, landscapes and wildlife

in rural, urban, coastal and marine areas. We conserve and

enhance the natural environment for its intrinsic value, the

wellbeing and enjoyment of people, and the economic

prosperity it brings.

www.naturalengland.org.uk

© Natural England 2007

ISBN 978-1-84754-012-6

Catalogue code NE25

Written by Peter Marren. Designed by RR Donnelley

Front cover image: The comma butterfly is far more widespread thanit was 30 years ago. Jill Pakenham/Avico

Enjoying moths andbutterflies in your garden

www.naturalengland.org.uk

Anyone with a garden, no matter whatits size, can help our butterflies andmoths. In doing so, we also helpourselves. These species are among ourmost beautiful insects.

All butterflies – and many moths – flyby day and visit gardens in search offlower nectar, and also warmth andshelter. Some species may find suitablefood plants in gardens where they canlay their eggs. Some of these plantsmay be wild, while others, such ashonesty, act as alternative non-nativehost-plants.

Very few species cause damage toflowers or vegetables. On the otherhand, butterflies and moths areimportant pollinators and goodindicators of a healthy environment.Many flowers that attract butterfliesand moths are also a magnet for beesand other beneficial insects. And whowouldn’t enjoy the sight of the firstbrimstone or orange-tip of the yeareagerly supping at a garden primrose,or the sleek form of a hawk-mothhovering over honeysuckle at dusk?Butterflies and moths are delightful.

Although only about 25 butterflyspecies regularly come to gardens, theyinclude many of the largest and

2

brightest, like the peacock and thesmall tortoiseshell. Several hundredspecies of moth may visit the smallestgarden, although many of them aregood at keeping out of sight!

Telling moths and butterflies apart

What’s the difference between abutterfly and a moth? Surprisingly little!Butterflies all fly by day (and a few alsoat night, when they will fly towards

The brimstone butterfly is often one of the first ofthe year to be seen in some gardens. Chris Gibson/Natural England

Enjoying moths and butterflies inyour garden

The large yellow underwingkeeps its warning coloursconcealed when at rest. Rob Wolton/Natural England

3

54

light) and have distinctive clubbedantennae. Most, but not all, moths flyby night and have either wiry orfeathered antennae. A very few, such asthe burnets, have clubbed antennaesimilar to butterflies.

Most butterflies rest with their wingsupright, perpendicular to their back

The muslin moth with its extraordinary antennae is on the wing in May and June. Jill Pakenham/Avico

(the only exceptions are some of therather moth-like skippers). Only a fewmoths do this.

The distinguishing feature shared byall butterflies and moths is theircoloured wings. In some cases thecolours are brilliant, even iridescent,while in others, especially moths, they

Moths may imitate anything from wood or leaves to bird droppings to keep out of view of predators.Top left: Buff tip. Rob Wolton/Natural England. Top right: Waved umber. Rob Wolton/Natural England.Bottom left: Beaded chestnut. Rob Wolton/Natural England. Bottom right: Chinese character moth. Rob Petley-Jones/Natural England

are more subdued – but in their way noless beautiful – and designed toconceal the resting insect. The coloursare formed from tiny scales which arearranged in overlapping rows ratherlike roof tiles. Some of the brightest-coloured butterflies have contrastingwings, brilliant when open for flightbut dull beneath to disguise the insectwhen it has settled and so becomemore vulnerable. Some moths, like thelarge yellow underwing, have brighthindwings which they flash like awarning light when disturbed. Everywing colour and every pattern has

meaning and a message.Most moths are less colourful thanbutterflies. Their subtle tints of grey,pink and brown help them to blendinto the background during daylight.Some disguise themselves as deadleaves, bits of wood or even birddroppings. Others, however, like theday-flying burnets and tiger-moths, areas brightly coloured as any butterfly.Moths also have a wide variety ofresting postures, from outspread wingsto wings folded over or around theback with the hindwings hidden fromview.

76

How many species?

Moths and butterflies belong to theorder Lepidoptera (meaning ‘scaly-winged’), but less than 10 per cent ofthe world’s Lepidoptera are butterflies,the rest are moth species. In Britain, theproportion is even smaller, with only 70

species of butterfly compared to about2,500 moths. British butterfly speciesare outnumbered by day-flying mothsalone.

NamesButterflies and the larger moths all haveEnglish names. Most butterfly namesderive from their colours – white,yellow, blue, copper and tortoiseshell.The red admiral is named after a navalflag, the peacock after the eyed tail ofthat bird (its original name was‘peacock’s eye’). Moth names are farmore imaginative. We have quakers,drabs and rustics, hawk-moths andtiger moths, brocades and carpets,darts and spindles, burnets and pugs –not to mention some rather obscurespecies with names like ‘the anomalous’,‘the uncertain’ and ‘the confused’!Feathered thorn. Rob Wolton/Natural England Cream-spot tiger. Roger Key/Natural England

Why butterflies and moths visitgardens

Most butterflies and moths feed onnectar, which they suck from flowersusing their long proboscis like a straw.The sugar-rich drink provides themwith the instant energy needed forflight. But not all flowers are equallyattractive. They need to draw the insectin with colour and scent, and store thenectar where a butterfly or moth – butnot too many other kinds of insect –can reach it. Butterflies seem to beparticularly attracted to blue or pinkflowers. Many moths like pale flowersthat reflect the light and are stronglyscented at dusk.

Most gardens will have some foodplants for moths and butterflies,

whether they are ‘weeds’ such asdandelions, or trees like birch andwillow – not to mention cabbages andcurrant bushes. The more food plantsthere are, the more species a gardenwill potentially support. Native treesand shrubs have by far the largest

Peach blossom. Rob Wolton/Natural England

Rosy rustic. Rob Wolton/Natural England

98

number of dependent species, butsome garden flowers, including sweetWilliam, delphinium and mint, are alsofood plants for particular moths.

Another great advantage of gardens isthat they are sheltered. Often, too, theyare sunny and offer a variety of small-scale habitats which butterflies andmoths can use. The holly blue butterflyand many moths are drawn to old ivy-covered walls. Garden ponds are arefuge for some species, with marshyfood plants like water mint andbulrush, as well as bur-reed or water-lily for the aquatic caterpillars of thechina-mark moths. Species needingquiet and shady places to hibernate orsleep during the hottest part of summercan often find refuge in outhouses andgarden sheds. Some gardens will have

sheltered ‘hot-spots’ in full sunshinewhere butterflies and moths willcongregate. All in all, gardens are likelyto have far more places like this thanthe equivalent area of ‘wild’countryside.

A changing climate

Wide-ranging insects like somebutterflies and moths are quick torespond to a changing climate. Duringthe past few years, red admirals havehibernated successfully in gardens andtaken to the wing on mild sunny daysin the winter. The hummingbirdhawkmoth, too, is now surviving thewinter in warm areas and feeds onearly flowers.

The increase in these attractive insectsis a sign that our winters are gettingmilder. In addition, new species arefinding a home in Britain and many ofthese are increasingly found ingardens. The colourful, day-flyingJersey tiger-moth, once confined toSouth Devon, is now found along thesouth coast and increasingly in theLondon area. Many less striking mothsare also colonising gardens and

brownfield sites, especially in theLondon area. Among them is the tree-lichen beauty, the small ranunculusand the scarce bordered straw. The lastis a mixed blessing as it has a taste forbedding plants, like antirrhinums andcarnations, as well as tomatoes andother vegetables. As a result of climatechange the moths and butterflies of ourgardens are changing as never before.You never know what will turn up next!

Which plants are the most attractive?

In general, the flowers that butterfliesand moths like are the traditionalcottage kinds that most closelyresemble their wild counterparts.Buddleja or ‘the butterfly bush’ isfamous for attracting butterflies,especially when in a warm spot by abrick wall. Ideally, it should be plantedwithin sight of a window so you canwatch the butterflies while cooking ameal or washing up. Don’t put it too

Brown china-mark. Rob Wolton/Natural England

The humble dandelion is a food plant for anumber of species of moth. Chris Gibson/Natural England

The hummingbird hawk-moth, seenhere feeding on buddleja, is anincreasingly common summer migrantfrom mainland Europe. Andy Darrington/Avico

The lovely ruby tiger moth. Rob Wolton/Natural England

near, however, as it is apt to put downdeep roots that can underminefoundations! It is also highly invasiveand needs cutting back. For this reason,never plant buddleja in opencountryside.

Other butterfly favourites includeiceplant, lavender, wallflowers,verbena, and, as an end-of-the-seasontreat, Michaelmas daisy. To attract themto borders, try planting old-fashionedcottage flowers, such as red valerian,aubrietia, yellow alyssum, thyme orsweet rocket. Hebe is an attractive

flowering shrub for a sunny positionand, like many butterfly plants, is amagnet for bees. Butterfly Conservationhas produced a Top 100 list of butterflynectar plants from a survey of gardensaround the country. The highestscoring were buddleja, ice-plant,lavender, Michaelmas daisy, marjoram,red valerian, aubrietia, field scabiousand bramble. If you have room for awild corner, many native wild flowersare attractive to butterflies and moths.Among the best (besides those

1110

mentioned above) are fleabane, lady’ssmock, bugle, mint, thistles (especiallymarsh thistle) common valerian,knapweed, teasel and musk mallow.They must be in a sheltered positionthat receives bright sunshine for atleast part of the day. It is also a goodidea to plan your garden to produce along season of nectar flowers.

Butterflies emerging from hibernationwill head straight for early springflowers like primrose, dandelion, sweetrocket and wallflower. Early mothshome-in on the catkins of goat willowand grey sallow, but be aware that boththese trees have extensive root systems.In the autumn, flowering ivy growingon a sunny wall is a great favourite.Moths will feed on the blossom andalso use the foliage for shelter.

Moths are lured by a good scent.Evening-scented flowers like privet,sweet rocket, night-flowering stock andevening primrose attract many species,including hawk-moths. The nectar ofhoneysuckle is restricted to moths witha sufficiently long tongue, like thebeautiful elephant hawk-moth. If you

live near the south coast it may beworth planting scented tobacco plantson the off-chance that a convolvulushawk-moth will drop by. Thisspectacular moth, which has awingspan of around 10 cm, is a regularmigrant to these shores, particularly inlate summer. If you have the space, abramble patch in a sunny place willprovide both nectar and sugary fruit.Fruit trees are also good for butterfliesand moths, especially if you leave aproportion of apples or plums to rot onthe ground. Red admirals have aparticular craving for fermenting fruits,but many moths will also feed on themby night. Try over-ripe split bananas,placed on a bird table. If you have appletrees you will almost certainly have theunusually-coloured green pug, a mothwith a taste for apple blossom.

Red admiral on ivy. Chris Gibson/Natural England

Peacock butterfly on buddleja. Chris Gibson/Natural England

Ice plant with small tortoiseshell. Susan Tindall

Some other garden flowers sought out bybutterflies. Top: Lavender. Above: Michaelmasdaisy. Facing page: Musk mallow. All Chris Gibson/Natural England

12 13

Chestnut moth. Rob Wolton/Natural England

Blair’s shoulder-knot. This moth first appeared inthe UK only in 1951 but has colonised new territoryrapidly. Chris Gibson/Natural England

Fuchsia. Chris Gibson/Natural England

Green pug. Rob Wolton/Natural England

Food for caterpillars

Butterflies and moths have a lifecyclethat begins with an egg and moves onthrough a caterpillar (or larva) andpupa before the winged insectemerges. The full life-cycle can last ayear. The adult stage is generally quiteshort, normally varying between a fewdays and several months. However,some species, like the brimstonebutterfly and the chestnut moth,hibernate as adults. Nearly all thegrowing is done at the caterpillar stage;the adults remain the same sizethroughout their lives.

Most caterpillars eat green leaves,though a few specialise in flowers or,like the swift moths, live undergroundeating the roots of grasses. A few, likethe notorious clothes-moths, feed onanimal fibre and organic debris. Somesmall ones ‘mine’ into leaves and stems,while the larger ones nibble leaveseither by day or by night.

To attract butterflies and moths to stayand breed, you need the right foodplants. In general, these need to be theones the insects are used to finding inthe wider countryside, and will usuallybe native species of wild flowers andtrees. However, quite a few also feed onplants found mainly in gardens, like theBlair’s shoulder-knot moth, which hasspread with Leyland cypress (leylandii)planted as a fast-growing hedge plant.

If your garden has no tall trees, nativegrey sallow and hawthorn are goodhost-plants which will attract largenumbers of species, including somevery attractive caterpillars, like those ofthe puss moth, yellow-tail andvapourer moth. Garden forms ofjuniper attract a select group of moths,including the juniper carpet. Fuchsia isa favourite of the elephant hawk-moth.

Rob Wolton/Natural England

Decaying fruit, such as these bananas, can attract red admirals in large numbers! Ralph Hobbs/Natural England

The native honeysuckle may attract a number ofmoth species including the brimstone moth(below). Chris Gibson/Natural England

While many moth caterpillars have alarge number of food plants – knotgrassand dandelion leaves are alwayspopular – others need exactly the rightkind of plant. One wild flower worthplanting in a sunny garden is bird’s-foot-trefoil, which is used by manyspecies and might attract the commonblue butterfly if it occurs nearby.

It was once an article of faith amongwildlife gardeners to leave a patch ofnettles for the butterflies. However,recent research in which nettles wereplanted in a large number of towngardens produced hardly anycaterpillars. Butterflies like peacocksand small tortoiseshells do lay eggs onnettles in gardens from time to time,but probably only on large nettlepatches, or in unusually favourableconditions – such as nettles growingagainst a sunny wall. There is noshortage of nettles on brownfield sitesin towns or in the countryside. So youdon't really need to grow them. Thesebutterflies will visit your garden buddlejaand other flowers in any case.

Pond margins are places of high naturalbiodiversity used by a large number ofmoths. You can attract some of theseinto your garden by planting yellowiris. Bulrushes, bur reeds and tallgrasses, such as reed sweet-grass, willalso attract moths but need to becarefully controlled or will take overyour pond completely. A sunny, marshyhollow, full of wild flowers, willbecome one of the best butterfly andmoth-watching spots in the garden.

Unwanted visitors

Very few butterflies and moths are areal nuisance in today’s gardens. Themain ones are the two ‘cabbage white’butterflies – large white and smallwhite – and the less well knowncabbage moth, whose caterpillar boresinto the heart of the vegetable. Theirnumbers can be kept down by inter-planting nasturtiums or marigoldsamong the cabbages. Nasturtium actsas a decoy, marigold as a repellent. Ifyou have to control ‘cabbage white’caterpillars, try to do so by physicallyremoving them without resorting tochemicals: not only is it much moreenvironment-friendly, it is, of course,much cheaper!

Nasturtium is so attractive to large and small whitebutterflies that it may keep them from laying eggselsewhere in your garden. Chris Gibson/Natural England

15

Stinging nettle supports a variety of butterfliesand moths such as this mother of pearl mothand the burnished brass moth (above). Rob Wolton/Natural England.

14

Roger Key/Natural England

1716

Currant bushes have a selectcommunity of moths, including thebutterfly-like magpie moth, but owingto insecticides these are not ascommon as they were. Try growingsome organic blackcurrants orgooseberries to help declining currantmoths like the phoenix and currantclearwing. Toxic chemicals are theenemy of all insects, not just pests, andbutterfly gardens should ideally bemaintained organically, avoidingchemically-based herbicides andinsecticides. The vast majority of mothsand butterflies do no harm at all while

performing a useful service aspollinators and maintainingbiodiversity.

Finding butterflies and moths

Butterflies are easy to watch. Youquickly get to know which species arearound and their favourite spots –knowledge which comes in usefulwhen planning where to plant butterflyflowers. Day-flying moths can bewatched in the same way, but many,like the carpet moths, spend most ofthe time resting and will fly up only

Currant clearwing. Roger Key/Natural England

Magpie moth. Chris Gibson/Natural England

when disturbed. Some small mothsseldom fly very far. If you havebuttercups, look out for the tinygreenish Micropterix moth inside theflower. It is a primitive moth withfunctioning jaws and feeds on pollenrather than nectar. Another way offinding out which moths are around isto inspect your local spiders’ webs, oreven the front of your car!

Most moths are active after the sun hasgone down. A good way to find them isto go out with a torch on a warm,windless night an hour or so after

sunset. Use a torch with a red filterwhich doesn’t disturb the moth, whoseeyes are less red-sensitive than ours.You can spotlight moths feeding onflowers and also on honeydewproduced by aphids. Flat, paleblossoms like those on Senecio sp.(ragwort and others), stock, wallflowersand umbellifers, and any over-ripe,liquidising fruit are particularly worthexamining, as are buddleja, ivyblossom and sallow catkins. Early risersmay find it worth looking for moths ontree trunks, fences and walls shortlyafter dawn.

18

Sugaring and wine ropesAnother way of spotting moths is to usethe old collectors’ trick of sugaring.Prepare a suitably aromatic bait byboiling together black treacle and softbrown sugar and lacing the resultingsticky goo with beer or rum (over-ripefruit, such as mashed banana, alsoworks). Paint the stuff on tree trunks,fences or even bunches of grass justbefore sunset, and return with a torch afew hours later to see what has turnedup. A less messy bait is a ‘wine rope’, alength of cord, like a washing line,dipped into a mixture of wine and sugar.‘Sugaring’ can be hit-and miss, but on agood night there can be swarms ofmoths, jostling one another to get atthe treat. Some moths, like the aptly-named copper and red underwings –and the spectacular old lady moth – aremore attracted to ‘mothing sugar’ thanby any other method.

Light trapsThe easiest way to watch moths is totake advantage of their helplessattraction to light. Moths will come tolighted windows, especially early andlate in the year. They arrive in largernumbers if you shine a bright light,such as a hurricane lamp, on to a whitesheet. But the best results are obtainedby using a light trap, and these areparticularly useful if you are making alist of moths for a recording scheme.There are several kinds on the market, aportable one – powered by a car-battery – and a more powerful one thatneeds mains electricity or a generator.These traps use a mercury-vapour bulbthat emits ultra-violet light. This light isinvisible to us, but to a moth it is thebrightest part of the spectrum. Once inthe trap, the moths settle down. Eggcartons placed in the trap make idealplaces for them to hide in, away from

Top: Red underwing. Roger Key/Natural England

Bottom: Copper underwing.Chris Gibson/Natural England

Silver ground carpet. Rob Wolton/Natural England

19

the light. When you’ve finished withthem, release the moths in the morningin tall, shady vegetation, or keep thetrap in a cool and shady place untilevening and then remove the cover. Ona warm summer night these traps cancatch incredible numbers of moths:you may find yourself wonderingwhere they all manage to hide duringthe day.

Finding eggs and caterpillars

Finding the early stages of butterfliesand moths is a nice trick if you can do

2120

it! You need sharp eyes to spot a greencaterpillar feeding on a leaf, butfortunately they leave clues likedroppings or nibbled leaves. Full grownhawk-moth caterpillars leave droppingsthat can be the size of peppercorns.These caterpillars can be identified bythe sharp spike on their rear. Contraryto appearances, this does not sting. Ifyou have sensitive skin, however, avoidpicking up hairy caterpillars: a smallnumber of them can give you a rash.

The best places to look for caterpillarsare sheltered bushes, especially of

The caterpillar of the puss moth employs disruptive colouring to conceal the shape of its body. Rob Wolton/Natural England

The mullein moth caterpillar advertises itspresence. Chris Gibson/Natural England

2322

Caterpillars can sometimes be weird andwonderful. Top: Sycamoremoth caterpillar. Bottom:Garden tiger moth caterpillar. Roger Key/Natural England

Sycamore moth cocoon. Roger Key/Natural England

2524

hawthorn or blackthorn, or smallsallow or birch trees. May and June,when the leaves are still tender, are thebest times. Some caterpillars, like themullein moth, make no pretence ofhiding, relying on their bright warningcolours to relay a message that theytaste nasty. Normally, if you see acaterpillar out in the open it may be fullgrown and looking for somewhere topupate. Alternatively, it may have beenattacked by a parasite and bedisorientated.

The variety of caterpillars is amazing:some have colourful bristles and tufts,others bright spots, or have long, thinbodies and walk in a looping fashion.Some caterpillars spin leaves togetherto form a little tent. Searching at nightby torch or lamp can be moreproductive than by day.Many caterpillars can be identified withthe help of a book, although this iseasier in their later stages of growth.The food-plant is often a good clue.

Finding the tiny eggs might seemimpossible, but for a few species it iseasy once you know where to look. Thebright orange, bottle-shaped eggs ofthe orange-tip butterfly, for example,are usually laid on the flower stalks ofhonesty, lady’s smock or sweet rocketand near the top of the plant.The small tortoiseshell lays its eggs inbatches and they are reasonably easyto spot on the underside of a nettle leafnear the top of the plant. Of course,you can avoid a lot of searching bysimply watching a female closely andchecking the plant after the insect hasflown away.

PhotographyButterflies and moths are good subjectsto photograph. The day-flying speciesneed to be stalked but becomeoblivious of your presence when busyon a flower. Nocturnal moths normallysit still and allow you to take your timeor even move them to a better spot. Inthe past, only a single-lens reflex (SLR)camera with close-up lens or extension

The eggs of the golden plusia moth may be laid ondelphiniums or monkshood. Roger Key/Natural England

Orange tip butterflies are attracted to lady’s smock.

Paul Keene /Avico

26

tubes would be able to take a goodphoto, but now there are many non-SLR‘compact’ cameras with good close-upcapabilities that can produce excellentresults . To avoid camera shake, a goodtripod is essential. Flash is analternative, but many users dislike theharsh shadows it produces. For thesame reason, a bright but overcast dayproduces better results than brilliantsunshine. As ever, practice makesperfect but there are many helpfulguides on the market.

Scarce silver-lines. Jill Pakenham/Avico

The caterpillars of Pyrausta aurata, sometimescalled the mint moth, may sometimes be found inherb gardens on mints, thyme or marjoram. Roger Key/Natural England

27

The lackey moth flies in July and August. Its larval food plants include many trees and shrubs such as Potentilla. Roger Key/Natural England

2928

Contacts

Natural England1 East Parade Sheffield, S1 2ETEnquiry Service: 0845 600 3078enquiries@naturalengland.org.ukwww.naturalengland.org.uk

Butterfly ConservationManor YardEast LulworthWarehamDorset, BH20 5QPTel: 0870 774 4309info@ butterfly-conservation.orgwww.butterfly-conservation.org

The Wildlife Trusts The Kiln Waterside Mather Road Newark,NG24 1WT Tel: 0870 036 7711 enquiry@wildlifetrusts.orgwww.wildlifetrusts.org

Butterfly Conservation is the largestinsect conservation charity in Europe,with over 11,000 members in the UK. Itsaim is the conservation of butterfliesand moths, and their habitats. Thecharity runs conservation programmesfor more than 60 threatened species ofbutterfly and moth, organises nationalbutterfly and moth recording andmonitoring schemes, and managesmore than 25 nature reserves.

National Moth NightFor at least one day each year, ButterflyConservation and the magazine Atroposrun a National Moth Night in which asmany people as possible are invited totake part (visitwww.nationalmothnight.info). Suchprojects help to reveal how our mothsare faring in a fast-changing world.

Many local wildlife trusts and naturestudy centres also organise butterflyand moth events.

Further information

This is one of a range of wildlifegardening booklets published byNatural England. For more details,contact the Natural England EnquiryService on 0845 600 3078 or e-mailenquiries@naturalengland.org.uk

Natural England also producesGardening with wildlife in mind, anillustrated wildlife reference. Originallyon CD but now also available online,Gardening with wildlife in mind hasdetailed information on 800 plants andanimal species often found in ourgardens, and shows how they areecologically linked. Seewww.plantpress.com

Other titlesThere are many good guides to helpidentify butterflies and the largermoths. Particularly recommended are:

Lewington, R. How to identifybutterflies. Collins. 1999.

Porter, J. The colour identification guideto caterpillars of the British Isles. VikingBooks. 1997 (The best book foridentifying caterpillars.)

Skinner, B. Colour identification guide tomoths. Viking Books. 1998.

Tomlinson, D & Still, R. Britain’sbutterflies. Wildguides Ltd. 2002(Illustrated with set specimens.)

Waring, P. & Townsend, M. Field guideto the moths of Great Britain and

Holly blue larva. The holly blue butterfly isregularly seen in gardens, even in city centres inthe south. In spring, it lays its eggs mainly on holly. In summer, ivy is usually preferred. Roger Key/Natural England

For photography, rearing and generalenjoyment, see:

Leverton, R. Enjoying moths. PoyserNatural History, Christopher Helm.2001.

30

The adult privet hawk-moth is evenmore spectacular than its curiouslymarked caterpillar. It is common ingardens. Roger Key/Natural England

Ireland. British Wildlife Publishing.2003. (This book shows moths in theirnatural resting postures.)

For more on gardening for butterfliesand moths, see:

Baines, C. How to make a wildlifegarden. Frances Lincoln Ltd. 1985.

SteeL, J. Butterfly gardening – how toencourage butterflies to visit and breedin your garden. Webbs Barn Designs.2003.

Pale tussock moth caterpillars are frequently found in gardens, on cultivated fruit trees, crab apple andother species. Roger Key/Natural England

31