Tree Defects & Quality

Tree Defects & QualityVisible TellsScaling and GradingScaling estimates wood volume after defects that result in loss of wood are removed

Grading removes defects that could result in lower wood qualityVolumesThe volume of a product before defect is removed (sound wood plus unsound wood) is called gross volume.

The remaining volume after defect has been removed (sound wood only) is called net volume.Scaling MethodEstimate gross volume

Estimate cull deduction and subtract from Gross volume to get Net volume

Estimate grade of net volume woodDefects related to log useVeneerFactory Use (can cut into clear pieces, i.e for furniture)Construction Use Local Use (pallets, posts, etc.)ChipsTypes of DefectsBulgeBumpsBurlsButt ScarButt SwellCankersGallsLesionsConksEpicormic BranchesFlangesFlutesForksGum LesionsHolesKnotsLimbsOvergrowthsSeamsSplitsSurface RiseWoundsDefect Deduction MethodsTimber Cruising Handbook, Ch. 20, pg. 57

Defects in Hardwood Timber Handbook good referenceTree Grading

The grading face is the third best face or the second worst faceClear Cuttings

Example of an F2 grade butt-log.TREEGRAD

Tree -> Log -> Lumber

Defect Deductions

Rot

Catface or fire scar (missing wood)

Sweep

Crook

Interior damageSurface Defects

Within slab area = no deduction

i.e. Sapsucker Damage for construction grade logs, etc.Fire Scar

Extend the length affected an additional 2 feet above the last visible indicator.

Pie cut fractions are used to determine deductions. Fractions used as 1/8, 1/4, 1/3, 1/2, etc.Fire Scar and/or Rot

Crook and Sweep

Frost Cracks/Lightning StrikesUse standard pie cut fractions such as 1/8, 1/4, 1/2 for cull deductionsWatch for spiral damage

Conks

Different types of conks indicate different fungal infections. Some penetrate deeper than others which effects defect deduction. Must familiarize yourself with those in your area.Conks/Internal Defects

Shift tally for allow for defects

Shift tally to allow for size

Catface

Internal Defects

Questions?